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Peabody Museum of Natural History
Yale University Mie ae
Bulletin 29
ih » Ae oe ear | Ms
Jl NTO Ke Taxe
30 s FJ
A Revision of the Moths of
the Subfamily Geometrinae
of America North of Mexico
_ (Insecta, Lepidoptera)
Douglas C. Ferguson
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PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
YALE UNIVERSITY
BULLETIN 29
A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Geometrinae
of America North of Mexico (Insecta, Lepidoptera)
DOUGLAS C. FERGUSON
Peabody Museum of Natural History
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut
3 April 1969
Bulletins published by the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Uni-
versity, are numbered consecutively as independent monographs and appear at
irregular intervals. Shorter papers are published at frequent intervals in the
Peabody Museum Postilla series.
The Peabody Museum Bulletin incorporates the Bulletin of the Bingham
Oceanographic Collection, which ceased independent publication after Vol. 19,
Article 2 (1967).
Publications Committee: A. Lee McAlester, Chairman
Theodore Delevoryas
Willard D. Hartman
Keith S. Thomson
Alfred W. Crompton, ex officio
Editor: Jeanne E. Remington
Asst. Editor: Nancy A. Ahlstrom
Communications concerning purchase or exchange of publications should be
addressed to the Publications Office, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, U.S.A.
Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS
ABSTRACTS (ENGLISH, GERMAN, RUSSIAN) ...............-+-45 ]
Meme OIN ro uiiear 2 2 nicl aig aio sl ecu oie Sie tauhoregatensvousywoupei te se Biel ic ascks
Deinition ofthe Subtamily Geometrinaé’.. 5.050. 05:62 6- 2s: 02- + =
3
3
1D NIS/E'eFl OUT Boy hae ey REE et I ee ee aa grea te co mick ER et ee 4.
Glassifica tomy, i Bhat se ae Bly oe he OPN es aes 5
6
2. KEYS TO TRIBES OF GEOMETRINAE OF AMERICA NORTH OF
RVI SONS Chipeta: sah ey sores tete ava ons o's evo as Witenes itis © epi sake SRD can SNe 14
§. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE NEMORIINI ......... 16
4. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE DICHORDOPHORINI 137
5. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE SYNCHLORINI ...... 141
6. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE LOPHOCHORISTINI 182
7. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE HEMITHEINI........ 190
8. LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF GEOMETRINAE OF
UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH THEIR KNOWN DIS-
ERB UNRION: isc ct pien spends ansiy no Se uieise seis slere cine Blom goers sie elalele 236
Se ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. tisssise tosteeys'> ea etisichine tape 2 A eet oe 241
AE TUS MRSA SER Es GUE ages. sh oc yatea as ray ave sta lsues «Rie beda dia RM ARR ems EP 243
INDEX VEO LAK ONOMIG: NAMES oie 2% wap eteis nial ote aiae ss nie vebeteetone Ss 248
ILLUSTRATIONS (at back of book)
STU ACO apey ie ores tech clerctas d\anel2 ayer tal & easye attain wees! aitenvale al ahers© PLATES 1-5
Wale semble ari. 0 ieee (ar cre Sholal Seay s 19,880 ho: a aie aereecs PLATES 6-29
Pemidlersemitaliayera. tia seits vis Oi ei eicle ss cletele sie else e ns PLATES 30-41
TOMBE Sy heel CHUN CS ee fal eave toner ays. ick. 3 ech a] aie) of ols ag NN Pa mileyoy sore nl seh onevat= PLATES 4249
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ABSTRACT
A new classification of the Geometrinae of the United States and Canada is pre-
sented, based largely on original investigations of male and female genitalia and
larval characters. Ninety-one species of the previous literature, plus 10 new ones
herein described and 5 added as new records of occurrence for the region covered,
are reduced to a total of only 75, mostly by revised synonymy. These 75 species
are placed in 15 genera and 5 tribes. Four new tribal names are proposed, namely:
Nemoriini, Dichordophorini, Synchlorini, and Lophochoristini. The 5th tribal
name, Hemitheini, has had previous application in the Palaearctic fauna. In the
Hemitheini, 2 new generic names are proposed, Xerochlora (type: Synchlora
viridipallens Hulst), and Hethemia (type: Nemoria ? pistasciaria Guenée). There
are 11 new species names, as follows: in Nemoria, 9 new species are described, 4
from the southeastern United States and 5 from the southwest, plus one new name
proposed to replace a homonym; in Xerochlora, one new species is described, from
New Mexico and western Texas.
The North American Geometrinae are overwhelmingly austral in distri-
bution, with all included species and genera, as well as 4 of the 5 tribes,
exclusively American. In origin or affinity they are thus distinctly Neotropical
rather than Eurasian.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Eine neue Klassifizierung der Geometrinae in den Vereinigten Staaten und
Kanada wird vorgelegt, hauptsachlich basiert auf Originaluntersuchungen
von mannlichen und weiblichen Genitalia und Raupenmerkmalen. Einund-
neunzig Arten, bekannt aus der bisherigen Literatur, sowie 10 neue Arten,
die in dieser Arbeit beschrieben sind, und dazu 5 Arten, die neue Vorkom-
mensbelege fiir Nordamerika sind, wurden, hauptsadchlich durch Revision
der Synonymie, zu 75 Arten reduziert. Diese 75 Arten sind auf 15 Gattungen
in 5 Stémmen verteilt. Vier neue Stammesnamen werden vorgeschlagen: Ne-
moriini, Dichordophorini, Synchlorini und Lophochoristini. Der fiinfte Stam-
mesname, Hemitheini, ist schon friither in der palaarktischen Fauna gebraucht
worden. In den Hemitheini werden zwei neue Gattungsnamen vorgeschlagen:
Xerochlora (Type: Synchlora viridipallens Hulst) und Hethemia (Type: Ne-
moria ? pistasciaria Guenée). Elf neue Artnamen sind angewandt: 9 neue
Arten sind in Nemoria beschrieben, davon 4 von den siidéstlichen Vereinigten
Staaten und 5 von den siidwestlichen; dazu kommt ein neuer Name, um ein
Homonym zu ersetzen; eine neue Art wird in Xerochlora von New Mexico
und West ‘Texas beschrieben.
Die Verbreitung der nordamerikanischen Geometrinae ist hauptsachlich
stidlich, wobei alle eingeschlossenen Arten und Gattungen, sowie 4 von den
5 Stammen ausschliesslich amerikanisch sind. In Ursprung oder Affinitét sind
sie daher ausgesprochen eher neotropisch, als eurasisch.
1
Pe PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
PEBM3U4 MOTBLIBKOBBIX TOTCEMEMCTBA TEOMETPHHBI, OBMTAWOUTMX
B AMEPMKE K CEBEPY OT MERCHKO .(Hacexomnie, Mornapkossie)
JIYTJIAC K. PEPTYCOH
PE38HOME
IIpeqcraBiaemasd 3ecb HOBaA KlaccuuKanua TeomMerpuu CoequHennnx lITa-
TOB HM Kanaqb OCHOBaHa B3HaYHTeIbHOM YacTbIO Ha OPHTHHAIbHOM UcCIe,OBaHHA
TOJOBHX OpraHOB CaMIIOB MH CaMOK H OcOOeHHOCTel AMGHHOK. KoangecTBo BAOB —
91 Bux, panee ONNCAHHHI B HayyHoli ANTepatype, 10 onucaHHEX 3ecb HOBBIX BHOB
M 5 APyrux, KoTOpHle B lepBHi pas OOHAPYKeHHI B LaHHOM paiione, cOKpalleHO TOIb-
ko 20 76-H, T1aBHBIM 0Opa3z0M 3a CUeT YCTPaHeHHA CHHOHUMOB. VTH 76 BUAOB OMIA
pasqertenst Ha 15 pogo un 5 nupacemelicrs. I[peqaarawtTca 4 HOBBIX Ha3BaHHA HH-
(pacemelictB: Nemoriini, Dichordophorini, Synchlorini, Lophochoristini.
Has3panne 5-ro nadpacemelictBa Hemitheini, 1puMeHAI0Ch pabblle IPH ONMCAHHH
TadeapkTuyeckok ayn. B coctaBe stToro uApacemelictBa Hemitheini, Ob1n Upes-
JOKCHEI [Ba HOBBIX POMOBBIX HasBaHus: Xerochlora (type: Synchlora viridipallens
Hulst), Hethemia (type: Nemoria ? pistasciaria Guenée). Ectbh 11 HOBBIX BHOBHIX
Ha3BaHhli, a HMeHHO: B cocTaBe Nemoria Ob0 omucaHO 9 HOBBIX BHOB, 4 U3 Wro-
BocrouHok uactu CIITA u 5 m3 joro-3alaqHoli, uM elle OHO HOBOe HasBaHne [IA 3a-
MeHEI CyIecTByloMmero OMOHUMA. B ancae Xerochlora onmcaH HOB Buy u3 Hoporo
Mexkcnko u 3anaqnoro Texaca.
Cepepo-aMepHkanckue TeOMeTPHHEI UMeWT TWOLABIAIOMMM MHOKECTBOM 1O7KHOe
pactpoctpaHenne; BCe HX BUR HU posH, a Toke 4 u3 5 nApacemelicTB, HCKINUH-
TeIbHO aMepuKanckne. Ilo mponcxoueHNIO HIM 110 POACTBY OHH OlpeseteHHO UpH-
HaflexaT K HeOTponMyeckoli, a He Kppasulickol dayne.
1. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY GEOMETRINAE
It is difficult to give a satisfactory definition of the subfamily as there are
few characters that occur consistently throughout the group or that are peculiar
to it. There are, however, tendencies toward certain kinds of specializations,
but at least some of these appear to have developed independently in different
genera.
The geometrine antenna tends to be short, usually bipectinate in the male
and either simple or bipectinate in the female. The inner and outer rows of
pectinations are usually of unequal length. The tongue is usually well de-
veloped, and the palpi often have the third segment much lengthened in the
female. The hind tibia may have either one or two pairs of spurs, and the
male often has an apical extension or process extending beyond the base of the
tarsus. The male hind tibia also is often swollen and prismatic, with a recessed
hair pencil. The relationship of slender body to ample wing area follows the
pattern typical of the Geometridae and the wings are always well developed,
never rudimentary. In the venation, R, of the forewing nearly always arises from
the cell; R,; is stalked, with M, usually arising from the base of the stalk. In
the hindwing R is closely appressed or fused to Sc for a short distance, R and My
are stalked, and M3; and Cu, are frequently stalked. My, is present in both wings
and always originates from the end of the cell well above its middle. The third
anals are commonly present in both wings but may be vestigial or wanting. The
most characteristic features of the venation are probably the stalked condition of
R,_;, and the point of origin of My, much nearer to the base of Rp 5 + My,
than to Ms.
The frenulum is usually present but rather small in the male, replaced
by a weak tuft of bristles or wanting in the female. The subfamily shows a
tendency toward loss of the male frenulum, and it is entirely wanting in
genera of several different tribes, suggesting that its loss has occurred in these
groups independently. For example, the frenulum is wanting in the Old World
genera Iodis, Comostola, and Thetidia (placed in different tribes by Inoue,
1961), as well as in the New World Dichordophora. Among such obviously
divergent forms, loss of the frenulum cannot be assumed to imply relationship.
Lack of the frenulum may be accompanied by compensatory expansion of
3
a PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
the humeral lobe as in Comostola (Inoue, 1961, fig. 46), or in Jodis (Prout,
1912, p. 5, fig. 3), but this does not seem to be true of Dichordophora.
The male genitalia of the Geometrinae show a variety of specializations
in the loss or modification of certain structures, and it is difficult to find any
characters that are consistently present or which would distinguish the Geo-
metrinae from other groups. All basic components of the male genitalia may
be present and well developed, as in Nemoria, although the valve is usually
very simplified. The uncus may be well developed or wanting, and in the
latter case its prominent position, and presumably its function, is taken over
by sclerotized socii. The socii are well developed and seem to play an impor-
tant role almost throughout the subfamily, occurring as membranous flaps, or
as rigid prongs or hooks, although they appear to be wanting in the Ter-
pnini. The gnathos is frequently present as a complete, toothed ring, but
may be reduced or missing. The transtilla and juxta are both nearly always
present and assume many different shapes. The aedeagus is highly variable,
as is also the shape of the eighth sternite.
The female genitalia seem to offer no exclusive subfamily characters, al-
though they are very helpful for distinguishing species.
Color is rarely given serious consideration as a major group character,
but in the Geometrinae an exception could be made. In its utilization of
green pigment for cryptic simulation of green foliage, the subfamily has achieved
a degree of success found in no other group of moths. Here and there in the
Noctuoidea and Geometroidea there are small groups of species or genera
characterized by green coloring, but nowhere else does this feature pervade
almost an entire subfamily of worldwide distribution. As far as I could as-
certain, about 85% of the species are at least partly green, and those that are
not green belong almost entirely to Old World genera such as Pingasa, Terpna,
and Dindica. There seem to be only three or four New World species that
are not green, e.g., Chloropteryx albidata (Warren), none of them North
American. A few Nearctic species are brown but also have green forms
Prominent dorsolateral abdominal protuberances are characteristic of the
larvae of the American tribes Nemoriini and Synchlorini, and also occur in
the Old World genera Geometra (Geometrini), and Comibaena (Comibaenini).
In the tribe Synchlorini and the genus Comibaena, these processes bear special
hooks by means of which the larvae clothe themselves with bits of plant ma-
terial, although the two groups appear unrelated otherwise. The habit of
feeding on flowers is common in the American species of two tribes, the
Synchlorini and the Hemitheini, although these have larvae that are very
different structurally. In the Old World there are at least several distinctive
types of larvae that have no known New World counterparts as, for example,
those of the genera Terpna, Aracima, and Neohipparchus in Japan.
DISTRIBUTION
The Geometrinae, comprising something of the order of 1,400 species, are
found on all the large continental land masses of the world, but their numbers
diminish rapidly toward the polar regions. The vast majority are tropical or
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 5
subtropical, and of the 75 species occurring within the region covered by this
revision, most are concentrated in the states bordering on Mexico or the Gulf
of Mexico. Only one North American species, Mesothea incertata, is exclusively
boreal, and is mostly Canadian in distribution.
The American fauna is very distinct from that of Eurasia and, with but
one possible exception, there is not a single genus common to both hemispheres.
Prout assigned the West Indian species, dominicaria Guenée, to the Old World
genus Eucrostes, but I have not as yet investigated this relationship. Mesothea
and Hethemia, in the Hemitheini, are undoubtedly close to Palaearctic forms,
but this is the only Old World tribe that I have been able to recognize in the
American fauna. The Nemoriini, Synchlorini, Lophochoristini, and Dichordo-
phorini appear to be exclusively American, and the first is overwhelmingly
dominant in number of species. The Neotropical fauna is rich and much
in need of detailed study, although I suspect that most of the species will
belong to the same tribes represented in North America.
The striking division between the Hemitheini and the other North Ameri-
can tribes, manifested most obviously in the two different types of green
pigment that I discuss in the section on characters, together with apparent
differences in larval structure, led me to wonder if the Hemitheini might not be
a more remotely isolated group, not as closely related to the rest of the sub-
family as had been supposed. However, the Lophochoristini, having both a
hemitheine type of larva and the bright green coloring of the Nemoriini and
Synchlorini, seem to tie the two divisions together.
If one supposes that the New World geometrine fauna was derived through
colonization from Eurasia, then at least two separate invasions are apparent.
The more recent faunal interchange would have been that of the Hemitheini,
still only slightly differentiated from their Palaearctic counterparts. The Ne-
moriini, Synchlorini, and all other American groups, however, no longer show
any close relationships to Old World forms, and hence their isolation, mainly
in the Neotropics, is of great antiquity.
CLASSIFICATION
The uncertainty as to whether Hemitheinae or Geometrinae should be the
accepted name for this subfamily was finally settled by Opinion 450 of the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, published March 8,
1957. This validated the generic name Geometra Linnaeus, 1758, p. 519, with
Phalaena papilionaria Linnaeus, 1758, p. 522, as the type species, by designation
under the Plenary Powers. This species had been designated as the type of
Geometra by Duponchel in 1829.
The previous classification of the North American Geometrinae was based
almost entirely on the work of Louis B. Prout, who published a world synopsis
of the group in 1912 (Genera Insectorum, fasc. 129), and a later, somewhat
modified treatment of the American species in 1931-33 (In Seitz, Macrole-
6 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
pidoptera of the World, vol. 8). James H. McDunnough did no revisional
work in this group, and the arrangement and nomenclature of his 1938 check
list was adapted virtually unchanged from Prout’s publications. Although Prout
had an uncanny ability to deduce relationships from superficial characters, he
was severely limited by a lack of adequate American material and by a lack of
information on genitalic structure. Brief comments on genitalia here and there
in his paper of 1912 reveal that he was aware of their possibilities, but the
highly refined techniques of dissection and microscopy that the present-day
taxonomist accepts as routine developed after Prout’s time, and indeed are still
developing now.
The only real departure from the classification of Prout was that of Forbes
(1948), where he combined Racheospila and Nemoria, an action that has
proved to be correct. The only previously published genitalic figures were by
Forbes (1948), who provided seven drawings of the male genitalia of eastern
species of Nemoria, and by Todd (1955), who figured genitalia of both sexes
of Dichordophora. There is not a single original description of a North Ameri-
can species accompanied by an illustration of genitalia.
Genitalic structure forms the basis of the present classification, and a
comparison with Prout’s arrangement of the same species (as in McDunnough,
1938), will show many changes. McDunnough listed 80 species, and 11 more
were subsequently described, mostly by Sperry, bringing the total number of
species for this region recognized in the literature to 91. Even with the addition
of 10 new species names proposed in this paper, plus 5 new United States
records, I have still reduced the number of recognized species to 75. This has
resulted mainly from the synonymizing of names. For example, Nemoria lix-
aria and N. unitaria each were listed under four different names. Nemoria
bistriaria was listed under three different names in two genera, and the four
species of Chlorochlamys were treated as ten in the previous literature. I
have eliminated Eucrostes dominicaria Guenée, included by McDunnough in
his check list, because I found no evidence of its occurrence in the United
States. Hulst’s original record of dominicaria from Key West, Florida (1895,
p. 71) was based on misidentified specimens of Synchlora herbaria hulstiana,
one of which still exists in the United States National Museum.
Apart from Europe, where so much of the fauna has been studied in-
tensively, the only part of the world that has been adequately covered by
recent revisional work on this group is Japan. An excellent treatment of the
Japanese species by Hiroshi Inoue was published as Part 4, Series 1 of Insecta
Japonica (1961). ‘This work provides good illustrations of the male genitalia of
all included species, as well as of other structural details (but not female geni-
talia), and sets forth a classification in which the 65 Japanese species are
divided into 13 tribes and 28 genera.
CHARACTERS USED IN THIS REVISION
The taxonomic conclusions are based for the most part on an evaluation of
the following characters, or groups of characters:
1. Wine Size. The length of the forewing, measured from base to apex in
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 7]
millimeters is used as an index of size. Usually only the limits are given, but
in some cases where size differences are critical, mean wing length is also given,
based on a stated number of specimens. Wing expanse is not used as a measure
of size because of its susceptibility to error, depending on how the wings are
spread.
2. WinG SHAPE. This varies considerably within the subfamily and even within
genera, the wings being broad or somewhat narrowed, or sometimes with the
apices produced and the hindwings angulate.
3. Cotor. There is wide variation in the shade of green from species to species,
and some have the hindwings paler than the forewings. A few species are
polymorphic with both green and brown forms, and one species of a monotypic
genus, Hethemia pistasciaria, is sexually dimorphic in the coloring of the
underside.
4. INTENSITY AND STABILITY OF THE GREEN PIGMENT. There seem to be two
distinct types of green pigment involved in the American Geometrinae, al-
though I have made no effort to investigate the chemistry of these. That of
the Hemitheini is relatively dull and unstable, fading or discoloring readily.
Museum specimens tend to lose much of their green coloring in time, even
when stored under the best conditions of darkness. The green pigment found
in the other tribes tends to be more intense and does not fade readily. Speci-
mens of Nemoria or Synchlora a hundred years old may be almost as bright as
when caught.
5. Winc Markincs. These include the character and color of the lines, discal
spots, costa, fringes, and striation or irroration of the ground color.
6. THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL MARKINGS OR TUuFTING. The dorsal spots or stripes,
especially of the abdomen, are important for the identification of species and
may be diagnostic. Dorsal tufting (cresting) of the metathorax or abdomen is
not as important in the Nearctic species but does occur (e.g., in Lophochorista).
The abdominal markings are frequently in the form of pale spots on the
first four segments, surrounded by red or brownish shading, but white spots
may occur without red shading or vice versa. These markings may assume the
form of a pale mid-dorsal stripe instead of spots, or the abdomen may be
entirely without markings except for varying degrees of green shading. In my
key to the species of Nemoria I rely heavily on abdominal markings and it is
important that specimens be good enough for these to be visible. Specimens of
some species, such as bistriaria, bifilata, and lixaria, are not readily distinguished
if the abdomens have become greasy, discolored or lost. A classic case of
misassociation of specimen and abdomen resulted in the description of Ne-
moria associaria (Barnes and McDunnough) as a new species. This proved
to be an example of lixaria to which a striped abdomen of bifilata had been
glued, but the name remained in the literature as a valid species for 50 years.
I mention it here to emphasize the importance of the abdominal markings.
The value of this character may lead to a dilemma when an abdomen needs to
be removed for dissection. If the specimen is a valuable one, such as a type,
one solution is to photograph it while still intact, but in any event a brief
8 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
label should be affixed to the specimen describing the abdominal markings, or
confirming the resemblance to undissected specimens if it is one of a series.
7. ANTENNAE. These are either bipectinate or simple throughout the group,
except in a few intermediate cases where they could be described as dentate
or fasciculate. The relationship of antennal structure to sex varies considerably.
Males nearly always have bipectinate antennae, and females either simple or
bipectinate antennae with branches (pectinations) shorter than those of the
male. There are rare cases in which the female antennae have pectinations
longer than those of the male, but in the Nearctic fauna this is limited to
Lophochorista and Phrudocentra neis. There are also rare cases in which both
sexes have simple antennae (e.g., in Hethemia). The form of the antenna
varies as a result of the length of the branches. These may be short and
continue with little reduction almost to the tip, as in Nemoria, or the branches
may be very long for the basal half or two thirds of the antennal length, then
diminish rather abruptly toward the tip, as in the Synchlorini. As a measure
of the length of the pectinations, I compare the longest with the thickness
of the antennal shaft at the same point; e.g., “longest antennal branches equal
to 4-5 times thickness of shaft.” Usually the outer (lateral) branches are distinctly
longer than the inner (mesial) ones, but in the genus Chlorosea this is reversed.
8. Papi. These vary little in general form but greatly in length, especially of
the third segment. I have expressed palpal length in several ways: by com-
parison of the second and third segments, by comparison of the third segment
with the height or width of the front, or by stating the proportion of the
palpal length that appears to extend beyond the front, in lateral view, when
the palpi are in a normal position. The male and female palpi may be very
different and if so, those of the female are always longer.
9. Eyrs. The eyes tend to vary only slightly but I refer to them as a character
in the generic definitions. Sometimes they differ in the sexes, those of the
female being smaller. The abnormally small eyes of the diurnal genus, Me-
sothea, provide a major character in this one unusual case.
10. Front. In the Nearctic forms there is little structural variation in the
front, except that its form may be almost square, or more or less trapezoidal.
Its main value as a character is in its coloring. Sometimes the frontal coloring
is a reliable key character for species, but there are instances where its vari-
ability within species has been misunderstood; for example, in the Synchlora
aerata complex and in Chlorochlamys phyllinaria. C. phyllinaria and C. zel-
leraria had been regarded as separate species on the basis of whether the
front was red or green, but I am treating them as one species.
11. Lecs. Apart from coloring, I have consistently used only characters of the
hind tibia. Of importance here is whether the hind tibia of the male is
swollen (dilated), the presence or absence of a terminal tibial extension (apical
process) in the male, and the presence or absence of the first or preapical
pair of hind tibial spurs in both sexes. The second pair, the apical spurs, are
always present. The length of the spurs varies somewhat, as does the length
of both the tibia and tarsus. The dilated hind tibia apparently implies the
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 9
presence of a long tibial hair pencil, which is ensheathed or recessed within
the tibia. Only occasionally does it show, unless dissected out. Because of the
difficulty of actually seeing this hair pencil, I do not refer to it frequently.
12. TONGUE, PROBOscIS, OR HAUSTELLUM (GALEAE OF THE MAXILLAE). The tongue
is present and presumably functional in all Nearctic species. It varies somewhat
in size but not enough to be of much value as a character.
13. VENATION. Although certain characters of the venation are important, espe-
cially at the generic level, these must be used with caution because of the
degree of variability even within species. Earlier authors from Packard to Prout
tended to overemphasize the value of the venation in geometrid classification
because, without knowledge of the genitalia, they were hard pressed for tan-
gible characters. ‘To demonstrate both its usefulness and its limitations, I have
illustrated the venation of many species, covering all genera. Annemoria, of
Packard, a monobasic genus with type wnitarta, was erected partly on the
strength of minor venational differences, but these break down if a number of
specimens are examined. To show the degree of variability that must be
expected in one of these characters, I give figures drawn from three different
specimens of unitaria (Pl. 1, figs. 3-5). In the wing preparations I found
such anomalies as spurious veins, missing veins, and asymmetry to occur with a
frequency of over 15%, whereas comparable abnormalities in the genitalia
are very rare, occurring in fewer than 1% of the specimens examined. The
terminology of the venation is that of the Comstock-Needham system.
14. FreNuLuM. The frenulum is not strongly developed in the Nearctic forms
but it is always present in the males with the sole exception of Dichordophora.
In the female, the frenulum is replaced by a weak tuft of bristles or is entirely
wanting.
15. Mate GeniTatiA. These provide numerous characters for recognition of
taxa at specific, generic and tribal levels, and have proved immensely helpful
in determining relationships. Of the 75 species treated, at least 62 are im-
mediately recognizable on the basis of male genitalia alone. The remainder
may be readily assigned to particular species groups and then determined
to species by some non-genitalic character. There are several such groups of
closely related siblings.
A number of distinct lines of specialization are evident in the male geni-
talia, and against this background most of the tribes and genera have fallen
into place. The main genitalic components that provide useful characters
are: the uNcus, which may be normally developed, as in Nemoria, reduced to
a small, obscure basal sclerite only, as in Synchlora, or completely divided into
two separate elements as appears to be the case in Dichordophora; the soct,
which vary from small membranous flaps to long semi-rigid processes as long
as the uncus and resembling the latter in shape; the GNATHOs, basically a
complete ring, often with a sharp distal tooth, but in many forms atrophied in
whole or in part, occasionally with the sides disconnected distally leaving two
separate arms; the TRANSTILLA, sometimes of distinctive shape; the JUXTA, very
often of distinctive shape and occurring either as a plate, or in other forms
10 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
that I describe as cup-shaped or conical; the vINcULUM, somewhat variable in
form; the saccus, also variable in shape, either reduced and rounded, or more
or less produced and entire, or incised as in most species of Nemoria; the
VALVE, highly variable in shape and with several types of specialized develop-
ments often characteristic of whole genera, including, as in Nemoria, a sclero-
tized costal margin with both distal and basal processes (the latter referred
to as the LABipEs by Inoue, 1961, but probably not homologous to structures
termed the LABIDEs in other groups); the COREMATA (sing., COREMA), hairy,
extensile glands, possibly scent-producing organs, contained within ventrola-
teral cavities at the bases of the valves, about in the usual position of the
sacculi; the AEDEAGUS, often varying slightly or not at all from species to
species within closely related groups, but highly characteristic of larger groups,
hence a useful character at the tribal and generic levels.
The abdominal integument, which should be mounted intact on the same
slide as the genitalia, provides another good character in the shape of the
8TH STERNITE. This may be convex, concave, deeply emarginate, or bear con-
spicious processes on its posterior margin.
16. FEMALE GENITALIA. Characters of the female genitalia proved to be al-
most as helpful as those of the male, and there are one or two instances
where the genitalia of two species are seemingly identical in the male but
readily distinguishable in the female (e.g., in Nemoria extremaria and N.
elfa). It is a common practice to remove part of the integument of the 8th
segment for a better view of the DUCTUS BURSAE and DUCTUS SEMINALIS, but in
the Geometrinae this is definitely not to be recommended. This segment should
be left intact as I have shown it in most of the accompanying illustrations.
The various folds, ridges and sclerites that occur on the ventral side of this
segment are often diagnostic, and a distorted impression of these is likely
to result if any of the integument is torn away. The DUCTUS BURSAE usually
shows through clearly, and the position of the DUCTUS SEMINALIS tends to be so
constant that it is of little or no value as a character.
The various structures associated with the ostial opening, comprising what
is often called the GENITAL PLATE, Or STERIGMA, provide the most important
group of characters in the female genitalia. In the more simple forms, this
part of the integument may be entirely membranous and unspecialized, but
various degrees of complexity have developed in most groups, usually beginning
with a shallow, pouch-like fold, the LAMELLA ANTEVAGINALIS, just preceding
the ostruM. In some forms this has become large and heavily sclerotized, and
in Nemoria there has been a tendency for it to unite with the ostium to form
a rather elaborate, sclerotized OsTIAL ENTRANCE. Sclerotized plates or ridges of
various configurations have also tended to develop just posterior to the ostium.
Sometimes this area is connected with the preostial structure, forming a con-
tinuous genital plate or a sclerotized ring encircling the ostium. But more
commonly they are discontinuous and I refer to them separately as the PRE-
OSTIAL FOLD, OF PLATE (= LAMELLA ANTEVAGINALIS) and the POSTOSTIAL PLATE
(=LAMELLA POSTVAGINALIS). Perhaps next in importance for distinguishing
species is the DUCTUS BURSAE, which varies in length, stoutness, and sclerotiza-
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 1
tion. The shape of the BURSA COPULATRIX (or perhaps more correctly, the
CORPUS BURSAE) varies from group to group, but is usually rather constant
within groups of closely related species. A sIGNUM may be present or absent
in the Nemoriini and Synchlorini, absent in the other tribes. It varies little
among closely related species. In a few cases, especially in the Hemitheini,
the length and shape of the ANTERIOR APOPHYSES proved to be a useful species
character. The OVIPOSITOR LOBES (PAPILLAE ANALES) are almost invariable through-
out the subfamily, at least in North America.
17. Larvar. Something is known of larval structure in 11 of the genera and
32 species, and this information has given strong support to the division of
the Nearctic species into several tribes. The known larvae fall into three
distinct groups on the basis of structure and habits: 1) those that are slender
and twig-like, with a bifid head (Hemitheini, Lophochoristini), 2) those with
moderate dorsolateral processes bearing specialized hooks for the attachment
of plant fragments as an aid to concealment (Synchlorini), and 3) those with
large dorsolateral processes not specialized for the attachment of plant matter
(Nemoriini). Of those represented in North America, only the tribe Dichordo-
phorini remains entirely unknown in its early stages. The three types of
larvae are highly characteristic of whole tribes, as indicated, and vary relatively
little within these groups as far as is known.
18. Hosr Prants. I give all available information on host plants, but
far too little is known to allow many general statements regarding host plant
specificity. Yet certain trends are apparent, such as the flower feeding habits
of the Synchlorini and some Hemitheini, usually on Compositae, and the ap-
parent restriction of the genus Dichorda to species of Rhus. Many species will
probably prove to be highly host specific but have not been studied in this
regard. On the other hand, at least a few species that one might have guessed
were somewhat specialized have turned out to be very generalized in their
feeding habits. For Nemoria mimosaria, one of the best known northeastern
species, 21 different trees and shrubs have been recorded as host plants, in-
cluding even 4 species of conifers. Nemoria rubrifrontaria, formerly thought
to be specific on Comptonia and Myrica, has been reared on Rhus copallina.
Mesothea occurs in habitats where one would expect that it should be special-
ized on Vaccinium or some other heath plant, but it has been found feeding
naturally on four different host plants, none of them ericaceous.
19. BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERS. In this category little information is available,
but two things should be mentioned. Diurnal flight habits are characteristic of
the genus Mesothea. I have no knowledge of either the eastern or western sub-
species ever having been collected at light, although all other North American
Geometrinae seem to be nocturnal. A striking behavioral character in larvae
of the tribe Synchlorini is that of deliberately attaching bits of plant matter
to the tuberculate process of the abdomen, although this is of course correlated
with a structural character—the presence of the hooks to which the plant
fragments adhere.
12 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
~
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This monograph is based on study of 14,600 spread adult specimens and 914
genitalia slides. I have also been able to examine living or preserved larvae of
about 28 species; good descriptions or figures of several additional species exist
in the literature. During the course of the investigation I studied the material
available in most of the major collections in the United States and Canada, as
discussed under acknowledgements, and was able to see most of the types in-
volved except those in European collections. Arrangements were made to have
nearly all of the relevant Walker types and some of the Prout types in the
British Museum (Natural History) photographed in color, and this greatly
facilitated the identification of these species. This paper contains 33 lectotype
designations.
The drawings, intended to be unmodified representations of genitalic pre-
parations, were made from slides with the aid of a micro-projector (Bausch
and Lomb Tri-Simplex; wings were drawn with a Bausch and Lomb VH micro-
projector). The genitalic drawings are always of ventral views except for the
aedeagus, which is usually shown in right lateral view. In most Synchlorini,
however, the aedeagus is also shown ventrally because of its forked internal
structure. I made the drawings and all of the genitalic preparations illustrated
except where otherwise acknowledged in the explanations of the plates.
The genitalia of the Geometrinae are delicate and require careful dis-
section and staining if the diagnostic structures are to be seen in undistorted
form. The preparations were stained with Eosin-Y (water and alcohol soluble),
a stain that is simple to use and which gives highly satisfactory results.
The name or initials of an individual following the data of a specimen
always indicates the collector, unless “collection of’? or some equivalent expres-
sion is included, in which case the collection, but not the collector, is implied.
The name or abbreviation of an institution indicates the museum collection
in which the material is deposited.
The abbreviations used in this monograph are as follows:
AMNH — American Museum of Natural History, New York, N.Y.
BM — British Museum (Natural History), London, England
CNC — Canadian National Collection, Entomology Research Institute, Can-
ada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont.
CPK — Mr. Charles P. Kimball, West Barnstable, Mass. and Sarasota, Fla.
CU — Cornell Collection, Department of Entomology, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N.Y.
DCF — Dr. Douglas C. Ferguson, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.
FHR — Dr. Frederick H. Rindge, American Museum of Natural History,
New York, N.Y.
JGF — Dr. John G. Franclemont, Department of Entomology, Cornell Uni-
versity
LACM -— Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, California
MCZ -— Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass.
USNM — United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 13
YPM —- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven,
Conn.
Since the sexes in the Geometrinae are nearly always much alike, I have not
described males and females separately, but have emphasized differences where
they occur. I have designated lectotypes where there have been no difficulties,
but have generally avoided doing so in the following two kinds of situations:
1) When an available syntype was incomplete or otherwise unsatisfactory and
there seemed to be a possibility that more and better specimens of the type lot
may eventually turn up. 2) When I have been unable to see the types, such as
those in European collections.
Because of a convenient distribution throughout the group of easily defined
character differences, it has been possible to construct keys that should work
well, even to species. However, good material is essential. Worn or discolored
specimens may be difficult or impossible to identify, except by genitalia.
2. KEYS TO TRIBES OF GEOMETRINAE OF AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
KeEy To TRIBES BASED ON SUPERFICIAL CHARACTERS
1. Small species with only one pair of hind tibial spurs in male; green coloring dull except
in some species when very fresh; green pigment unstable, soon fading to gray-green,
olivaceous or yellowish (but two species dimorphic with brown forms); hindwing never
with an antemedial line; fore- and hindwings nearly always colored alike ...... Hemitheini
Small to large species, those of hemitheine size with 2 pairs of hind tibial spurs in male
(except Lophochoristini, which are otherwise easily recognized); green coloring vivid
(except in a few yellowish Arizona species); green pigment relatively stable, not readily
fading, but discoloring to buff on excessive exposure to moisture; hindwing with or with-
out am antemedial; hindwing either like forewing or paler .. a0... 6260050000056 40a 4
2. Length of longest male antennal pectinations hardly exceeding 3 times thickness of
shaft, always distinctly shorter except in the two species of Phrudocentra, in which they
aay SMehiby ex Ceca (1s MEMPEH 1 licyel icicle «lntel« ©\e s)atelese =)e=)s c\eiels)-icieie eee elaji et 3
Length of longest male antennal pectinations clearly much greater than 3 times thickness
Di GUBNE «jassagchoososceoccadoagg no cedm ose pace coo cUsDe SOD eoncosnosacsssccic lc --- 4
Seevidle without ay frenulum southwestern Only, «cme. = <0 5 4 0:<\<\e ene ensiaiise es Dichordophorini
Male;always with a firenulums widely distributed. ..12 .).:j..¢ 6.10. cng elias i= see eine Nemoriini
4. Male hind tibia clavate, strongly swollen toward distal end, with one pair of spurs; small,
SECASDCCICN, SA AUG CANIZ. tannin iaiayamintoje,-tafactelaiaja & silos! ss sjeyeycio at ete ele sieieicte amie Lophochoristini
Male hind tibia more uniformly dilated or undilated, with both pairs of spurs except in
Cheteoscelis which, however, has the hind tibia undilated; widely distributed .... Synchlorini
KEY TO TRIBES BASED ON MALE GENITALIA
1, Uncus without the usual long process, consisting of a small basal portion only, to which
the rather large socii are articulated or fused; aedeagus containing two subequal
sclerotized prongs arsine from a proximal stem: .../.....c08scsssenvcseecseuncies Synchlorini
Uncus well: developed; aedeagus not as described above ... 2.2... .<eceus seuss oe clswuiele oe
14
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 15
2. Uncus divided into two separate prongs flanked by socii of somewhat similar shape; valve
avdeep,. U-shaped notch injthe cephalad! marpin /52)/.\o.e/c/< je/e/- « «fei: isi e'ai01 ei oi Dichordophorini
Uncus single, normal; socii variable; valve never with a notch as described above ......... 3
3. Socii semi-membranous flexible flaps, much shorter than uncus and of different
TINBTIS @ nou ocgobondudde oc00q00 Od CONS OF OCU DE OC OC DOEHD ODES OCbbc OC Sonn ObO ORO Doran Nemoriini
Socii sclerotized, partly rigid, almost as long as, or sometimes even longer than uncus and
tends to) be OF similar SHAPE .)ef jer «=: oseim ai 2/=)0\ wieieles lala a) vlolo1s!e phalellejs/oivis\aielaiefnlw\\= o\s'e'e\eim\elelapwis 4
4, Valve with a distinctive mesial sclerite, either a long curved spine or an obiliquely
transverse, finely toothed: plate wioici.:5:. </e01-,\ 01 /sieja\e eieroie « eielnieloleiele)v/olsis\n\= «ie sieiss Lophochoristini
Walvexwithout such arsGlerite! s-.c1s «c's so s.cloicre caies caine atte ere eieveciersi eters faieVeliove s/s cyeiers ers Hemitheini
3. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE NEMORIINI
Size extremely variable, very small to large, with the majority of the species
falling about half way between; wing shape variable, usually rounded or but
slightly angulate; green pigment very bright and relatively stable compared to
that of the Hemitheini; color predominantly green (either green or brown in
a few dimorphic species of Nemoria), marked with a normal pattern of whitish
lines, of which the antemedial of the hindwing, or sometimes of both wings,
may be wanting. Venation with Sc and R of hindwing touching, or not quite
touching, where they come together, not fused; third anal of hindwing usually
present and better developed than in any other tribe with the possible exception
of the Dichordophorini; frenulum present in male, replaced by tuft of bristles
or wanting in female. Antenna bipectinate in male, simple in female except
for a few species of Phrudocentra, in which it is bipectinate like that of the male;
abdomen untufted but often with white or reddish markings; hind tibia variable
but always with two pairs of spurs in both sexes except in genus Chlorosea, in
which there is only one pair.
Male genitalia always with long, well developed uncus, linear or spatulate,
rarely pointed; socii as flexible, hairy, semimembranous flaps, much shorter
than uncus; gnathos often slender but always complete, with distal tooth; tran-
stilla bilobate; juxta variable; saccus variable: rounded (Chlorosea, Nemoria),
notched (most species of Nemoria), produced and pointed (Dichorda), or
reduced and knob-like (Phrudocentra); valve simple or with a differentiated,
sclerotized costal region that may include basal and distal processes (Chlorosea,
Nemoria); valve without mesial sclerites such as those found in the Lophocho-
ristini; coremata usually wanting or vestigial, but sometimes extremely developed
(Phrudocentra); aedeagus simple, or with apical or marginal teeth; eighth
sternite variable: usually notched, but roundly convex in Dichorda, usually
with paired or multiple teeth in Chlorosea.
Female genitalia with bursa copulatrix elongate, usually slender, mem-
branous, with or without a signum; ductus bursae membranous or sclerotized,
connecting with bursa terminally or subterminally; ostial region variable: either
completely simple, without sclerotized structures, or with a semi-rigid, shallow,
pouch-like preostial fold which, in the most specialized stages of development,
combines with the ductus bursae to form a large, elaborately sclerotized, funnel-
like entrance to the ostium; separate postostial plate apparently never present.
Larvae of tribe Nemoriini among the most strikingly characteristic and
specialized geometrid larvae known. Dorsolateral tuberculate processes of both
16
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 17
thorax and abdomen, but especially of abdominal segments 1 to 5, bearing setae
I and II, developed as dorsoventrally compressed protuberances (sometimes
enormously so as in Dichorda). These protuberances squarely or obliquely
truncated in the form of large rectangular or trapezoidal, laterally extended,
dorsal segmental plates, with setae at the outer corners. Integument otherwise
densely granular or rugose, with complex cryptic patterns of brown, white and
green, in simulation of dried, withered leaf. All known Nemoriini are solitary
foliage feeders, not flower feeders like the Synchlorini or some Hemitheini.
Grown larvae do not attach fragments of plant material to their dorsal setae
but young first instar larvae apparently sometimes do so (e.g., Nemoria bistria-
ria). Like most if not all geometrine larvae, those of the Nemoriini tremble
and weave from side to side when agitated.
KEY TO THE NoRTH AMERICAN GENERA OF THE TRIBE NEMORIINI
¥,, One pair of hind tibial spurs in’ both sexes 22.5... 22. coc cece cccsesacssscecesstecs Chlorosea
Siw OnpaltsvoL ind tibial spurs im) WOth\ SEXES) <\.<215.2e1sereiclerelols aie labo a/ale'0 oleisie #1 clalein/alsloiei ste! siete ale 2
2. Postmedials strong, almost straight, oblique; palpi and legs conspicuously spotted with
dark brown; costa dusted’ with purplish brown’ .;\-).5. socscleclclels oa ale sisiac’sieele a n'nle See Dichorda
INGE AGA S SS OO OD ORCC OOO SORA CO GO OEEn Seon CnC UCC OOO COO TED Onn On UI AGnS CRO One e ons 3
3. Postmedials present but brown, not white, complete or as series of vein dots only; con-
spicuous brown patches often present in the tornus of the forewing, or inner margin
Or lainey, Ce NOW Goo gonoodo0Dde Gos HUDD DO DOUG UOdEDODRONOUdOCUCUDOUGOOOE Phrudocentra
Postmedials, if present, white or yellowish, not brown; wings never with brown patches
ASUCESETA ICO PAD OVE fetes 6. acaieinie\ale oiste'e olein!= =15 siaia\ae/o] «/<)<ieis o\e/01s/s/ seins nats) fe) eisis)slela\e)a\s\ahale lala Nemoria
CHLOROSEA Packard
Chlorosea Packard, 1874, p. 31.
Tyrer Species: Chlorosea nevadaria Packard, 1874, monobasic.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Size large, length of forewing 13.5 to 21 mm; wings normal, rounded,
rather broad, bright green, usually with some whitish striation; hindwing nearly always
paler than forewing, at least in anterior half; costa usually with very thin pale margin;
antemedials of both wings wanting; postmedials white, regular, that of forewing straight
or slightly convex, often oblique, that of hindwing strongly convex, also often oblique,
bisecting wing near middle; discal spots wanting; terminal line wanting; fringes green
or white, unmarked; abdomen with or without reddish dorsal markings.
Venation would fit within limits of variation found in Nemoria. M, + Cu, un-
stalked in both wings, the latter actually arising before end of cell; third anal of forewing
present but weak, of hindwing present as vestige or wanting; frenulum of male present,
normal, replaced in female by tuft of bristles.
18 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Antenna of male bipectinate almost to tip, branches of moderate length, the longest
hardly exceeding twice thickness of shaft, mesial branches generally longer than lateral
ones, a reversal of usual tendency; antenna of female simple, finely ciliate beneath;
palpi of sexes similar, third segment in female not elongate; eyes of male somewhat
larger than those of the female, and squarish front narrower; tongue well developed
as in Nemoria; hind tibia of male only moderately dilated, prismatic or compressed,
with no terminal extension, and with apical pair of spurs only; hind tibia of female
undilated or but slightly so distally, also with only one pair of spurs.
Male genitalia simple and quite unmodified. Uncus large as in Nemoria but more
flattened; socii small, semi-membranous; gnathos a somewhat moveable ring with a
large distal tooth; juxta an essentially flattened plate, not funnel-shaped; saccus evenly
rounded, entire, not incised; valve simple, the costa with a thin, sclerotized distal ex-
trusion, terminating in a blunt tooth, but with little or no development of basal process;
no coremata; aedeagus simple, without spines or teeth; eighth sternite with posterior
margin convex, hardly if at all emarginate, and, in some species, with paired marginal
teeth which are stout, pointed, sometimes multiple, and diagnostic when present.
Female genitalia with very characteristic, greatly elongated bursa copulatrix with
slender “neck region” and greatly abbreviated ductus bursae; small signum present in
lower, expanded portion of bursa. Female genitalia entirely membranous except for very
feeble sclerotized band at ostial opening.
Larvat Cuaracters. The only information available on the early stages is contained in a
larval description of Chlorosea banksaria by Rindge (1949). It is a detailed description,
including indications of how the setal pattern differs from that of Nemoria. The larva
of Chlorosea is characterized by the same exaggerated lateral processes and must appear
very similar to that of Nemoria.
Last instar with head subrectangular, slightly bilobed, coarsely rugose, with anterior
surface flattened. Thorax with very prominent dorsal and lateral protuberances. Protho-
rax anteriorly with very high median conical pair of projections, extending dorsoan-
teriorly over the head, and with smaller pair laterad of these; two smaller pairs of
protuberances posteriorly along dorsum, the posterior of these being quite small and in-
conspicuous. Mesothorax with three pairs of median humps dorsally, the anterior two
rounded swellings, the posterior a prominent pair of protuberances. Metathorax with
single pair of small median lobes. Dorsolateral margins of meso- and metathorax
produced into prominent lateral extensions. Abdomen dorsally with anterior mid-line
paired swellings on each segment, these being quite small and inconspicuous on an-
terior segments but increasing in size posteriorly, on last segment very high and con-
spicuous. Lateral margins of each segment produced into long prominent extensions
extending laterally and upwards but not beyond anterior margins of segments, being
most produced at anterior margins of segments and most prominent on segments two,
three, four and five; on posterior three segments reduced to large rounded swellings.
Body green, matching leaves of food plant; head and legs reddish brown, thoracic
markings reddish, abdominal markings red-brown with purple cast. All setae very small,
inconspicuous.
Rindge stated that the larva of Chlorosea banksaria may be distinguished from those
of Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria and Nemoria rubrifrontaria (as described by Dethier,
1942) by the following characters: “Front of head more square and broader; first and
second adfrontal setae equidistant from first posterior setae; third anterior setae on same
level with first adfrontal setae, as are the second adfrontal setae and the first posterior
setae; anterior setae almost form a right angle. The larvae of Chlorochlamys are without
the prominent lateral thoracic and abdominal projections and so are immediately dis-
tinguishable. Chlorosea and Nemoria may be further differentiated in the body regions
by the very small and inconspicuous setae of the former; and that the lateral abdominal
processes do not extend caudad of their respective segments, and are truncate anteriorly,
usually extending anteriorly at right angles from the mid-line when viewed from above.”
Rindge’s paper provides much additional detail, including descriptions of penulti-
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 19
mate instar and pupa, based on a single larva collected April 12, 1948, from Ceanothus
thyrsiflorus Esch. in the vicinity of Kings Mountain, San Mateo County, Calif., at about
2000’ altitude. It was reared (from the antepenultimate instar) on this food plant,
pupated April 29, and the adult emerged May 16, 1948.
DisTRIBUTION. Known only from region between the Rocky Mts. of Wyoming, Colorado
and New Mexico and the Pacific Coast, south to near Mexican border, north to southern
British Columbia.
Remarks. Chlorosea is a small, localized group that I treat here as four species, but since
nevadaria, banksaria and margaretaria are so close as to be doubtfully distinct, only
two basic types are represented. Banksaria differs from nevadaria only in having red
dorsal markings on the abdomen, but integrades having very reduced markings occur in
Washington and British Columbia. Margaretaria is distinguished mainly by its straight,
prominent and usually oblique lines, but again there are forms that appear intermediate
in Utah and Nevada. Roseitacta differs from the others in genitalia and is unique among
North American Geometrinae in the characteristic red marking on the inner margin
of the hindwing.
The relationship between Chlorosea and Nemoria is obviously close, and the
genitalia of some of the least specialized species that I place near the beginning of the
Nemoria series could almost be those of Chlorosea. However, Chlorosea is peculiar
in its large size, complete loss of antemedial lines, and in the hind tibia of the male
having only one pair of spurs and no terminal process. The separation from Nemoria
appears to be further supported by certain larval characters.
Key to Species of the Genus Chlorosea
IPeA bdomen withered «dorsal sm anki osiicicyeie ca) cleroioloierelo(elelellcichelaVehel cial sfotenclerelaietelelels oloteieteroiiers}sisiele 2
Abdomenswithoutaredsdorsalamarkin ogi erjereieiielcieletacilelsleliarelcvelelelelaicieiaielsteislensietateletele eierelessolele 4
2. Hindwing with narrow red patch on inner margin. Ariz., N.M., Utah, Colo. ...... roseitacta
ELI wattle WAthOUt, SUCH: AMATKINPS) 215 6/5\5 + o'e'0)o1e ae «010,010 01x lee alere) ela afo = sia) 6 «/s\eie/ stale elefatels e/a) sie\e/ele 3
3. Wings dark green like those of roseitacta, postmedial lines often indistinct or wanting.
SO mC cD UE Meee serstater ey otetal< aleveve ois oy ofoiaials\o[arore'o'eneieyeieloie eialareie\aisso/erajeKe)stelela +'s sleteraieie banksaria gracearia
Wings paler green, lines distinct. Central Calif. to B.C. ...............-- banksaria banksaria
4, Large, lines parallel to outer margin or nearly so. Rocky Mts. from B.C. to Ariz. and
HN UV Eeire Pater letincee) ss oioye ofc elie ePaVor lose) sin, ohn)losi6' «ice hove) Ola, si ezerelelele\el6istolc\aisjeleleisVole efoictais)sis\eiala cls nevadaria
Smaller, lines of forewing straighter, oblique, running from middle of inner margin
towatd apex. Sierra Nevada Mts.; Galif., Utah) 3 7jiocs: cei sees ee cisions cece margaretaria
Chlorosea nevadaria Packard
Plate 6, figures 3, 3a, 3b; Plate 30 figure 1; Plate 42, figures 4-6.
Chlorosea nevadaria Packard, 1874, p. 31; 1876, p. 378 (partim). Hulst, 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1902
[1903], p. 301. Prout, 1912, p. 116. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932, p.
42 (partim). McDunnough, 1938, p. 141 (partim). Sperry, 1944, pp. 33-39.
Chlorosea proutaria Pearsall, 1911b, p. 250. Prout, 1912, p. 116. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a,
p. 100. Prout, 1932, p. 42. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Sperry, 1944, pp. 33-39. New synonymy.
20 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Diacnosis. A large form similar to and perhaps even conspecific with banksaria, differing
mainly in the absence of red markings on the abdomen, a character shared only with
margaretaria; but unlike that species, nevadaria has postmedial lines approximately
parallel to the outer margin. Nevadaria tends to be a very slightly deeper shade of green
than banksaria with less white striation, although these characters overlap. Their geo-
graphical ranges do not overlap but appear to be completely allopatric, with nevadaria
occuring in the Rocky Mt. system from interior B.C. to Ariz. and N. M., and banksaria
in the Coast Ranges.
Types. The original description was based on one male and two females with the
locality stated only as “Nevada (Edwards).” In the MCZ, I have been able to find only
two of the original three, these bearing red type labels, and the specimen marked “Type
2227,” now consisting of two front wings only, has a second label with the word “Type”
in what I believe to be Packard’s handwriting. This should probably be regarded as the
actual type. If the type material came from Nevada, as stated, it could represent no
other species as only one seems to occur there.
The type of proutaria Pearsall, from Chimney Gulch, Golden, Colo., now in the
AMNH,, is nevadaria, and I hereby designate this specimen as the lectotype. The female
type of proutaria, from Eureka, Utah and in the same collection, looks like margaretaria.
Synonymy. The only synonym is proutaria Pearsall, a name that all authors up to
the present have considered to represent a separate species. Pearsall based his name on
type material that included two species. His male type, from Colo., is clearly nevadaria
but the female type, like a number of other Utah specimens in collections, appears to be
margaretaria. ‘These specimens, looking somewhat different, remained associated with
the name proutaria for 50 years. It is strange that Sperry (1944) failed to associate his
Sierra Nevada material with the Utah “proutaria,’ or the Colorado type of proutaria
with nevadaria.
FuRTHER DescripTIOoN. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs as described for genus.
Antennal shaft white; interantennal fillet white, sometimes with thin red posterior mar-
gin; front pale, almost white, usually with rosy shading at sides or bottom, rarely with
admixture of green scales; palpi tinged with pink; legs whitish to pale brown with
coxae and femora at least partly green, tibiae rose red; thorax bright green above, paler
below; abdomen greenish dorsally toward base, fading to white caudally, unmarked.
Forewing and outer half of hindwing bright green; hindwing variable, sometimes
much paler; forewing costa thinly edged with white; both wings marked by white
postmedial lines, subparallel to outer margins, that of hindwing being less distinct
and crossing at about middle. Hindwing shading to white basally and costally, as in
other species. Green may be coarsely striated with white as in banksaria but many
specimens virtually lack striation, the variance at least partly geographical. Fringes white,
green, or with basal half green and outer edge white. No discal spots. Underside paler,
marked by postmedial which often shows through on forewing only.
Length of forewing: males, 16.5-19.5 mm (average of 11 specimens, 18.75 mm);
females, 15.5-19.5 mm (average of 8 specimens, 18.15 mm).
MAteE Ge_nirAtiA. Similar to those of banksaria and margaretaria. An apparent tendency
for uncus to be a little broader than in banksaria, but doubtfully consistent. Teeth
on eighth sternite double on both sides in one male examined and asymmetrical in all
others, being single on one side and double on the other. This asymmetry is characteristic
of banksaria and margaretaria, but all roseitacta and some banksaria from B.C. lack
the teeth entirely.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of other species of Chlorosea.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 65 males, 125 females, including types; 10 male, 8 female slides.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 2A
DIsTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Kaslo; Cranbrook. 1pAHO: Wallace. OREGON: Wetmore
Campground, Baker Co. wyominec: Bottle Cr. Camp, 8800’, 7 mi. SW of Encamp-
ment, Carbon Co.; Louis L., 28 mi. SW of Lander, Fremont Co.; 13 mi. NE of Jackson,
Teton Co.; Fossil Station, Lincoln Co. coLorapo: Chimney Gulch, Golden; Glenwood
Springs; Maysville; Valley View Lodge, 7600’, 10 mi. S of Steamboat Springs, Routt Co.;
State Bridge, near Bond, 7000’, Eagle Co.; Almont, Gunnison Co.; Fort Collins Mt.
Recreation Area, 6600’, 33 mi. W of Fort Collins, Larimer Co.; Estes Park, 7800’, Larimer
Co. NEvADA: Kyle Canyon, 6000-8100’, Mt. Charleston, Clark Co.; Reno; Verdi. uTan:
Bryce Canyon, 8000’, Garfield Co.; Eureka; Fish Lake, Sevier Co.; near Grantsville, Tooele
Co., 7400’; 25 mi. N of Vernal, Uintah Co., 8700’: Bonanza, Uintah Co.; 11 mi. SE of
Panguitch, 7100’, Garfield Co.; Tropic, 18 mi. N of Escalante, 8000’, Garfield Co. ARIZONA:
Prescott, 5400’, Yavapai Co.; Slate Mt. Loop Road, 6900’, 20 mi. NW of Flagstaff,
Coconino Co.; 7 mi. E of Jacob Lake, 6800’, Coconino Co.; Mile 252, Route 180, 6600’,
near Ebert Mt., Coconino Co.; Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino Co. NEW MExiIco: Bursum
Camp and Pine Camp, 8600’, near Cloudcroft, Otero Co.; Cimarron Canyon, 7900’,
Sangre de Cristo Mts., Colfax Co.; Bear Trap Camp, 8500’, 28 mi. SW of Magdalena,
Socorro Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Throughout most of the range there is little variation but two
trends are noticeable. Specimens from the interior of B.C. are among the largest and
palest, exactly resembling banksaria except for the absence of red abdominal markings.
Specimens from southern Nevada (Clark Co.) are rather intensely green, unstriated, with
the forewing a little more pointed than usual and the forewing postmedial line tending
to be straight and oblique, thus varying in the direction of margaretaria. But in these
Nevada specimens the postmedial remains narrow, not as wide as in margaretaria.
The convergent trend apparent in this population emphasizes the unsolved problem of
relationship between nevadaria and margaretaria. More material needs to be studied
from intervening localities in s. Nev., adjacent Calif., and Utah
FiicHT Periop. Mostly June 24 to Aug. 5. At Prescott, Ariz., June 11-30, and one from
Wallace, Idaho, taken Aug. 25.
Earzy StTaces. Unknown.
Remarks. Packard (1874) described nevadaria from one male and two females from
Nevada. Later (1876) he redescribed it, having in the meantime acquired one additional
male and three females from Victoria, B.C., and Calif. These Pacific Coast specimens
were, of course, the species we now distinguish as banksaria, and Packard emended the
later description as follows: “Abdomen white, tinged with pinkish at the base with two
conspicuous round spots, having an irregular v-shaped, pink spot between them and
another behind.” The original description, which states that the abdomen is white and
makes no mention of spots, agrees with the present understanding of nevadaria in all
respects but one. Packard failed to see the postmedial line on the hindwing, which is
clearly visible in the types as it is in all specimens of both nevadaria and banksaria.
In the original description he twice stressed “the want of any markings on the hind
wings,” although he corrected this in the description of 1876. This minor inaccuracy
is of no significance here, but I use it as evidence in my identification of Parkard’s long
controversial Annemoria unitaria.
Chlorosea banksaria banksaria Sperry
Plate 1, figure 1; plate 6, figures 2, 2a, 2b, 2c; Plate 30, figure 2; Plate 42, figures 7-9.
Chlorosea nevadaria Packard, 1876, p. 378 (partim). Prout, 1932, p. 42 (partim). McDunnough,
1938, p. 141 (partim).
Chlorosea banksaria Sperry, 1944, p. 36. Rindge, 1949, pp. 24-26 (early stages).
22 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Diacnosts. This is the commonest species of Chlorosea in collections. It closely resembles
nevadaria except for the minor disparity in size (smaller males, larger females), some-
what paler coloring (in the nominate form), and, most important of all, the presence of
pink dorsal markings on the abdomen, a character shared with roseitacta but not
margaretaria or nevadaria. It is the only species of Chlorosea in the northern Pacific
Coast region, becoming subspecies gracearia southward in Los Angeles and San Bernar-
dino Counties, Calif.
Types. Holotype male, from Puyallup, Washington, July 26, 1939 (S. E. Crumb), in the
MCZ. Allotype, from Inverness, Marin Co., Calif., in the CNC. Sperry designated 88
paratypes, now widely distributed in various collections.
Synonymy. None.
FURTHER DEscRIPTION. Similar to nevadaria except for red abdominal markings already
mentioned, and tendency toward a paler green aspect caused by coarser white striation
of green areas. The diagnostic abdominal markings are in the form of white or yellowish
dorsal v-shaped spots on segments 2 and 3, separated and surrounded by variable
amounts of rose shading which may also encroach upon segments I, 4, or both. The width
of the white postmedial line is also variable but averages about the same as in nevadaria.
If there is a difference, that of banksaria is wider, contrary to Sperry’s statement (1944,
p. 36) that this line is twice as wide in nevadaria as in banksaria. In one specimen, a fe-
male from San Leandro, Calif., the white interantennal fillet has a pink posterior margin
but normally this is green, as in other species of Chlorosea.
Specimens in which the abdomen is lost or badly discolored are virtually impossible
to distinguish from nevadaria, except by the locality labels
Length of forewing: males, 15-21 mm (average of 24 specimens, 18 mm); females,
16.5-21 mm (average of 16 specimens, 19.06 mm).
Mate GenirTAa.ia. Probably indistinguishable from those of nevadaria and margaretaria.
Teeth on posterior margin of the eighth sternite may however be single, double, single
on one side and double on the other, or entirely lacking in both sides (see Geographical
Variation). Elsewhere in the genus only roseitacta lacks these teeth, but there con-
sistently so.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of other species of Chlorosea.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 77 males, 90 females, including holotype; 9 male, 4 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Victoria; Wellington, V. I.; Duncans, V.I. Goldstream;
Shawnigan. WASHINGTON: Puyallup; Berne; Seattle; Satus Creek, Yakima Co.; Ellensburg;
Dayton; Brewster. OREGON: Caves National Monument, Rogue River National Forest;
Bend; Wallowa Lake. CALIFORNIA: Shasta Retreat; Bartle and Grass Valley, Siskiyou Co.;
Hat Creek P.O., Shasta Co.; Carrville, Trinity Co.; Laytonville, Mendocino Co.; Mohawk
and Smith Lake, 6200’, Plumas Co.; The Geysers and Glen Ellen, Sonoma Co.; Pine Crest
and Dodge Ridge Ski area, Tuolumne Co.; San Leandro, Alameda Co.; Inverness, Marin
Co.; Kings Mountain, San Mateo Co.; El Portal and Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa Co.;
Mt. St. Helena and Spring Mountain, Napa Co.; San Joaquin Experimental Range, Ma-
dera Co.; Cedar Grove (Kings River Canyon) and Lakeshore, 7000’, Fresno Co.; Mt. Pinos,
Kern Co.; Temple City and Buckhorn Camp Exit Road, Los Angeles Co.; Camp Baldy,
San Bernardino Co.; ‘‘Sanzalito” [Sausalito]; Carmel; Castella; Dunsmuir; Santa Monica.
There are also paratypes that I have not seen from the following localities in Cali-
fornia: “Modoc Co.”; “Monterey Co.”; Huntington Lake, Fresno Co.; top of Mt. Wilson;
Half Moon Bay; Deer Park Springs, Lake Tahoe; Oakland; La Sierra Heights; Paraiso
Springs; San Antonio Canyon; Roscoe, Los Angeles Co.; Laguna, San Diego Co.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 23
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Banksaria varies little throughout most of its range but toward
southern California it becomes more intensely green, with a narrowing and eventual
obsolescence of the postmedial lines in subspecies gracearia from Los Angeles, San Diego
and San Bernardino Counties. Extremes of this, such as the type of gracearia, are known
only from a limited area in the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mts., and Mt. Palomar,
San Diego Co., but a dozen specimens in the USNM and the AMNH from Camp
Baldy, San Bernardino Mountains, Calif., apart from being just a little less striate than
usual, are much like normal banksaria from the northwest. It is possible that gracearia
will prove to be a distinct species, as Sperry regarded it, but as yet there is not enough
good material available from possible blend zone areas. I have imagined that a few
specimens from Mt. Pinos, Kern Co. and Lake Hughes, Los Angeles Co., are intermediate,
but this is still doubtful.
The ranges of banksaria and nevadaria are mostly separated by great desert areas,
and by the southern Sierra Nevada Range which seems to be exclusively occupied by
margaretaria. To the north it seems likely that banksaria and nevadaria must meet
somewhere, especially in Washington or British Columbia, and indeed the specimens
from Satus Creek and Brewster, Wash. have the red abdominal markings considerably
reduced, suggesting intermediacy. The nevadaria from Kaslo, B.C. have the pale look of
banksaria but show no sign of red markings. Here again much more material is needed
from crucial intermediate areas.
There seems to be some geographic variation in the male genitalia. The teeth
normally present on the posterior margin of the eighth sternite were found to be
entirely wanting in the several specimens examined from Vancouver Island, B.C.
FiicHT Periop. Vancouver Island: June 17—Aug. 8. Wash.: May 29-July 12. Ore.: July
4-31. N. and central Calif.: May 18—July 18, with one record for May 2 (Madera Co.).
S. Calif.: June 12-July 9, Aug. 28. Among specimens from Laytonville, Mendocino Co.,
Calif. (R. F. Sternitzky), there is one dated May 5 and another Sept. 26.
Earty Sraces. Rindge (1949) published a detailed description of a single larva collected
from Ceanothus thyrsiflorus in San Mateo Co., Calif. I have given a summary of his
account in the generic description.
Remarks. The confusion of localities cited above under distribution, some being in
southern California and within the supposed range of gracearia, is partly a result of the
poor condition of some of the material examined and the difficulty of deciding whether
such specimens should be regarded as gracearia. In faded specimens the critical charac-
ters are often lost. Also, Sperry included among his paratypes a number of specimens
that should almost certainly be referred to gracearia. Most of these I have not seen.
Chlorosea banksaria gracearia Sperry, new combination
Plate 7, figures 1, la, 1b, lc, 1d; Plate 42, figure 10.
Chlorosea gracearia Sperry, 1946, pp. 137-138.
Diacnosis. This form is much more intensely green than banksaria, often with quite
coarse white striation, but this varies. The postmedial lines are reduced in width and
may be entirely absent; when the latter condition occurs it is a unique character within
the genus. The pink abdominal markings tend to be more extensive than in banksaria,
showing clearly on all of the first four segments.
Types. Holotype male from Barton Flats, San Bernardino Co., Calif., Sept. 4, 1945, in
the AMNH. Allotype in same collection, and single paratypes in the USNM and CNC.
Synonymy. None.
24 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FURTHER DescripTION. The darker shade of green characteristic of gracearia approaches
that of roseitacta, and the fringes tend to be greener than those of banksaria. The costal
quarter of the hindwing is almost pure white, but beyond this the green shading intensifies
until, toward the anal angle, it becomes almost as dark as on the forewing. Thus the
contrast between the white and green areas of the hindwing is greater than in banksaria
or nevadaria, but the postmedial line, perhaps as a corollary of its near absence, does not
form the boundary between green and white areas as it often does in the other species.
The underside is paler green with scarcely a trace of the lines.
On the head, the front and interantennal fillet are pale tan color, with pink shading
at the sides of the front only. In banksaria the front and fillet tend to be paler, often
white, and the front may be heavily shaded with pink. The palpi are similar in the two
forms. Sperry’s description mentions a rose collar as one of the characters, without com-
parisons or any reference to variability. In nearly all specimens that I examined, the
posterior edge of the fillet is green, not pink, and so it would seem that, as in banksaria,
only occasional variants have the pink collar. In size, gracearia does not seem to differ
significantly from banksaria.
Mate Geniratia. There appear to be tendencies toward genitalic differences but nothing
that decisively separates gracearia from banksaria. The uncus is very broad, whereas in
banksaria and nevadaria it may be similarly broad or narrower. The valve also is wider
with perhaps a somewhat less prominent costal protrusion. I have illustrated valves
from three specimens to indicate the variation that is to be expected. Similar variation
may be found in the other species of Chlorosea. ‘The teeth on the eighth sternite appear
always to be present and may be single or multiple.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Indistinguishable from those of the other species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19 males, 19 females, including holotype; 8 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Tanbark Flat and Chilao, San Gabriel Mountains; Big Rock
Creek, Upper Shake Canyon, Mt. Wilson, Lake Hughes, Malibou Canyon, Charlton
Flat, Temple City, Cloudburst Canyon (Angeles Crest), and Buckhorn Camp exit
road, Los Angeles Co.; Barton Flats, Big Bear Lake, Upper Santa Ana River and Lake
Arrowhead, San Bernardino Co.; Mt. Palomar State Park, San Diego Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. This is covered in the remarks below and in the discussion
of banksaria.
Fiicut Pertop. May 22 to Sept. 10, more or less continuously but with a majority of
records for June.
EArzLy StTaces. Unknown.
Remarks. The status of gracearia is very much in doubt and it is perhaps an inconsist-
ency to regard this as only a subspecies while keeping banksaria and nevadaria separate.
I treated a series from Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Mts. (ex Barnes Collection) under
banksaria although these, in their uniform, slightly darker coloring, show a suggestion of
intermediacy. Certainly most of them can be distinguished from northern banksaria. A
few others, such as a single example from Mt. Pinos, Kern Co., and two of three speci-
mens from Lake Hughes, Los Angeles Co., are even more suggestive of intergradation, but
it may be that if they were fresher specimens they could be clearly assigned to gracearia.
In a series of 11 males and 16 females in the AMNH there is nothing that is clearly
intermediate.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 25
In summary, banksaria and gracearia are essentially if not entirely allopatric, and
look enough alike to be related as subspecies, yet the existence of undoubted transi-
tional or introgressive populations is not yet established. This may only imply a deficiency
of good material from appropriate localities.
Chlorosea margaretaria Sperry
Plate 6, figures 1, la, 1b; Plate 30, figure 3; Plate 42, figures 1-3.
Chlorosea proutaria Pearsall, 1911b, p. 250 (partim).
Chlorosea margaretaria Sperry, 1944, pp. 37-38.
Diacnosis. This is a rather distinctively marked species known only from the Sierra
Nevada Mts., Calif., and from Eureka and Bryce Canyon, Utah. It is characterized
chiefly by the smooth-textured and only faintly striate green scaling, the strongly marked
and almost straight white postmedial line, directed more obliquely toward the apex of
the forewing than in any other species, and a tendency for the similarly well defined line
of the hindwing to mark off a basad pale area from an outer green area. It is smaller
in size than nevadaria or banksaria; about the same as roseitacta. The genitalia are
hardly if at all distinct.
Tyrrs. Holotype male, from Lundy Creek, Mono Co., Calif., July 11, 1937 (Lloyd
Martin), is type No. 5259 in the CNC. Allotype female in the AMNH. The 64 para-
types are distributed among various North American collections, but most are in the
LACM.
Synonymy. None.
FURTHER DEscrIPTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs as in the other species of
the genus. Antennal shaft and interantennal fillet essentially white; front and palpi
white, variably tinged with pink or tan color; legs white with some green vestiture on
major segments, and with fore tibiae and apices of fore and middle femora pink; thorax
green; abdomen white with partial green shading dorsally and ventrally, no red markings.
There are possible exceptions in the case of the last character, as two large females
from Monache Meadows, Tulare Co., California, show distinct but reduced abdominal
markings similar to those of banksaria.
Upperside of wings bright green of a slightly bluish hue, color often paler than in
other species of the genus, very even, relatively fine textured; white striations, if present,
faint and minute; costa thinly edged with white; postmedial line of forewing thick
and prominent, usually almost straight, sometimes curved, but not, as in the other
species, parallel with outer margin. A unique feature of margaretaria is the oblique
position of the postmedial line, starting at or just beyond the middle of the inner margin
and running either straight toward the apex or closer to it than in any other species of
Chlorosea. The postmedial line of the hindwing is curved, less prominent, but it tends
to be correspondingly oblique. There is a tendency for this line to separate a basad
whitish area from a pale greenish outer area, dividing the hindwing approximately in
half. Antemedial lines wanting; fringes pure white; no discal spots. Underside paler with
same lines repeated indistinctly.
Length of forewing: males, 13.5-16.5 mm (average of 10 specimens, 15.25 mm);
females, 16-18 mm (average of 10 specimens, 16.39 mm).
Mate GEnira ia. It is doubtful if there are any genitalic characters by which margareta-
ria may be distinguished from nevadaria or banksaria. Any differences apparent in the
drawings are within the range of variation of all three species. The teeth on the eighth
sternite may be single or double.
26 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of the other species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 39 males, 28 females, including holotype and allotype; 5 male, 3
female slides.
Sperry (1944, p. 38) gives data from 39 specimens in the Los Angeles County
Museum that I have not seen.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Coleville, Lundy Creek, Virginia Lakes, Mammoth Lake,
Mammoth Camp, Walker River, Casa Diablo Hot Springs, Leevining, Rock Creek
(7300’), Silver Lake, and Sierra Junction, Mono Co.; Smoky Valley, Lower Chimney
Meadows and Monache Meadows, 8000’, Tulare Co.; Argus Mountains and Round
Valley, Inyo Co.; “Inyo Co.” (O. C. Poling), and ‘near Topaz, Calif.” uran: Eureka;
Bryce Canyon (9 females from Utah, collected by Tom Spalding). Arizona: “Mohave Co.”
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The range is hardly great enough for much variation. The
Utah and Arizona specimens do not differ significantly from the Californian ones, except
perhaps for a tendency toward slightly narrower lines that increases the chances of con-
fusion with nevadaria.
FLicHT Pertop. July 11 to Aug. 11 in most localities; June 8 and 11 at Walker River;
May 6 to 31 in the Argus Mts. (series of 30 specimens ex C. H. Ingham collection). 6
males (ex Poling collection) from Inyo Co. dated June 1-30; the two Arizona females,
“June 8-15.” The 9 Utah specimens dated May 27, June 24, July 11, July 17, and Aug. 1.
Earty Stacres. Unknown.
Remarks. In the California localities margaretaria seems to be the only species of
Chlorosea represented, but at Eureka, Utah, nevadaria and roseitacta are also present.
The female type of proutaria, from Eureka, Utah, May 27, 1910 (AMNH) is margare-
taria, but the male type from Colorado is nevadaria. Utah specimens of both nevadaria
and margaretaria have been generally confused, and often labeled proutaria.
Chlorosea roseitacta Prout
Plate 7, figures 2, 2a, 2b; Plate 30, figure 4; Plate 42, figures 11, 12
Chlorosea roseitacta Prout, 1912, p. 116. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932,
p. 42. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Sperry, 1944, p. 38.
Diacnosis. This is the only species of the genus with which there is no problem of
identification. The narrow red patch on the inner margin of the hindwing is diagnostic,
and the relatively small size and deep green coloring also provide good characters. The
male genitalia, although not very different from others of the group, are clearly the
most distinctive. The teeth on the eighth sternite, generally characteristic of the species
of Chlorosea, are always lacking in roseitacta. This is frequently the only species of
Chlorosea present in Ariz., N. M., Utah and southern Colo.
Types. A male from Palmerlee, Ariz. in the BM (ex collection L. B. Prout). Described
from one specimen.
Synonymy. None.
FURTHER DEscrIPTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs about the same as in other
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 27
species of the genus. Scales of antennal shaft white; interantennal fillet white or pink; if
pale, with faint tan colored posterior margin; front and palpi light tan to white, tinged
with pale red, sometimes all red; legs with coxae and femora green, first and second
tibiae plus distal end of femora tinged with red; legs otherwise white; thorax deep green
above, paler beneath; abdomen white, pale green beneath, and with red and yellow
markings above. The abdominal markings follow the same pattern as in banksaria, with
central pale spots on segments Al, A2 and A3, but the spots are more often yellow than
white, and the surrounding shade is a faded brick red rather than the deep rose of other
species.
: Upperside of forewing deep green, darker than in any other species of Chlorosea
with the exception of gracearia; costa thinly edged with white; hindwing deep green near
anal angle, becoming gradually paler toward costa; both wings evenly and very finely
striated with white; postmedial lines regular or very slightly irregular, very thin but
always present, parallel with outer margins; hindwing with a trace of the antemedial
line, not usually visible in other species of Chlorosea; hindwing with a bright red elongate
patch or bar, often edged with yellow, on the inner margin between the antemedial and
postmedial lines, an obvious and unique character of roseitacta; fringes of both wings
green with distal edge white. Underside as above but much paler, darkest near costa of
forewing, with only the postmedial lines visible, not the antemedial or the diagnostic
red patch.
Length of forewing: males, 14-16.5 mm; females, 16.5-18.5 mm.
Mate GeniratiA. These differ from the genitalia of the other species mainly in the form
of the valve, which is narrower near the base and then widens abruptly from about the
middle outward, this being mostly a result of the very prominent sclerotized costal
protrusion. The form of the apical tooth on this protrusion is quite variable. The uncus
similarly is narrower than usual near the base and widens distally. The tooth on the
gnathos is very well developed. The eighth sternite is almost unique in having no teeth
on its posterior margin, but some banksaria also lack these.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of other species of Chlorosea.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 66 males, 56 females; 10 male, 8 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Paradise, Cochise Co.; Chiricahua Mountains, 5400’, 5 mi. W. of
Portal, Cochise Co.; Chiricahua Monument, Cochise Co.; Cave Creek Canyon (Portal),
Cochise Co.; Palmerlee; Madera Canyon, 4880’ and 5600’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa
Cruz Co.; Fort Valley, 7350’, 714 mi. NW of Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; West Fork, 6500’,
16 mi. SW of Flagstaff; Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino Co.; Walnut Canyon, 6500’,
near Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; White Mts., 7200’; Washington Mts.; Sierra Vista, Ramsey
Canyon and Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains; McNary; Williams. NEw Mexico: 13
mi. N. of Rodeo, Hidalgo Co.; MacMillan Camp, 14 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co.;
Sitting Bull Falls, 42 mi. S.W. of Carlsbad, Eddy Co.; Frijoles Canyon, Bandelier National
Monument, 6050’; Hot Springs, 7000’. urAH: Eureka. coLorADo: Rock Creek Park;
Chimney Gulch, Golden; Lookout Mountain, Jefferson Co., 7000’; Glenwood Springs;
Manitou,
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Little variation can be seen in the material available.
FiicuT Periop. June 9 to Oct. 25. Apparently two or more generations in Ariz.
EArRLy STAGEs. Unknown.
Remarks. Until recently roseitacta was known from relatively few specimens, but in the
period from 1959 to 1964, Dr. J. G. Franclemont collected a fine series of 39 in Madera
28 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Canyon and in the vicinity of Flagstaff. The AMNH also has a good series of 42 from
localities in all of the states where it occurs, mostly taken in recent years by Dr. F. H.
Rindge.
NEMORIA Hibner
Nemoria Hiibner, 1818, p. 25.
Racheospila Guenée, 1857, p. 374.
Aplodes Guenée, 1857, p. 377.
Hipparchiscus Walsh, 1864, p. 301.
Anaplodes Packard, 1876, p. 392.
Annemoria Packard, 1876, p. 376.
Tyrer Species. Of Nemoria, bistriaria Hiibner, 1818, monobasic; of Racheospila, Racheo-
spila lixaria Guenée, 1857, designated by Hulst, 1896, p. 314; of Aplodes, Aplodes
mimosaria Guenée, 1857, designated by Hulst, 1896, p. 315; of Hipparchiscus, venustus
Walsh, 1864 = Nemoria mimosaria (Guenée), monobasic; of Anaplodes, pistacearia
Packard, 1876, monobasic; of Annemoria, Eunemoria unitaria Packard, 1874 = Annemo-
ria unitaria Packard, 1876, monobasic (= Nemoria unitaria, new combination).
ADULT CHARACTERS. Size variable, mostly intermediate to quite large for the subfamily,
forewing length 8-18 mm; wings normal in shape, not angulate or strongly produced;
color commonly bright green, but varying in shade from yellowish to bluish, occasionally
brown, with or without pale striation; costa pale; lines pale, normal, antemedial of
hindwing usually present; discal spots present or absent; terminal line and fringes
marked with red in many species; abdomen with or without dorsal markings. A few
species, including bistriaria, are dimorphic, with both green and brown forms.
Venation variable in minor details; Sc, R, and R, sometimes fused, sometimes all
separate; R,_, + M, commonly unstalked, but distinctly stalked in some species; hind-
wing with M, + Cu, stalked or unstalked, third anal usually present; frenulum in male
normal, usually well developed for the group, in female present as a weak tuft of bristles,
or obsolete.
Male antennae bipectinate but not heavily so, length of longest branches not
exceeding twice thickness of shaft; antennae tapering gradually toward tips; female
antennae simple, finely ciliate beneath; male palpi of moderate length, often only
slightly exceeding front, the third segment small and conical; female palpi variable,
like those of the male or up to almost twice that length, with the third segment cylindri-
cal and three-fourths as long as the second; eyes of the sexes similar or those of the male
slightly larger; front almost square, flat or with a slightly raised ridge across the bottom;
tongue normal, well developed; hind tibia of male nearly always strongly dilated, some-
what prismatic, with an apical extension and two pairs of spurs, the latter separated
by a distance not exceeding length of longest spur; hind tibia of female undilated or but
slightly so, also with two pairs of spurs but no apical extension.
Male genitalia basically like those of Chlorosea but with a tendency toward greater
complexity and diversity of structure. Uncus long, slender, linear or slightly spatulate;
socii rounded, moveable, semi-membranous flaps, larger than in Chlorosea or Dichorda;
gnathos a closed loop with a sharp distal tooth as in Chlorosea, but generally more
slender; juxta a flat plate, or cone-shaped, or funnel-shaped narrowing to a closed
papilliform process (a form paralleled in some Hemitheini); saccus rounded and entire,
or with a deep U-shaped emargination, or of any intermediate stage; valve simple,
without costal processes or coremata in the supposedly unspecialized species, but show-
ing the development of both in the more numerous specialized forms; coremata, if
present, are small, but marked in some species by conspicuous dark tufts of bristly
hair; costal portion of valve differentiated by heavy sclerotization, posterior portion
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 29
membranous; costal processes of valve, when present, highly variable, occurring as a
lobate or pointed distal process and a peculiar basal structure (sometimes termed the
labides) that may be a stout lobe or tooth, a long, pointed, heavily sclerotized process,
or a thin, leaf-like process, either flat or spirally twisted; aedeagus slender and linear to
rather stout and bowed, simple or with various arrangements of marginal teeth toward
distal end; eighth sternite distinctly notched, often deeply, and with its anterior margin
tending to be deeply concave. The basal costal process of the valve, when developed, is
highly characteristic of Nemoria, found nowhere else in the Nearctic Geometrinae
except as a vestige in Chlorosea.
Female genitalia extremely variable, probably with no exclusive generic characters,
but following an orderly sequence from simple to more elaborate development. Bursa
copulatrix elongated but not as much so as in Chlorosea, not twisted as in Dichorda;
signum present with few exceptions and, as in Chlorosea, consisting of a small, pouch-
like invagination of chitin in the bursa wall; bursa usually with ductus bursae adjoining
subterminally, ductus seminalis terminally; ductus bursae stout, longer than that of
Chlorosea, often sclerotized and hardly differentiated from adjacent bursa except by
position. Sclerotized structures associated with the ostial opening, lacking in the least
specialized forms at the beginning of the series, appear with increasing complexity in the
more specialized species. The trend begins with a simple transverse, shallow, pouch-like
preostial fold of semi-rigid membrane, found also in the Hemitheini, but this may
become very large (often bilobate), or form a deep, funnel-shaped, sclerotized entrance
to the ductus bursae, the many variations providing important species characters.
LarvAL Cuaracters. The peculiar dorsolateral abdominal processes, believed to be
characteristic of the tribe, are well developed in all known larvae of Nemoria. These
are never as extreme as in Dichorda, where they have become large rectangular dorsal
plates. Larvae otherwise as described under the tribal heading.
DistripuTion. The genus occurs from southern Canada to South America, with the
species becoming most numerous toward the tropics. About forty species occur north
of the Mexican border but only five reach Canada.
Remarks. The old division of this group into Nemoria and Racheospila, based on female
palpal length, is totally untenable, and Forbes (1948) was correct in synonymizing
the latter name. The Rachecpsila of Prout, followed by McDunnough (1938), was a
peculiar assemblage. Both Prout and Forbes had expressed suspicion that some of the
species belonged elsewhere, and my studies of the genitalia at once confirmed this.
“Racheospila” gerularia, herbaria, cupedinaria, irregularia and noel (diaphana
auct.) are Synchlorini, and I have put them in the genus Synchlora. “Racheospila”
rubromarginaria and rubrolinearia are conspecific with bistriaria, the type of Nemoria.
Festaria is a member of the Nemoria intensaria group, and glaucomarginaria is so
similar to Nemoria darwiniata that they may sometimes be distinguished only by the
genitalia. Of the remaining names that were listed as species under Racheospila, no less
than four all refer to lixaria. The relationships of the numerous Neotropical species
that Prout included in Racheospila need to be reevaluated on the basis of genitalic
structure, but it seems likely that the majority will go here. If so, Nemoria will become
the world’s largest genus in the Geometrinae, with somewhere between one and two
hundred species.
An interesting feature of Nemoria is a tendency for the species to be of rather limited
distribution. Twelve of the species treated here are known from only one state, and
fourteen others occur in only two or three states. This contrasts with the situation in
the Synchlorini and Hemitheini, where over half the species have relatively wide dis-
tributions, some being both Nearctic and Neotropical, and a few even extending all
the way from the Canadian zone to the subtropics. Not a single species of Nemoria is
known to have such an extensive distribution. Ten of the eleven new taxa described in
30 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
this paper are in the genus Nemoria, four from the southeast, one from Texas, the
remainder from Arizona and New Mexico.
Key to the Species of Nemoria
Genetfal cOloratian JGTGn ~ ¢ o{s,<;2)<tee cin iefols sisia\eiele aiassi6,6'4°>is lb sis 06,00 65,8400 058 8s eee 2
Ceneraliicoloration? DLOWM: asic ciarscc'ciesie oi 6:5 erdteteis (2 [owe ie alge" Se ree ole ei ele elation eT eee 42
2. Hindwings not like the forewings but paler, with the markings less distinct or even
Olselete; eNO Tea: teGMMal MME s/s aie v1 eae vine vies 2 oles © = eri of eiele neice = a)> ote eae 3
Hindwings same color as forewings or, if paler, with red terminal line .................. 9
Sunn esp oLeemy and ered si Caliber pays se rereve aici eiesol sla olats ove" axov sole le eieveleteicvsleveiescuouelctonclete pulcherrima
RIES aWLNTE, VENOWISEL, (OT (PUNK inc jaratsie We caizia mie’ vieinin(¥ wre inie elaie oiaje se) dis ears 60 «ios Riel 4
4, Fringes tinged with pink or, if white, abdomen distinctly greenish beneath .............. 5
Fringes plain white or yellowish; abdomen always whitish below ...............+.-+05- 6
5. Forewings relatively pointed at the apices; antemedials wanting on both wings; post-
medial of forewing straight and oblique toward apex, and outer margin almost
straight; upperside of abdomen green without markings; New Mexico .............. rindgei
Wing shape normal; antemedials well developed on forewing; postmedial of forewing
feebly curved or S-shaped, not oblique; outer margin distinctly convex; abdomen with
three dorsal whitish spots with reddish or yellowish edging; southwestern ............++.-
OA ae caerulescens and intensaria, in part. See also couplet 32 and refer to descriptions.
6. Hindwing pure white, without markings. A very pale, fragile species .............. albaria
Hindwing with some green and always with at least the postmedial visible .............. 7
7. Dorsum of abdomen green and unspotted in both sexes; front green; often a pale area
any Median SPACe y-tor~ cc ecayese sie osha eyeuss ore tecs caehe bebe se CEA siers © hhc: ferskatevatela cia eseyeti beeen diamesa
Dorsum of abdomen shaded with pinkish brown in one or both sexes; front pink or
with a mixture of pink and green scales; no pale area in median space ................ 8
8. Abdomen with a dorsal row of white spots on a pinkish ground in both sexes; hind-
wings decidedly paler than forewings; forewing with antemedial as wide as postmedial,
whichus:subpatallel toiouter marein; Colo., Wtalr cj). sacs (cae = om os 8 nee euarere viridicaria
Abdomen without white spots in either sex; abdomen pinkish brown on dorsum in
female, green in male; hindwings sometimes almost as dark as forewings; forewing with
antemedial thinner than postmedial; postmedial erect; New Mexico ............ subsequens
9. Costa of forewing bordered with purplish brown; wings striated or dappled with yel-
Ten WAS) OPE Cro} b (doh (ato «| hr oon Onan CM Orion ILC Eid oo Oot On OOO COCA CORO EEIMB ADE OS ocosocce: 10
INGE aS GHescrIDEd “ADOVE 6.0. xe sic case wisinid in dou eine pe nley om eaielsieid cs/e sins alc} eer 11
10. Wings opaque, lines well defined; antemedial, at least on forewing, distinct ...... arizonaria
Wings subhyaline; lines indistinct, antemedials virtually wanting ................ daedalea
he
ae
33
Be
Ab:
16.
Wie
18.
ig),
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 31
Costa and upperside of thorax and abdomen shaded with bright pink; no abdominal
Spotsasratherlarpe, pale species; Atiz-,) italy O36. saci eS =a ote er ee te latirosaria
INotease described mab Ovelmery terre tretevarctesaveleroietctarsvere! oaks a te ai Forepav elite tas ohstev ohne sicusvaraieets foretenetetaes eye 12
Wings with red terminal line, which may be continuous or interrupted ................ 13
WES ailitop (iver ermennntal hte: Sans epaeeecs sone oode ocioe Boop ouae sooo cd ouDoa aC SoS 24
Abdomen with dorsal markings in the form of discrete whitish spots, usually encircled
Wd Heal GIP [ero iol eo Soka nd oso ROD SONGS OOOUO Rd oon Uno Opn oobon podbSbo oo momcabeUoEet 14
Underside of wings almost as green as upperside; underside of abdomen green; white
lines unusually wide and prominent, regular; Colo., Ariz., N.M., Nev., Calif. .... obliqua
obliqua, obliqua hennei
Underside decidedly paler than upperside; underside of abdomen whitish; white lines
AUAEUGO WE gee Peete ne Lo Pntetoto lates ay ora fovecrevoka ta toll llle ovate Mattel ohn feelatatefetarerat tele sic er atatay af eta, syoreemelele et ee tare 15
Female palpi the same as in the male, minute, hardly exceeding front; abdominal spots
small, commonly 4 in number; postmedials strongly dentate; Fla. ................ catachloa
Female palpi always longer than those of the male; abdominal spots generally larger
and 3 in number, that of segment 2 commonly wanting; lines regular or slightly waved,
Pave hye EmMbaCe marae ener her eo leykauewoks) fet ohovehelsto ote lehayotoyaiotncicit eke ckehveoloktsleieiaie ochre al evore ey ekaeeeteleleie = 16
Fore tibia red or brownish with an oblique white band across the middle of the an-
PERIOT SSSI CER, SeySteseisspetetsici ioe syaile aise s Pues rene aht low chaldveiee(ah wf ehol ateiorels aWAiolsi aed ofenoyarste dhaichaieyrealarerale eee 17
Fore tibia red or brownish but without the white band across the middle .............. 20
Postmedial of forewing even, straight or slightly concave; fringes white, almost un-
marked; females large, wing length up to 16 mm; Ariz., N.M. ..............-020e00- zelotes
Postmedial of forewing convex, often slightly sinuous; fringes usually with reddish
TENGE Tielke Gxxoesy GSiowl sooospasnoge co duccwooD dco ep codndoODB US ODoOaNeDUSaooonC 18
White lines thin and indistinct, usually slightly waved or dentate; fringes with bright,
contrasting red rays; female palpi exceeding front by about half their total length;
uncus of male genitalia distinctly expanded at tip (often visible without dissection);
SUORME Ned SUCHIN cay stots cay Meza age at Shetek holo calor) eve Su tenara tech ahs aver 0 erst skatane feeet enous eee wares ores slap wate ate lixaria
White lines more distinct and regular; fringes with red rays less contrasting, sometimes
all suffused, sometimes obsolete; female palpi exceeding front by about one third their
total length; uncus of male genitalia linear or but very slightly expanded at tip; eastern .. 19
Lines thin but distinct; wings opaque; fringes with red rays distinct or obsolete; N.J.
torGar westitonMosandteasterm lexas tericitte orcas clerielolltisktetevoeioel rel: bistriaria bistriaria
Similar but from the region north of the above area ............ bistriaria rubromarginaria,
summer generation.
Srinml eye ay niem axe tem aml ek). Se paodonocdea dos denne coon ore 7aeoe bifilata planuscula
Lines quite wide but diffuse, regular; wings almost subhyaline; fringes with red rays
very diffuse, often suffusing the whole fringe; northeast only .... bistriaria rubromarginaria,
spring generation.
32
20.
21.
22.
aoe
24,
25.
26.
21.
28.
PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Abdominal spots with very little red around them; spot on segment 2 wanting; Texas
SR RS ae Tai stevens le 0, Never cbekenctevetarovcletctarevelonsxesodapeterekersiaiolot cieiedstalerere-e bifilata planuscula, summer broods.
Abdomen with variable amount of red, sometimes suffusing whole dorsum; spot on
sepmient 2 commonly present, ‘but reduced; ‘Ariz, IN-M. 2.2.6.2. 30.2 ee ence ae sininle festaria
Antemedial and postmedial lines of forewing convergent toward costa; hindwing paler
than forewing) Ariz: Chihuahua; Durango + './/-%-clc).!ts ses ote.sie fos shies © vce meee splendidaria
Lines of forewing divergent toward costa in the normal way; hindwing not paler than
ROVE WADE? NCASUCTING fe.c)5 a5 sate 07s e/ois's, 0.4 als'e/o wieloib aks prsie bye vereieis 4 vie.s\0 2's/n-0 & ws # ie, 306. <) Sie 3 lee ee 22
Abdomen with a white or cream-colored dorsal stripe; east coast region from N.J. to
Bi eaeiteotevase state etveteieisrehove lars cieseve (eisres nics ofoie ots Gia ocalalclsi aisle. ahelols/aleistsiajaisiaia| steve’ sieveus aye bifilata bifilata
Abdomenswithout wwiaiterdorsall marking. cll-\sin1c ctsictele toils 6 clelelais'e iene eiclelauele =) olelotelsteteneieas 23
Light green, unstriated; abdomen marked with a large chocolate brown dorsal patch in
the middle; fringes white with deep red rays like lixaria but often darker and more
BODETAS TING Gut SEATES COIN: Ges aig 0: oco/sie 2p so oi wiavele ial oisie ois vio'e misty wos 5 wicks pieiels ene saturiba
Deep green, finely striated; upperside of abdomen green, unmarked; fringes yellow
AUG ATE AT COG ENA ais esse irises oh ni oferwin ieta.e cieicie ale elaine Sale ale wares ae aie e/a outina
Abdomen marked with 3 or more pale dorsal spots that are usually encircled with
EEGVO1, DIOWNH, (CXCEPE UMLATIC), sae. oe < oni, s wlan ane asics wns cele nei 8 on sees > 25
Abdomen without pale markings or with only one small white spot at base .......... 33
Wings coarsely striated with white; fringes pale yellowish with no pink; antemedials
preceded by a solid green (unstriated) shadow line; pale yellowish costal border as
wide as the fringe; fore tibia entirely whitish; Ariz. .......... aemularia females, in part.
Wings finely striated or unstriated; fringes often with some pink, at least a trace at the
apex of the forewing; antemedials not preceded by a contrasting solid green shade;
pale costal border narrower than fringe; fore tibia reddish ...............2000eeeeeeee 26
Abdominal segments 1, 2 and 3 with pure white dorsal spots and no red or brown
shading; antemedial and postmedial of hindwing united before reaching inner margin,
forming a closed loop that is diagnostic if fully visible, but often with the lines fading
out before inner margin so that the loop is incomplete; Forewings somewhat acute;
INGER Y OME; STEP IOM 1.15:2.<Ghova sie etehatatetsfeie tore sm aisle ta rolae cictolaletalo anal soietatais sreteieteae eee eee unitaria
Abdominal segments 1, 2 and 4 with whitish spots, more or less encircled with brown
or reddish shading, the spot on segment 2 usually wanting; lines of hindwing not
united; ‘forewings not especially acuter tic sieie' ts ieee SA ee wiciels cn 's wel clerclel te eae 27
Large species, average length of forewing greater than 13 mm; fringes generally
whitish "with from one to several pink rays toward apex... .cisice<0.0s<ccs-5enus eee 28
Smaller species, average length of forewing less than 13 mm; fringe whitish at base
and uniformly tinged with pink distally, or all white (caerulescens); the pink in the
fringes is a delicate shade that fades to white in old specimens .................0ee0008 30
Wings with well developed reddish brown discal spots; abdominal spots encircled with
a very dark shade of reddish or purplish brown which may encroach upon and
obliterate them; San Francisco Bay to Baja California, Ariz. ...... darwiniata punctularia
Wings with discal spots vestigial or wanting; abdominal spots encircled with a pale,
dull shade of red or brown
20.
30.
$1.
a2:
33.
34.
aoe
36.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 33
Abdominal spots of normal size, pure white encircled with pale red; spot on abdominal
segment 2 lacking in both sexes. This and the following species may often be separated
with certainty only by their distinctive genitalia; B.C. to northern Calif., Nev., Utah,
(Cla aa ws Races Bon Gad Shite oe GOR OOR COCO DE ARTE aren UOC CCE Or matter darwiniata darwiniata
Abdominal spots commonly larger, especially in females, and often cream colored
rather than white (but this is inconsistent); abdominal spots encircled with dull red-
dish brown; spot on abdominal segment 2 present or absent in both sexes; mountains
of Pacific coast region from Wash. to San Diego Co., Calif. .............. glaucomarginaria
Mainly northeastern, N.C. to Mo., S.D. and north ............0+++eeeeeeeeee rubrifrontaria
SOU EDWMESPCHIN, OF EXAM 5/512) ai0/c ciate os cialctere oblate + oleic olehelalelel=ieiny-)miniela «'e]s)s\s)s/e s\aielie)e\e!s ele oiniaie 31
Lines thin and indistinct; fringes pink; abdomen whitish ventrally; hindwings always
same color as) forewings; southwesterm WexaS 2/2). sects ciel) = ale) 1 oe oleae sisi albilineata
Lines wide and conspicuous or, if narrow, abdomen not as above; fringes white or
pink; abdomen green ventrally; hindwings often paler than forewings but this is
Vabia len see als COMPlel 9) yer clea <'s/<\ct ales 6 < ciarayeleieletelee etalon ie leiele ne oo aielein ateld ache wsyerai= <i a 32
Color bluish green; fringes white or but faintly pinkish; interantennal fillet with hind
edge faintly yellowish but not red; abdominal spots small and almost devoid of reddish
shading; lines usually wide, postmedial often wider than fringe but in some variants
much narrower (see comment below); extreme western Texas, N.M., eastern Ariz.
co dodo Cec nbOODOGOUUOE GD DU AUHO OD OU DUDOD DDE DGD ODDOD UD OOGOD COGS D SURO OIE HOUNoUE caerulescens
Color deep pea green as in obliqua; fringes decidedly pinkish, often with diffuse rays;
interantennal fillet with or without a red hind margin; abdominal spots of more normal
size, usually surrounded by conspicuous red shading; lines usually wide and distinct
but rarely wider than fringe (Californian intensaria may have the forewing post-
medial still further reduced and even partly obsolete); N.M., Ariz., Utah, Nev., Calif.
PTLD let li-selin oetOReP a SI) a Sei 5 es: alah a) al eal \ei's |, Guscolinbais: 5 abed'00- 610 bin ofalelieteRinatntanctaan msaiaiciais oie intensaria
Note: Some Arizona specimens will not key out clearly either to caerulescens or in-
tensaria. These look like caerulescens with very narrow lines, and may represent a third
species.
Coastal Calif. only; wings deep green, somewhat striated; no brown discal spots;
fringes bright pink with a pale line at the base; white interantennal fillet with deep
rose hind margin; upperside of abdomen green (very rarely marked with pink) .. leptalea
WN GS Fat SU RAULSON Cut raat co cai cnct in) SuaeanareTer oo} viere' ai dyote Shs raya oie je tere 0 aleont stararectier cle cveiel sieiaia Wisin aya oteketale etsy 34
VN Se COTS ICU OLS yi SLEIATCU ao clas cce oie a) oie elets eyela) efele etoletose on) ia Pale ales nle = efeaiei ee aielaie aaa oY teak 35
WAH oNMeSLIiated sor Only tatG Ely SO" 2 cle. clcls;0)e\sie)mje:efaieis olojele ekeiatciels cierers! eyeiei ste alas svereie\are)=)-)ar° 38
Femur and tibia of foreleg deep rose anteriorly; dark brown discal spots usually well
USE eet! (CRITE Sie canis 16 JAS en ono DOD OD DEInUO Soce Ador ouaocnane oooh spon pistacearia
Femur and tibia of foreleg brown or white; brown discal spots wanting; Ariz. .......... 36
Forelegs entirely whitish; wings yellowish green; antemedials and postmedials both
well developed; postmedial and pale costal border about as wide as fringe; abdomen
of male mostly whitish, that of female shaded with pinkish brown above, and with
Sr without white spots (sce also couplet) 25)) 2. cet cccc cele sees cess ecie' ines aemularia
Forelegs with some brown; wings bluish green; antemedials obsolete, postmedials thin
or obsolete; pale costal border narrower than fringe; upperside of abdomen green in
PSE MBNCM SMS Natal yafoteretcr ses ia sick sVeia1< ote 6) ola e/e eet Slassihole rsjaye, Sis; sial% slass w/e! sveie)a\s.s/cis!s wie #’S.aleiat = olD.</0is 37
34 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
37. Front of fore tibia brown with an oblique white band across the middle; postmedials
obsolescent, dentate where visible, that of forewing parallel to outer margin; a large
species, female wing Jenpth: 12-18 mms Ariz, NUM oc! sec ie -:0.0%s' so eee taode ee ame strigataria
Front of fore tibia solid brown without white band; postmedials thin but fairly dis-
tinct, straight, that of forewing erect; a smaller species of about the same size and wing
shape as pistacearia; Madera Canyon, Ariz., and Mexico ...............--++++ mutaticolor
Soa Hmogesercen, concolorous with-wines: Wexas |. a:..2. + anieceieweciie ocak ae lee ee zygotaria
BUMPS INTE MORSE ONIC ty cn; cvejal eins sets, sis, eveNele espn eleroieiehens ferme cip ec aretepe oan) et cldiaus mois tao 9 lope 39
39. Upperside of abdomen with a small pure white spot on the first segment, which is
green; white costal border without yellowish hind edge separating it from the green
area of the wing; fringes white; northeastern, south to Va. ............02eeeeee mimosaria
Upperside of abdomen greenish near the base but without white spot; white costal
border with a yellowish hind edge; fringes white or pink; southeastern ................ 40
40. Size and appearance much like mimosaria; length of forewing more than 10 mm; no
discal spots; fringes white; front brown; known only from Va., W. Va., N.C. ...... tuscarora
Size and appearance not like mimosaria; length of forewing nearly always less than
10 mm (except for a few large females of elfa which may reach 12 mm); blackish discal
spots often present; fringes pink or white; front pink or green .................-.----- 41
41. Fringes pale pink; white interantennal fillet with a pink hind border; front pink;
IB Nave BNEISS 5 fas ¥ ich chat ope suntan rere ees se ine rice late e aici aloeicicta § a's wanereidiave orci ohare Siieaencle eee extremaria
Fringes white; white interantennal fillet without a pink hind border; front green; Fla.,
SIGPOIN GA Mexagy mercies wate sche ia ee occ oes hele eid ois! ieee: s uibto ice ctane okt Cee elfa
42. Hindwings not like forewings but paler, more diffusely marked; postmedials not pale
uty darksbrowis: Galati wf mrsit bis ins duu aiesele «scale els bluse: o'a: 8 ofeluls's.cnald oj elahecetenelareiesctor ets pulcherrima,
brown form
Hindwing similar to forewing; postmedials pale; eastern states and Texas .............. 43
43; Front of fore tibia with a white bar across the middle. «2.0.2 « .:sjj0% 2 -2s)<tus nie ee 44
Front of fore tibia without a. white bar across the middle .....5........ 0200+ semen 45
44. South of the latitude of New York City (approximately) ............ bistriaria bistriaria,
spring brood
North of the latitude of New York City (approximately) ........ bistriaria rubromarginaria,
spring brood (in part)
45. Northern Fla. and Ala. to Long Island, N.Y. ................ bifilata bifilata, spring brood
BLAU mentee reps wists cers fs atacapesniecitis ot eRe A Wem eran’ stints PRE bifilata planuscula, spring brood
Group I. The wnitaria group. Three species, perhaps not closely related, but with strong
genitalic similarities.
Nemoria pulcherrima (Barnes and McDunnough)
Plate 2, figure 1; Plate 7, figures 3, 3a, 3b; Plate 30, figure 5; plate 42, figures 13-16.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 35
Chlorosea pulcherrima Barnes & McDunnough, 1916a (November 27), p. 20; pl. 2, fig. 10; 1917a,
p- 100.
Chlorosea naidaria Swett, 1916 (December 15), pp. 10-11.
Nemoria naidaria Comstock and Dammers, 1937, pp. 74-78, pls. 36-40 (early stages)
Nemoria pulcherrima Prout, 1932, p. 24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Comstock, 1960, p. 436, 437.
Diacnosis. Nemoria pulcherrima is an odd species that stands quite apart from all
others in the region covered. The genitalia are very close to those of Chlorosea and,
although there are two pairs of spurs on the hind tibia, the first pair is commonly so
closely appressed into grooves in the tibia as to be impossible to see in a cursory
examination. The hind tibia of the male is only slightly dilated and without the usual
apical extension of Nemoria. These features, together with the obsolescence of the
antemedial lines, explain why pulcherrima was originally placed in Chlorosea. The 3rd
anal of the hindwing is best developed of all the species of Nemoria examined, reach-
ing or surpassing the mid-point of the inner margin. Otherwise the venation is typical
of the group.
Although there is a rare brown form, pulcherrima normally has bright green fore-
wings with red-spotted fringes and paler, diffusely marked hindwings, whitish and some-
what translucent if worn. The species occurs in California, where it is the only Nemoria
with contrastingly paler hindwings.
Types. Pulcherrima was based on 7 males from Eldridge, Sonoma Co., Calif., Feb. 1-7
(Barnes collection), although the Jabels just give as the locality “Sonoma Co.” I desig-
nate the specimen figured (Barnes and McDunnough, 1916, pl. 2, fig. 10) as lectotype.
It is in the USNM.
Naidaria was described from San Diego, Calif. The holotype male, taken Jan. 26,
1912, and allotype female, Jan. 21, 1912, are in the MCZ. There were 5 male and 5 female
paratypes, some of which are in the AMNH.
SynonyMy. The name naidaria, published only 18 days after pulcherrima, is the only
synonym. As the species is distinctive, and all the type material has been available for
study, there are no synonymic problems.
FuRTHER DescripTION. Venation as figured; hind tibiae as described under diagnosis.
Retractable first pair of spurs on hind tibia frequently not evident, or with only one
spur showing; no hair pencils. Male antenna bipectinate to near the tip, with shaft
and branches thinner and more delicate than is usual in Nemoria; female antenna
ciliate and normal for the genus; male and female palpi of almost equal length, moder-
ate, exceeding front by about the length of the small terminal segment; palpi and
front red, interantennal fillet white followed by a wide red collar; legs whitish, extensively
shaded with red on the tibiae and femora; thorax green above, whitish below; abdomen
white with bright red dorsal markings on the first three segments; segments Al and A2
each with a white dorsal spot surrounded by red.
Forewing deep green striate with white; costa cream-colored to red; if pale, be-
coming reddish at the base; white postmedial line thin but distinct, straight or evenly
excurved, often parallel to outer margin; antemedial line faint or wanting; blackish
dorsal spot usually present; fringes green, variably spotted with red, the red spots
limited to the apical region (most commonly) or in some specimens so extensive as to
color almost the entire fringe. Hindwings similar to forewings but contrastingly paler,
especially toward costa, the markings more diffuse; in older specimens the hindwings
tending to become whitish and translucent. Probably less than 10% show any red
fringe spots on the hindwing. Underside similar but paler, with lines obsolete.
A form occurs in which all of the green is replaced by light brown, the red by
darker brown, and with the normally white postmedial lines also dark brown. I have
seen only five males and three females of this form, from Sacramento, Atascadero,
Walnut Creek, and the Mariposa Co. locality. One male and one female from Lafayette,
36 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Contra Costa Co., are pale and yellowish, with dark brown shading on the inner side
of the lines.
Length of forewing: male, 13.5-15.5 mm; female, 11.5-14 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Simple in form and most closely resembling those of Chlorosea. They
differ mainly in shape of costal portion of valve, which lacks toothed costal protrusion
of Chlorosea. Also, eighth sternite definitely of the Nemoria type, with posterior margin
cleft into two lobes. Juxta a flattened plate and saccus rounded, without indentation,
both characters typical of this first section of Nemoria. Aedeagus much like that of
Chlorosea.
A singular feature of this species is that the abdominal integument of both sexes
tends to have extensive areas of dark brown pigmentation unlike any other Nemoria
examined, but resembling that of Hethemia. The brittleness of this integument in
dissection suggests that it is invested with more than the usual amount of chitin.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ostium simple and of the usual type found in species of the first
section of Nemoria. Bursa copulatrix a simple membranous sack, relatively smaller in
proportion to abdomen than that of most species of Nemoria and much smaller than in
Chlorosea, with well defined invaginated signum at bottom.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 88 males, 26 females; 8 male, 6 female slides.
DisTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA; San Diego; Lower Mint Canyon, Spring Creek and Singing
Spring (Angeles Forest), Angeles Crest Highway, 4000’, and Burbank, Los Angeles Co.;
Wrightwood, San Bernardino Co.; Palm Springs and Glen Ivy Hot Springs, Riverside
Co.; Atascadero, San Luis Obispo Co.; Los Gatos; Sagus; Palo Alto; Newhall; Tujunga;
Padua Hills; Glendale; Walnut Creek and Lafayette, Contra Costa Co.; Spring Mountain,
Napa Co.; Sacramento; Petaluma; Mill Valley and Inverness, Marin Co.; Head of E. fork
Piney Creek, 2200’, near Coulterville, Mariposa Co.; Anderson Springs, Cobb Mt.,
Lake Co.; Eldridge, The Geysers, Glen Ellen and Guerneville, Sonoma Co.; Mather,
Tuolumne Co. orEcon: In the American Museum of Natural History there are three
males labeled McMinnville, Oregon, Feb. 15 and Feb. 17. These records should be
verified.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material available.
FLicHT Pertop. Dec. 21—May 18, with majority of records Jan. 14~—Mar. 19. The earlier
records tend to be from the southern counties but the difference in flight period from
south to north is not as great as might be expected.
Earzy Staces. The larva and pupa were described and figured by Comstock and Dam-
mers (1937, pp. 74-78, pls. 36-40). The larvae fed on a Quercus species.
Nemoria mutaticolor Prout
Plate 8, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 42, figure 17.
Anaplodes pistacearia Druce (nec Packard), 1882, p. 89, pl. 49, fig. 20.
Nemoria mutaticolor Prout, 1912, p. 113; 1932, p. 23.
Dracnosis. Nemoria mutaticolor is a blue green species strongly and evenly striate with
white and without abdominal markings; it is readily confused with either strigataria
or pistacearia. The color is almost exactly like that of strigataria but mutaticolor differs
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 37
in its more rounded wing form and straighter postmedial lines, that of the forewing
meeting the inner margin at 90°. The rounded wing form is similar to that of pistacearia
but the shade of green is bluer, discal spots are lacking, and the postmedial line of the
forewing is more erect. Mutaticolor also somewhat resembles coruscula Dyar from
Mexico, but the latter has more pointed wings and very oblique postmedial lines, that
of the hindwing bending inward and forming a vaguely defined loop, much after the
fashion of unitaria,
On the basis of genitalic structure, I have removed mutaticolor from close associa-
tion with the two species it superficially resembles (pistacearia and strigataria) because
of the flattened juxta, rounded saccus, short, stubby socii, and shallowly excavated
posterior margin of the eighth sternite. These are all characteristic of the first section
of the genus from pulcherrima through albaria.
Types. One male in the BM from Sierra Madre, Tepic, Mexico (Richardson), ex collec-
tion Godman and Salvin.
SyNonyrmy. None.
FurTHER DEscRIpTION. (based on male only). Antennae normal; palpi moderate, ex-
ceeding front by the length of the small terminal segment; hind tibia only slightly
dilated, with a weak hair pencil, the two pairs of spurs large and prominent, and no
terminal extension; front rusty red, fillet white, collar green; palpi and legs pale tan
to ivory, somewhat tinged with rusty red; fore coxae green; thorax green above, paler
below; abdomen green above, unmarked. Wings blue-green, heavily and evenly striated
with white; costa ivory, faintly reddish near base; fringes blue-green basally, ivory
outwardly; antemedial lines wanting; postmedial line of forewing white, straight and
even, not parallel to outer margin, crossing wing just beyond the middle and meeting
inner margin at 90°; postmedial of hindwing straight, crossing about the middle, dis-
appearing just before reaching inner margin; both wings colored alike. Underside simi-
lar but much paler, except near costa of forewing.
Length of forewing: male, 14 mm.
Mate GenitTariA. Uncus linear, broadly rounded at tip but scarcely dilated; valve
slender, somewhat curved and, as in pulcherrima, basal costal processes undeveloped;
juxta plate-like, saccus rounded, socii short, hind margin of eighth sternite shallowly
emarginate, all being characters common to the first eleven species of Nemoria; aedeagus
of the simple Chlorosea type and featureless.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Unknown.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Two males in the collection of Dr. J. G. Franclemont at Cornell
University; one male slide.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Madera Canyon, 5600’, Santa Cruz Co. Mexico: Sierra Madre,
Tepic (type).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Not studied.
FiicuT Periop. The two Arizona specimens were taken July 1, 1963.
Earty Sraces. Unknown.
Remarks. All series of Nemoria strigataria should be carefully scrutinized for mis-
determined mutaticolor, as should any material of pistacearia from Arizona or Mexico.
38 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
One must also be alert as to the distinctions between these species and the Mexican
coruscula Dyar. The extent of distribution of coruscula and mutaticolor in Mexico
is unknown.
Nemoria unitaria (Packard), new combination
Plate 1, figures 3, 4, 5; plate 8, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 30, figure 6; plate 42, figures 18-21.
Eunemoria unitaria Packard, 1874, p. 30. New synonymy.
Annemoria unitaria Packard, 1876, p. 376. Hulst, 1896, p. 312. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299. Barnes
and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932, p. 42. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Aplodes junctolinearia Graef, 1881, p. 87, and vol. 4, fig. 7. Hulst, 1886b, p. 140. New synonymy.
Anaplodes junctolinearia Hulst, 1896, p. 316. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria junctolinearia Prout, 1912, p. 112; 1932, p. 24. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Aplodes hudsonaria Taylor, 1906, p. 206. New synonymy.
Nemoria hudsonaria Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Aplodes unilinearia Taylor, 1908, p. 60. New synonymy.
Nemoria unilinearia Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Diacnosis. Nemoria unitaria is a very wide-ranging and common species of the Rocky
Mountain system, occurring from 6000’ to over 9000’ in Utah, Arizona and New
Mexico, and at generally lower elevations northward. In appearance it quite closely
resembles the eastern mimosaria, even to the extent of having similar white dorsal spots
near the base of the abdomen. However, the forewings are narrower and the lines of the
hindwing, if complete, are united before reaching the inner margin to form a rounded
loop. Sometimes the antemedial portion of this loop is indistinct, especially in poor
specimens, but when the confluence of the two lines is apparent it is a diagnostic char-
acter.
The species appears to have no near relatives, but the genitalic combination of
flat juxta plate, rounded saccus, short socii, poorly developed basal costal processes,
and weakly emarginate eighth sternite assigns it to a position near the beginning of
the Nemoria series. The rather unspecialized female genitalia would place it in about
the same position.
Types. Ewnemoria unitaria, stated to be from “Nevada” (Henry Edwards), is in the
MCZ. The type is now fragmentary, consisting only of the right forewing, almost de-
nuded of scales, and right hind leg, glued to the remains of the thorax on a pin. It is
labeled “Type 2230,” and “Nevada.”
Aplodes junctolinearia was from Colo. (collected by H. K. Morrison), and is in the
USNM. The abdomen is now missing but it is otherwise intact and readily identifiable.
Aplodes hudsonaria was described from “two males, taken at light on July 7, 1905,
by Mr. A. F. Hudson, at a point on the Red Deer River, 50 mi. N.E. of Gleichen,
Alberta” (Taylor, 1906, p. 206). They were from the F. H. Wolley Dod collection. I
designate as lectotype the specimen in the USNM which is labeled:“‘é gen. 267...
PHB
Concerning Aplodes unilinearia, Taylor (1908, p. 60) tells us only that “Mr.
Cockle brought with him four specimens taken at Kaslo [British Columbia] and dated
August, 1907 (a female), and 7, 14, 21 July, 1907 (3 males).”” The male specimen
segregated in the type collection at the USNM has no locality data, and was taken July
10, 1907 (F. H. Benjamin’s slide No. 268). Judging from the date it would seem that
this is not one of the original type lot and should probably not be regarded as the type.
A female specimen at Ottawa labeled 6-VIII-1907, Kaslo, B.C., Coll. J.W. Cockle, is
marked as a cotype, and bears a more recent label that says Paratype No. 1015. The
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 39
Ottawa specimen is almost certainly the female mentioned in the original description
and I hereby designate it as the lectotype, since no type was originally specified.
Synonymy. Unitaria Packard, 1874, is the oldest name for this species although it is
one that has never been associated with Nemoria, least of all by Packard himself who
erected a new genus for it. The subsequent history of the name has been a taxonomists’
game of “Pin the Tail on the Donkey,” but I feel confident that the present identifica-
tion of unitaria is the correct one (see discussion below under remarks).
Junctolinearia Graef, 1880, is the name by which the species has been most generally
known from that date to the present. Graef’s type, description and figure are thoroughly
unambiguous and for that reason it is unfortunate that wnitaria has turned out to be
the same species.
Hudsonaria and unilinearia of Taylor were still listed as species by McDunnough
(1938, p. 141), and consequently have remained segregated as vague entities in most
collections, mostly on the strength of locality labels. McDunnough simply followed
Prout, who had nothing to go by but Taylor’s descriptions. I have found no justification
for regarding them as even subspecifically distinct from each other or from unitaria.
Northern specimens from western Canada do show more of a tendency for the
lines of the hindwing to fade out before joining to form the loop, although such speci-
mens occur throughout the range of wnitaria, and some Canadian specimens do have
a well defined loop. However, Taylor’s material happened to be of the former type,
and so he did not associate it with Graef’s species. His description of hudsonaria is an
exact, if somewhat restricted, account of unitaria. In his description of unilinearia two
years later, Taylor stated that “the difference between Hudsonaria [sic] and wnilinearia
is that in the males of the latter the inner lines on all the wings are obsolete, and the
outer line on the hindwing in both sexes is further from the base of the wing and takes
a different course, for while the same line in Hudsonaria would, if produced, reach the
base of the wing, in unilinearia it would touch the middle point of the inner margin.
A. unilinearia is a trifle larger than Hudsonaria, but not quite so large as Darwiniata.”
There is nothing in either description or in Taylor’s material, some of which I have
seen, that violates in any way the present concept of unitaria, and so I assign his two
names to the synonymy.
FuRTHER DescripTION. Male antennae decidedly stouter than those of pulcherrima, but
typical of the remainder of the genus; female antennae ciliate and normal; upper side
of antennal shaft clothed in white scales. Male palpi rather large, when fully scaled
squarish, and protruding beyond front by a distance about equal to their greatest
vertical width; third segment distinct. Female palpi long, exceeding front by almost
half their total length; third palpal segment of female almost half the length of the
second but often half covered by the scales of the second. Male hind tibia only moder-
ately dilated, with long but rather weak hair pencil; terminal extension and spurs well
developed.
Interantennal fillet white, collar green, front red with usually a white band across
the bottom, palpi pink; legs whitish, fore tibiae red dorsally, middle tibiae sometimes
reddish; thorax green above, white below; abdomen white with first three or four segments
green on the dorsum, and with rounded white dorsal spots on the first three, the second
and third spots often flanked by a few inconspicuous red scales. Fore- and hindwings
evenly colored a shade of bright green very similar to that of mimosaria, the coloring
very smooth and unstriated; costa white, faintly reddish towards the base of the wing;
fringes white with usually one or more pink spots apically. Not infrequently the pink
spotting is more extensive and it may occasionally occur throughout the fringes of both
wings, the spots spaced as in pulcherrima but of a much paler shade. Lines white, rather
thin but sharply defined, except sometimes the antemedials which may be indistinct
or even obsolete; antemedial of forewing evenly curved; postmedial straight or with a
slight concavity, oblique, approximately paralleling outer margin; lines of hindwing
strongly curved and nearly parallel anteriorly, but uniting at the fold between cubitus
40 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
and the second anal vein to form the characteristic loop mentioned in the diagnosis.
In those areas where the antemedials are indistinct the lines fade out before reaching
the point where they join, and Packard’s type of unitaria must have been such a speci-
men. Discal spots are virtually lacking. Underside as above but much paler.
Length of forewing: male, 12.5-15.5 mm, female, 15-16.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Basically of the Chlorosea type and rather similar to those of Nemoria
pulcherrima. Saccus rounded; juxta a flattened plate; socii short; basal costal process
fairly large but thin and leaf-like, rounded; eighth sternite weakly emarginate; tooth
on gnathos large and prominent; uncus flattened and dilated towards the tip, often more
so than in the specimen figured; valve slender with an apically pointed blade-like edge
developing especially toward the distal end of the costa.
A specimen in the USNM from Quamichan District, B.C. (F. H. Benjamin slide
No. 269) has an uncus that is strikingly aberrant, and Benjamin marked the slide “n.
sp.”. The uncus is very much widened toward the end and cleft into two lobes, so that
the outer third is heart-shaped. In other respects this specimen looks perfectly normal
and I am confident that it is just a variant of wnitaria. Slides of two males from Twin
Forks, Idaho and Seton Lake, B.C., in the AMNH, show an intermediate condition,
with the uncus strongly dilated and slightly incised at the tip.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ostium and ductus bursae simple and unsclerotized; bursa copulatrix
short and very stout, with a small invaginated signum at the bottom. At first I over-
looked the signum and did not include it in the drawing.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 370 males, 78 females, including types; 17 male, 5 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Victoria; Duncans; Quamichan District, V. I.; Cultus
Lake; Summerland; Shingle Creek Road, Keremeos; Seton Lake, Lillooet; Kaslo.
ALBERTA: Red Deer River, 5 mi. N.E. of Gleichen. sASKATCHEWAN: Attons Lake, Cut
Knife; South Arm, Last Mountain Lake; Lloydminster. wAsHINcToN: Dayton, 3500’.
OREGON: Wallowa Lake; Chief Joseph Mountain, Joseph. MONTANA: Helena; Big Tim-
ber Creek, 7 mi. N. of Big Timber, Sweetgrass Co.; University of Montana Biological
Station, Flathead Lake. mnanHo: Alturas Lake, Blaine Co., 7000’; Twin Falls; Wallace.
SOUTH DAKOTA: Hill City, Black Hills, Pennington Co. wyominc: Mt. Washburn, 9000’,
Yellowstone National Park; Moran; Old Ford on Green River, Sweetwater Co.;
Sacajawea Camp, 24 mi. W. of Big Piney, Sublette Co.; 7 mi. S.E. of Encampment,
Carbon Co.; 5 mi. N. of Sundance, Crook Co.; Louis Lake, 28 mi. S.W. of Lander,
Fremont Co.; near Fossil Station, Lincoln Co. cotorapo: Estes Park; Glenwood Springs;
Durango; Clear Creek; Salida; Rocky Mountain National Park; Capital City, Hinsdale
Co.; near Steamboat Springs, Routt Co.; Maysville; Great Sand Dunes National Mon-
ument, Alamosa Co. uTAH: Beaver, 6400’; Stockton; Eureka; Bucksk Valley, Iron Co.;
Provo; near Grantsville, Tooele Co., 7400’; near Monticello, San Juan Co., 8500’;
Red Canyon, 12 mi. S.E. Panguitch, Garfield Co., 7200’; Blue Spruce Camp, 8000’,
18 mi. N. Escalante, Garfield Co.; 28 mi. E.S.E. of Moab, Grand Co., 9200’; Fish
Lake, Sevier Co.; Kaler Hollow Camp, 22 mi. N.N.W. of Vernal, Uintah Co., 8900’.
NEVADA: Lee Canyon, 7400’, 39 mi. N.W. of Las Vegas, Clark Co.; Kingston Camp,
7300’, 30 mi. S. of Austin, Lander Co.; Baker Creek Camp, 7700’, 8 mi. W. of Baker,
White Pine Co. caLirornia: White Mountains; Coleville, Mono Co.; “Inyo Co.” (O. C.
Poling). ARIZONA: Redington; Alpine; S. Fork Camp, and Greer, 8500’, White Moun-
tains, Apache Co.; Bear Wallow, Santa Catalina Mountains; Oak Creek Canyon,
Coconino Co.; Hart Prairie, 8500’, 10 mi. N.N.W. of Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; West
Fork, 6500’, 16 mi. S.W. of Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; Pine Crest, 7300’, Mt. Graham,
Graham Co.; S.W. Research Station of the American Museum of Natural History,
Portal, Cochise Co. NEw MExIco: Cimarron Canyon, 7900’, Sangre de Cristo Mts., Colfax
Co.; McGaffey, Zuni Mts., 7500’, McKinley Co.; Beulah, 8000’; Jemez Springs; Fort
Wingate; Bursum Camp, 18 mi. E. of Alma, Catron Co.; Cedar Creek Camp, 2 mi.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 41
N. of Ruidoso, Lincoln Co.; Horseshoe Springs Camp, 2 mi. W. of La Cueva, Sandoval
Co.; MacMillan Camp, 14 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co.; 10 mi. N.E. of Santa Fe;
Little Tesuque Canyon, near Santa Fe; Frijoles Canyon, 6050’ Bandelier National
Monument.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Variation is slight except that, as already noted, specimens
from the southern portions of the range tend to have the lines more distinct and
complete, with the loop on the hindwing usually showing clearly. Those from the
northern part of the range, especially Alta. and B.C. (hudsonaria and unilinearia) tend
to have the antemedials partly obsolescent. Also, a higher proportion of the Canadian
specimens have red-spotted fringes. Two Wyoming specimens are without white
dorsal spots on the abdomen. I should stress that these are tendencies only, and it is
doubtful if most specimens from opposite extremities of the range could be dis-
tinguished.
FiicHT Pertop. In the northwest, June 14-Aug. 20, starting in June in B.C., elsewhere
mostly in July; one very worn B.C. specimen Sept. 13. In Alta., Sask., Idaho, Mont.,
July 5-26. Ore., July 10-Aug. 10. Wyo., S.D., Colo., Utah, July 4-Aug. 11. N.M., July
3-31. Ariz., June 12—Aug. 16.
Earty Sraces. These have not been described. In Forest Lepidoptera of Canada
recorded by the Forest Insect Survey (R. M. Prentice, compiler, 1963, p. 307), host
plant records of cedar and Douglas Fir are given for this species (as unilinearta) at
Sidney, B.C., with one adult having been reared in each case. There is a specimen in the
CNC reared from a larva on Ribes in B.C., and having discussed the history of this
record with the collector, Dr. W. C. McGuffin, I think it likely that Rzbes will prove
to be the true host plant. In 1964 I obtained eggs from a female near Hill City, S.D.,
and fed the larvae Quercus macrocarpa, which was abundant in the vicinity. These
fed and grew slowly for a considerable time but did not mature, the food apparently
being unsuitable. The young larvae were typical of Nemoria, much resembling
mimosaria and the others that have been studied
Remarks. As Prout said in discussing Annemoria unitaria, Packard’s indications are
inadequate, but I think we now know the western fauna sufficiently well to identify
unitaria by a process of elimination. Packard’s description does give just enough detail
to make this possible, and his fragmentary type, which I have examined, does not
violate the present conclusion in any way.
Considering all the genera that may occur in that region, we find that the swollen
hind tibia with two pairs of spurs at once removes unitaria from association with
Chlorosea and Cheteoscelis. Much larger size, course of the lines, and form of the
antennae distinguish it from Synchlora (Annemoria unitaria with “antennae pectinated
nearly to the ends, the branches short, those in the middle of the antennae about
twice as long as the joints’). Dichorda, Dichordophora and Chlorochlamys are easily
eliminated by wing form, size, color and other considerations. Merochlora has antennal
pectinations much longer than specified for wunitaria, unswollen hind tibiae, and
almost white hindwings. Packard’s description does not actually say so, but allows us
to conclude that fore- and hindwings are colored alike. Since that exhausts the
possibilities, I am led to the belief that Annemoria unitaria must be a species of
Nemoria.
Within the genus Nemoria, the combination of characters given by Packard virtually
eliminates all but the present species, and those characters that seem inconsistent
with this conclusion I shall explain later. “Palpi pink; front red” agrees exactly with
what we find in junctolinearia. The “single common white line” that crosses both
wings just beyond the middle, straight on the forewing, “well curved” on the hindwing
is of particular importance. His mention of the white fringe with outer edge pinkish, and
the two anterior pairs of legs being reddish should also be noted. I had considered that
42 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
unitaria might equal darwiniata, but the only slightly bent hindwing postmedial and
very conspicuous abdominal spots of that species seem to preclude such a possibility.
In Packard’s description there are four separate points of possible disagreement
with the present conclusion, and I resolve these as follows:
1. The mention of “a single common white line” carries the implication that an-
temedial lines are lacking, and this confounded most earlier authors. Of the 407
specimens I studied there were actually a great many in which the antemedial lines
were so reduced as to be only faintly visible. It is not improbable that Packard had
such a specimen. Elsewhere, as here, there is some reason to suspect that his eyesight
at that time was not too good, or else it was just carelessness, but in describing
Chlorosea nevadaria Packard twice stressed “the want of any markings on the hind
wings’’, although in his types lines on the hindwings are still clearly visible.
2. The abdomen of unitaria is supposed to have been white, whereas in junctolinearia
it is green above with small dorsal white spots on the first two or three segments.
However, abdomens fade readily, and it is not unlikely that it had turned pale or
greasy, making the white spots indistinct.
3. Packard figured the forewing venation of unitaria (1876, pl. 4:10), and this at
first seemed to disagree in certain details with my first drawing (pl. 1, fig. 5), especially
in the stalked condition of R,; + M,. However, an examination of more specimens
showed this to be highly variable, and figs. 3 and 4 on plate 1 were drawn to show
other specimens that come closer to Packard’s figure.
4. Perhaps a little more puzzling still is Packard’s statement: “Fringe white, on the
outer edge pinkish”. This sounds like intensaria, caerulescens, or perhaps darwiniata,
but these do not fit otherwise. Actually the fringes of junctolinearia are often diffusely
spotted with very pale pink, but not with the outer edge pinkish. Here one can only
guess that Packard was overlooking precise details and that this is how the fringes
appeared to him. The single remaining wing of the type does not show any fringe
coloring at all.
Recent material collected by Dr. F. H. Rindge has shown that the species does
indeed occur in Nevada, as would be expected, but I had previously examined 390
specimens without finding a single Nevada record.
Group II. The arizonaria group. A natural complex of 8 southwestern species, of which
the last 4 comprise a subgroup of very similar, closely related forms.
Nemoria latirosaria (Pearsall)
Plate 8, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 30, figure 7; plate 43, figure 1.
Aplodes latirosaria Pearsall, 1906, pp. 206, 214.
Nemoria latirosaria Prout, 1912, p. 12. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 23.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Dracnosis. A very distinctive and rather large species with the whole costa of the
forewing, and uppersides of thorax and abdomen, all colored a bright pink. The
wings are delicately colored, almost unstriated, and subhyaline. The lines are regular
and much as in aemularia and arizonaria but thinner and white, not yellowish. The
species occurs in Utah and Arizona.
Types. A male in the USNM from Beaver Valley, Utah, July (ex collection Brooklyn
Museum); in fair condition and still with an abdomen.
SyNonymy. None.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 43
FurTHER Description. Male antennae bipectinate for three quarters of their length,
rather delicate, the longest branches three times the width of the shaft; female antennae
very slender, finely ciliate; male palpi slender, exceeding front by a little more than
the length of the third segment, female palpi similar; hind tibia of male only slightly
swollen, with a weak hair pencil and no terminal extension; spurs of the usual
length but very thin.
Interantennal fillet white, collar pink; front, palpi, first pair of legs, dorsum of thorax
and abdomen pink; remainder of body and legs ivory. Wings light green, thinly scaled
and subhyaline, the second pair only slightly paler than the first; costa broadly bordered
with pink above and below, the scales rubbed off or partly faded to yellowish in older
specimens; lines white; postmedial of forewing two thirds of the way out, straight and
erect, closest to outer margin near anal angle, that of hindwing evenly curved and usually
closer to middle of wing; fringes white and unmarked. Underside similar with lines
indistinct.
Length of forewing: male, 15-16.5 mm; female, 15-16 mm.
Mate Genirattia. Saccus rounded, juxta a flat plate, socii short, basal costal processes
present but vestigial; uncus simple with outer third tapered; tooth on gnathos stout
and blunt; valve quite slender, widest near middle, then tapering, a short, blunt apical
tooth on the well developed costa; aedeagus rather long and slender, differently
shaped from those of the preceding species, and armed with five or six distinct teeth
near the end; posterior edge of the eighth sternite with shallow, V-shaped excavation.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ostium simple; ductus bursae not distinct per se, but gradually
dilating to form part of the bursa in a striate and somewhat sclerotized “neck region’;
bursa with a small pouch-shaped signum.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 9 males, 13 females, including type; 3 male, 2 female slides.
DisTRIBUTION. UTAH: Beaver Valley; Timpanogos Cave National Monument; Blue Spruce
Camp, 18 mi. N. of Escalante, Garfield Co., 8000’. arizona: Turkey Creek, Alpine, White
Mountains; Williams; Rustler’s Camp, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co.; Oak Creek
Canyon, Coconino Co.; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Coconino Co. Most
specimens are from ‘Turkey Creek (6) and Oak Creek Canyon (5).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent.
FuicuT Preriop. In Ariz., mostly June 1-21, but the five Oak Creek Canyon specimens
taken May 10, 1962. In Utah, July 1-2, 1963 at Blue Spruce Camp (2 females) and
May 21, 1963 at Timpanogos Cave National Monument (2 females).
Earty STAGEs. Unknown.
Remarks. Latirosaria remains one of the rarest species in collections, and all but
six of those examined are in the AMNH.
Nemoria aemularia Barnes and McDunnough
Plate 2, figure 2; plate 8, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 31, figure 1; plate 43, figures 2-4.
Nemoria aemularia Barnes and McDunnough, 1918, p. 134. Prout, 1932, p. 24. McDunnough,
1938, p. 141.
Diacnosis. Aemularia is very close structurally to latirosaria as well as to arizonaria and
daedalea. The male genitalia are distinguished by the narrower valve, with sides
44 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
almost straight and parallel, and by the squarish, almost truncate saccus. The aedeagus
is stouter than in latirosaria, similar to that of the other species except that in daedalea
the teeth are ventral. In latirosaria, aemularia and arizonaria they are commonly
dorsal.
In its heavy cream-colored lines and striations aemularia closely resembles ari-
zonaria, but the costa is not red and the white abdominal spots are reduced to vestiges
or wanting. Aemularia is known only from Arizona and New Mexico.
Typrs. Described from five males and four females from Paradise and Palmerlee,
Cochise Co., Ariz. Although the description does not specify a holotype, the specimens
bear labels with the indications “Type” and ‘Paratype’ in McDunnough’s hand-
writing. I hereby designate as lectotype the male labeled “Type”, now segregated in
the type collection at the USNM.
Synonymy. None.
FURTHER Description. Male antennae bipectinate for more than three quarters, delicate,
with a thin shaft, length of longest branches three times the thickness of shaft; front
almost flat; male palpi slender as in latirosaria, exceeding front by a little more than
the length of the third segment; female palpi much longer, exceeding front by almost
half their length, third joint prominent, about half the length of the second, rather
thick and rounded; male hind tibia only moderately swollen, terminal extension not
well developed, spurs rather short and stout, weak hair pencil presumably present but
recessed and not apparent in nearly all specimens examined.
Front, palpi and fore tibiae pink or with a mixture of pink and white scales;
legs otherwise whitish; interantennal fillet white, sometimes thinly edged with pink
behind; collar yellowish; thorax green above, whitish below; abdomen of male white
with some dorsal green shading on the first three segments. The first two segments
may have indistinct, pale reddish-brown dorsal spots or shading, rarely with minute
white spots only. The abdomen of the female differs in having no green but rather
extensive pale red shading that extends to segment AbD.
Wings green, colored alike, densely striated with white or pale yellowish; costa
rather broadly edged with pale yellowish; no trace of red on the wings except
faintly near their bases; postmedial lines white to yellowish, regular, prominent, about
equal in width to the pale costa or to the fringe; antemedials less distinct; lines of
forewing fairly straight, erect, subparallel or with antemedial inclined basad from
inner margin; lines of hindwing slightly curved; antemedials outwardly, and postmedials
inwardly, edged with solid green; veins often thinly outlined with yellowish; fringes
pale yellowish. Underside much paler, markings indistinct.
Length of forewing: male, 11-13 mm; female, 12.5-15 mm.
Mate GEeEnirAtiA. Fairly close to those of latirosaria but somewhat lengthened in
form, with the saccus produced and squarish; basal costal processes small, rather weak
and pointed; uncus dilated beyond middle and then tapered to a point; valve long,
slender, the sides subparallel, its costa with a short, obtuse tooth at the apex; aedeagus
much stouter than that of latirosaria, with a prominent row of teeth dorsally near the
posterior end. Arizonaria has a wider, more rounded valve, and a slimmer, more
tapered saccus. The genitalia of daedalea are of stouter form, with a broadly rounded
saccus and a distally dilated, very rounded valve.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Very close to those of arizonaria. Ostium wider than that of
latirosaria, with a small collar; ductus bursae in the form of a somewhat sclerotized
neck region, unstriated, thicker at the ostial end than that of latirosaria; bursa copu-
latrix shorter and stouter than that of latirosaria, about the same as in arizonaria.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 45
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 113 males, 171 females, including male and female types and
6 paratypes; 5 male and 3 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Palmerlee and Paradise, Cochise Co.; Cave Creek Canyon,
5400’, East Turkey Creek, 6400’, Onion Saddle, 7600’, and Portal Ranger Station,
4950’, all in Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co.; Washington Mts.; Prescott; Huachuca
Mts.; Sierra Vista, Miller Canyon, Ramsey Canyon, and Carr Canyon, Huachuca
Mts.; SW Research Station of the AMNH, near Portal, Cochise Co.; Sonoita Creek,
10 mi. S of Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co.; Hidden Spring Canyon, 19 mi. E of Sonoita,
Santa Cruz Co.; Mud Springs, Santa Catalina Mts.; Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa
Rita Mts., and Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co. NEw Mexico: MacMillan Camp
and Cherry Creek Camp, near Silver City, Grant Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent.
FiicnT Periop. Feb. 24—March 13; June 15—Aug. 12.
Earxy Sraces. Unknown.
Remarks. Aemularia has been known from little more than the type series until
recent years. The material studied for the present revision included 132 taken by
Franclemont in Santa Cruz and Cochise Counties, Ariz., in the period 1959-66, and 86
in the AMNH, mostly taken in recent years by Rindge and by R. F. Sternitzky.
Nemoria arizonaria (Grote)
Plate 9, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 31, figure 2; plate 43, figures 5, 6.
Aplodes arizonaria Grote, 1883, pp. 125-126.
Anaplodes arizonaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302. Pearsall, 1906, p. 206.
Nemoria arizonaria Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 23.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Anaplodes festaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria olivearia Cassino, 1927, p. 68. Prout, 1932, p. 23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. New
synonymy.
Dracnosis. This is a large and distinctive species from Arizona, resembling aemularia
and daedalea in being heavily irrorated or striated with yellowish. The lines are
almost exactly as in aemularia, but arizonaria may at once be distinguished by the
wine-colored costa and large white abdominal spots. Daedalea also has the wine-
colored costa and white spots, but arizonaria differs from that species in being greener
(daedalea is quite yellowish), more opaque, and in having stronger, more crisply
defined lines. The male genitalia have a wider, more rounded valve than those of
aemularia.
TypEs. Arizonaria was based on one male from the Neumoegen collection, with the
locality given only as “Arizona”. The type, now in the USNM, lacks its abdomen but
is otherwise in fair condition. Of olivearia, the holotype male and allotype female,
from Paradise, Ariz., April 3, are in the MCZ.
SynonyMy. In some collections, the species I am describing as daedalea has been
determined as olivearia, but I found that the types of olivearia are the same as
arizonaria. Cassino’s name is the only synonym.
46 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FURTHER DescriPTIon. Structure of male antennae, front, palpi and hind tibiae about the
same as aemularia. Female palpi very long, longer than those of aemularia, the third joint,
when fully visible, as long as the second.
Interantennal fillet white with hind border often brown; collar pink; front deep
rose, fading to pink, with white lower margin; palpi pink with third joint white-tipped;
fore tibiae pink, remaining legs and underside of body whitish or ivory; thorax green
above with some white and yellow scales; abdomen red-brown above, usually with large
white spots on the first four segments, although the spots may be reduced or absent,
especially in males; very rarely with brown abdominal coloring reduced, leaving minute
white dorsal spots on green background.
Wings green, colored alike, usually yellower in hue than aemularia, heavily dusted
or striated with yellowish, but solid green just after the antemedials and just before the
postmedials; lines and fringes almost exactly as in aemularia but usually yellower, veins
less inclined to stand out in paler outline; entire costa with dark wine colored edging,
mixed with yellowish scales behind. In some females there is a well defined bright yellow
or orange border on the inner margin of the hind wing. This is variable in width and
may be entirely lacking. Underside almost white with markings obsolete.
Length of forewing: male, 13.5-16 mm; female, 15-16.5 mm.
MALE GeniratiA. Characteristic of the first section of the genus and similar to those of
aemularia except for the wider, more rounded valve, and more tapered and rounded
saccus. Costa of valve in arizonaria and daedalea convex, in aemularia almost straight
or concave; aedeagus with row of dorsal teeth near the end like aemularia. Daedalea
is similar but has the valve more widened distally, the saccus more shortened and
obtuse, and the teeth on the aedeagus nearer the end and situated ventrally.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Much like those of aemularia and scarcely distinguishable. In
arizonaria the ductus bursae seems to narrow at the ostium, and the membrane just
below the sclerotized neck is thicker and striated.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 98 males, 136 females; 4 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Prescott, Yavapai Co.; Paradise and Palmerlee, Cochise Co.;
Cave Creek Canyon, 5400’, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co.; S.W. Research Station of the
AMNH, near Portal, Cochise Co.; Miller Canyon, Carr Canyon, Ramsey Canyon, and
Sierra Vista, Huachuca Mountains; Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co.; Madera Can-
yon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.
One would assume that the species is essentially Mexican, although I have not seen
it from there. The CNC has a closely similar but probably distinct species from Durango,
Mexico.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent.
FiicHt Pertop. Feb. 23-May 6. A specimen collected by Poling in the Baboquivari
Mountains labeled “1-15 June, 1924.”
EaArty STAGEs. Unknown.
Nemoria daedalea, new species
Plate 9, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 31, figure 3; plate 43, figures 7-11.
Diacnosis. This is a delicate, thinly scaled, plain, yellowish mottled species of Arizona
and northern Mexico, closely related to arizonaria, having the same kind of abdominal
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 47
markings and purplish-red costa. It differs mainly in being less intensely colored,
yellowish and subhyaline, with rather bright yellow fringes and obsolescent lines. The
antemedials are wanting and the postmedials often very nearly so.
The genitalic differences are slight and consist mainly in daedalea having the basal
costal processes longer and more pointed, and the ventral half of the tegumen wider
and more rounded. The female genitalia differ slightly in having heavier sclerotization
in the region of the ductus bursae.
There are two separate flight periods which I believe represent spring and summer
broods, but this needs to be proved. The moths of these broods differ considerably in
size and appearance, and slightly in genitalic morphology. The name daedalea is based
on the spring brood.
Tyrrs. Holotype male, Madera Canyon, 5600’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
Arizona, April 24, 1963 (J. G. Franclemont); genitalia on slide No. 870 (D. C. Fergu-
son). Paratypes, 4 males, 5 females, same locality and collector, Apr. 11-May 10, 1963;
3 males, 6 females, Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Ariz., Apr. 29, May 3, 6, 9, 28,
1964 (R. F. Sternitzky); 4 males, 1 female, Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Ariz., Apr.
29-May 4 (R. F. Sternitzky); 2 males, same locality, May 4, 5, 1948 (A. L. Melander);
1 male, Palmerlee, Ariz., Coll. J. A. Grossbeck. The holotype and Madera Canyon
paratypes are in the collection of Dr. J. G. Franclemont at Cornell University; most
of the remainder are in the collection of the AMNH.
Synonymy. None.
FurTHER Description. Spring brood: Structure of antennae, front, palpi and hind
tibiae about the same as in arizonaria, except that the male palpi seem to be slightly
longer. Coloring of head and body almost exactly as in arizonaria. Interantennal fillet
white with yellowish-brown posterior border; front rose colored with white lower margin;
second and third joints of palpi pink, the latter with a whitish tip; legs whitish except
for pink fore tibiae; upperside of thorax pink just behind the head, shading to yellow
and then green, but generally yellower than that of arizonaria; abdomen of male
yellowish-brown above, sometimes tinged with pinkish, and usually with small white
dorsal spots on the first three or four segments, although these may be very reduced
or absent; female abdomen similar except that the white spots tend to be larger and
appear to be always present.
Wings of both sexes light green, evenly and densely, but diffusely, striated with pale
yellowish; very thinly scaled and sufficiently translucent that one might almost read the
labels through the wings. Costa deep purplish red, mixed with yellow scales posteriorly;
lines in about the same positions as in arizonaria but very reduced and indistinct. Post-
medials usually showing faintly but antemedials in most examples not visible. As in
arizonaria, the terminal margin of both wings, adjoining the fringes, is edged with yellow,
and within this edging there are small patches of reddish scales between the veins,
usually visible only with magnification. Fringes solid bright yellow in fresh specimens.
Underside very pale and unmarked except that the dark costa and faint reddish terminal
markings are exaggerated.
Length of forewing (spring brood): type, 16 mm; other males, 14.5-16 mm; females,
14-16 mm. Average male, 15.25 mm; average female, 15.25 mm.
Summer brood: These differ from the spring brood in their smaller size, slightly
paler coloring, wider and more distinct (but still diffuse) postmedial lines, and reduced
abdominal markings. The white abdominal spots tend to be very minute or absent, in
females as well as males.
Length of forewing (summer brood): males, 11.5-12 mm; females, 12-13.5 mm.
Average male, 11.92 mm; average female, 12.93 mm.
Mate Genirtaia. Similar to those of arizonaria but differing in the following respects:
basal costal processes better developed but still weakly sclerotized, often drawn out to
48 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
a long point; ventral half of tegumen (which terminates in saccus) wider with sides
usually convex, not concave as in arizonaria; valves with a tendency to be narrower at
the base and wider beyond the middle, this being quite variable; aedeagus with several
strong ventral teeth very near the tip, whereas the specimens of arizonaria examined
had these teeth in a lateral position (right side) and farther back from the tip.
The summer brood differs slightly in the valve having shorter basal costal processes
of jagged outline (several smaller points on the margin), and perhaps in having a thinner
valve.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These scarcely differ from the female genitalia of arizonaria, but
perhaps have more extensive sclerotization of the ductus bursae. Two female slides
of the summer brood show still greater sclerotization of the ductus bursae and partial
sclerotization of the adjoining upper portion of the bursa copulatrix. In this respect
the summer females of daedalea differ more from the spring ones than the latter do
from arizonaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Spring brood, 16 males, 12 females; 5 male, 2 female slides. Summer
brood, 17 males, 25 females; 3 male, 3 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Madera Canyon, 5600’, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co.; Sonoita
Creek, 10 mi. S. of Patagonia, Santa Cruz Co.; Miller Canyon and Ash Canyon, Hua-
chuca Mts.; Palmerlee; Montezuma Pass, Cochise Co. Mexico: 10 mi. W. of El Salto,
Durango, 9000’; Buenos Aires, 9000’, 10 mi. W. of La Ciudad, Durango.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION: A spring male and two summer females from Durango are
larger and have more distinct postmedial lines than the Arizona ones. Also, the male
has a thin but complete red terminal line; the females have only traces of such a line.
Earty Staces. An adult female of this species was reared from a larva on oak at El
Salto, Durango, Mexico, by Dr. McGuffin (CNC). This was a specimen of the summer
generation, emerging Aug. 3, 1964.
Remarks. When Dr, Franclemont spent the summer in Madera Canyon in 1960 he col-
lected 37 specimens of what I am regarding as the summer form of daedalea, between
the dates mentioned above. In 1963 he spent the spring season in the same locality and
collected the 10 Madera Canyon specimens in the type series. Most of the balance of
the known material is in the AMNH.
‘The smaller size of the summer generation is perhaps a reflection of the more arid
seasonal conditions under which the larvae would be feeding, but the test of rearing
is needed before we can be certain that this form is not actually another species.
The dappled yellowish green coloring, subhyaline wings, bright yellow fringes,
and plain aspect due to the near absence of lines are distinctive features of daedalea.
Nemoria viridicaria (Hulst)
Plate 9, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 31, figure 4; plate 43, figures 12, 13, 27, 28.
Aplodes viridicaria Hulst, 1880b, p. 41. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Anaplodes viridicaria Hulst, 1896, p. 316.
Nemoria viridicaria Prout, 1912, p. 212. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Dracnosts. This species begins a second subgroup of Group 1, an odd series of four species
in which the hindwings are not colored like the forewings but are usually much paler.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 49
For the most part the male genitalia are of the same type as those of the previous three
species, with flat juxta, tapered uncus, short socii, toothed aedeagus and weakly emargi-
nate eighth sternite. However, the saccus shows the beginnings of the concavity typical
of later groups. The female genitalia also are little changed from those of the last few
species but may be distinguished by minor details.
Viridicaria is the largest of the group, has a pink front and palpi, and is the only
one that has white dorsal spots on the abdomen. It is known from Colorado, Utah, and
New Mexico.
Types. A male from Colorado (“Col.”) in the ANMH.
Synonymy. None.
FurRTHER DeEscripTION. Antennae of both sexes normal; male palpi small, exceeding
front by the length of the third segment; female palpi about the same length but
thinner; hind tibia of male moderately dilated, the terminal extension apparent but
very short; spurs normal.
International fillet white, collar pink or light brown; front, palpi and front legs
pale pink, or with a mixture of pink and white scales; other legs whitish; thorax white
below, green with a few white scales above; abdomen whitish with a weak dorsal pink-
ish-brown shade on the first four segments, a white dorsal spot consistently present on
segment 1, often repeated less distinctly on 2 and 3.
Wings thinly scaled, in worn specimens subhyaline. Front wings bright green,
faintly dusted with white; costa narrowly edged with white or yellowish; fringes white;
lines white, broad, about the width of the fringes, diverging towards costa; antemedial
straight or slightly convex. Hindwings much paler, whitish except for green shading
along the lines and toward the outer margin where there may be a feeble subterminal
of a yellowish-green shade; fringes of hindwings white; lines of hindwings white, poorly
defined, curved, diverging towards costa, closer together than those of N. subsequens;
postmedial situated just beyond middle of wing. Three of the females from Colo. have a
scattering of pink scales along the inner margin of the hindwing, visible only under
magnification. Underside paler with only the lines of the forewing showing distinctly.
Length of forewing: male, 14-16 mm; female, 15-16 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Very close to those of swbsequens except as follows: 1) uncus more
dilated, 2) costa of valve decidedly concave and without a prominent convexity in the
middle, 3) saccus truncate and slightly emarginate in outline, not rounded as in
subsequens, 4) sides of the ventral portion of the tegumen (terminating in the saccus)
straight or but very slightly concave in viridicaria, strongly concave in subsequens, 5)
tooth on gnathos better developed, 6) teeth on the aedeagus numbering about three
in viridicaria, situated well back from the tip; four to five in swbsequens, occurring just
before the tip, 7) notch in the eighth sternite a little deeper and V-shaped in viridicaria.
Nemoria diamesa also has similar male genitalia but these may be distinguished
by the larger, more pointed basal costal processes, more linear uncus, and by other
characters discussed under that species. Nemoria albaria may at once be separated by
the peculiar needle-like form of the basal costal process, extending outward over half-
way to the tip of the valve.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Close to those of subsequens and diamesa. Ductus bursae with a
clear-cut sclerotized middle section, not obscured by a thickened, deep-staining ductus
wall as in swbsequens; ostium without a collar. Albaria differs in having a collar, and
also a longer sclerotized ductus bursae which is wider at the ostium and constricted
where it joins the bursa.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 31 males, 24 females, including type; 4 male, 1 female slides.
50 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
DIsTRIBUTION. COLORADO: Glenwood Springs; Valley View Lodge, 10 mi. S of Steamboat
Springs, 7600’; Uncompahgre Plateau, 7800-8100’, 16 mi. SW of Montrose, Montrose
Co. uTAH: Dalton Springs Camp, 5 mi. W of Monticello, San Juan Co.; Buckboard
Flat Camp, 7 mi. W of Monticello, San Juan Co. NEW MExico: 16 mi. E of Taos; Bear
Trap Camp, 28 mi. SW of Magdalena, Socorro Co., 8500’.
The one male and two females seen from N. M. (AMNH) definitely belong here
rather than with swbsequens.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent.
FLIGHT PERtop. June 24—July 25.
Earty Staces. Unknown.
Remarks. The small, distinctive group comprised of viridicaria, subsequens, diamesa
and albaria has not been well understood. McDunnough (1938) treated them as one
species, viridicaria, with albaria as a race. The name viridicaria has most often been
applied in collections to the Arizona species I am describing as diamesa, although the
type of viridicaria clearly represents the larger, darker Colorado-Utah species. Material
of the true viridicaria was almost nonexistent in collections before the recent collect-
ing by Dr. F. H. Rindge in Utah and in the last two of the Colo. localities cited. I have
seen only four older specimens, including the type.
Nemoria subsequens, new species
Plate 9, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 31, figure 6; plate 43, figures 14-17, 29, 30.
Dracnosis. This is a New Mexican species very closely related to viridicaria but a little
smaller, a more intense shade of green, with the hindwings often almost as dark as the
forewings, and with the lines narrower and tending to be farther apart on both wings.
It is perhaps most easily separated from viridicarta by the dorsal coloring of the abdomen,
which is green in the male and lightly shaded with brown in the female. There are no
spots. Viridicaria has a dorsal brown shade and fairly obvious white spots in both sexes.
Genitalic differences are minor but apparently consistent.
Types. Holotype female, Pine Camp, 2 mi. N.E. of Cloudcroft, Otero Co., N.M., 8600’,
July 5, 1964 (F., P., and M. Rindge), DCF slide No. 970. Paratypes, 9 males, 16 females,
same locality and collectors, July 1-6, 1964. Holotype and most of paratypes in the
AMNH.
Synonymy. None.
FuRTHER DeEscripTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs in both sexes the same as
viridicaria. Interantennal fillet white with a yellowish or pale brownish collar behind,
often with a few green (as in the holotype) or red scales mixed in; front variable, either
pink or green with a white lower margin or, more commonly, with some mixture of
red, yellowish, green and white scales (holotype with red and green scales mixed in
about equal proportions); palpi tinged with pink; femur and tibia of foreleg red on
anterior side, middle leg also tinged with reddish; remainder of legs and entire under-
side of body whitish; upperside of thorax green with a few scattered white scales; dorsum
of abdomen in male shaded with green on the first 4 segments, in the female with pink-
ish or yellowish brown. Unlike viridicaria, which has brown on the abdomen in the
male as well as the female, there are no white dorsal spots.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 51
Forewing bright green, the coloring more intense than that of viridicaria, with
fewer white scales mixed in; costa edged with ivory or whitish but more thinly so than in
viridicaria. Hindwings paler and more translucent than forewings, but greener than
those of viridicaria or diamesa; fringes of both wings whitish; lines of the wings distinct,
especially those of the forewing, but little more than half the width of the lines in
viridicaria, and quite consistently farther apart than in the latter species; antemedial
of forewing more erect and usually angled inward just before costa. In viridicaria
the lines of the hindwing converge strongly toward the inner margin but in subsequens
they remain well apart, the postmedial usually crossing beyond the middle of the wing.
In viridicaria this postmedial commonly crosses at or very near the middle of the wing.
Length of forewing: male, 14 mm; female, 14-15 mm; holotype female, 14 mm.
Mate Geniratia. Like those of viridicaria except for the following differences: costa of
valve convex, not concave; saccus squarish but rounded off, not flattened or emarginate;
transtilla with wider anterolateral processes; aedeagus with the cluster of teeth dorsal
and very near the tip (in viridicaria seemingly lateral and father back from the tip);
eighth sternite more shallowly notched. As in viridicaria, the basal costal processes are
virtually undeveloped.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of viridicaria except that the ductus bursae is
somewhat more rigidly sclerotized, with this thickening of the membrane (which
stains red with eosin Y and is not chitin) extending to the adjoining upper portion of the
bursa copulatrix. The corresponding portion of the bursa in viridicaria is thinly mem-
branous and flexible. The brown sclerotized band which partially encircles the ductus
bursae in viridicaria is reduced or absent in swbsequens.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. The type series only; 2 male, 3 female slides.
DisTRIBUTION. Seen only from the type locality.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
Fiicnt Periop. July 1-6.
Earty Straces. Unknown.
Nemoria diamesa, new species
Plate 1, figure 2; plate 10, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 31, figure 5; plate 43, figures 18-21, 31, 32.
Dracnosis. A pale, delicately colored species of Ariz., Colo., and N.M., smaller than the
two preceding, but closely related. The palpi, legs and abdomen are shaded with green
in both sexes. With the sole exception of albaria, diamesa has the palest hindwings
of all the species of Nemoria treated in this revision. The lines of the forewing are
diagnostic as these are unusually close together and almost parallel. In viridicaria and
subsequens the lines diverge towards the costa, and in albaria they tend to converge.
Diamesa is most like albaria but retains some green on the hindwing, whereas the hind-
wing of albaria is pure white. The male genitalia may at once be distinguished from
those of albaria by the absence of the needle-like extension of the basal costal process.
Types. Holotype male, Pine Camp, 2 mi. N.E. of Cloudcroft, Otero Co., N.M., 8600’,
Julye67 1964 (FP. and M. Rindge), DCF slide No. 925, in the AMNH. Paratypes, 55
males, 11 females, same locality and collectors, July 1-6, 1964; 2 males, Bear Trap Camp,
52 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
8500’, 28 mi. S.W. of Magdalena, Socorro Co., N.M., same collectors, July 2, 5, 1965;
4 males, 1 female, Bursum Camp, 18 mi. E. of Alma, Catron Co., N.M., 9000’, July 9,
15, 1961, (same collectors); 4 males, 1 female, Davenport Camp, 8500’, 36 mi. S. of
Florence, Custer Co., Colo., same collectors, June 30, July 1, 4, 1967; 1 male, S.W. Re-
search Station of the AMNH, Portal, Cochise Co., Ariz., 5400’, July 23, 1958 (M. A.
Cazier); 1 male, same locality, May 26, 1961 (M. Statham); 1 female, same locality, July 26,
1957 (M. Statham); 2 males, Rustler Park, Cochise Co., Ariz., June 11, 1950 (E. C. John-
ston). The last two paratypes in the CNC; the remainder in the AMNH.
Synonymy. None.
FuRTHER DescripTION. Structure of antennae, front, palpi and legs in both sexes about
as in viridicaria, subsequens and diamesa. Interantennal fillet white, green behind,
with a narrow white collar between head and thorax; front solid green with a white
lower margin; palpi light green, not pink as in the preceding species of this group;
front legs also tinged with green rather than pink; other legs and underside of body
whitish; upperside of thorax green with a few white scales; upperside of abdomen
lightly shaded with green on the first 4 segments, otherwise white; no abdominal spots.
Forewings green, heavily dusted with white, somewhat subhyaline, costa thinly edged
with white; hindwing subhyaline, almost white, the lines defined with a contrasting
green shade after the antemedial and before the postmedial, and the outer margin faintly
tinged with green; fringes of both wings white; lines of forewing white, very wide (usually
wider than the fringes) and boldly defined by a solid green shade after the antemedial
and before the postmedial, (between which the median space is contrastingly paler).
Postmedial of forewing normal, straight or slightly convex, approximately parallel to
outer margin; antemedial of forewing unusual in being almost perfectly erect, straight
or concave, and subparallel to the postmedial; if not parallel, the lines very slightly di-
vergent towards costa. As the distance separating the lines at the inner margin is almost
maintained to the costa, the lines have the appearance of being closer together than in all
the others of this group except albaria. The lines of the hindwing are visible only be-
cause of the green shade that follows them, with the antemedial almost obsolete, the
postmedial evenly curved and crossing the wing just beyond the middle. Underside of
both wings as above but paler.
Length of forewing: males, 12.5-14 mm; females, 12.5-13.5 mm., except for one
unusually large female of 15 mm from Bursum Camp; holotype male, 13 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Closest to those of viridicaria but almost 25% larger, in spite of the
smaller size of the moth. Tegumen and valves more elongated in form; saccus more
produced, distinctly emarginate; basal costal process of valve produced to a tapering
point directed outwards, showing the beginning of the trend that culminates in the
curiously long, pointed process of albaria; valve elongate, the sides subparallel, the
costa concave but a little less so than in viridicaria; uncus linear, undilated; transtilla
less constricted mesially; juxta larger, somewhat angulate, produced to an obtuse point
anteriorly on the side that is rounded off or notched in viridicaria and subsequens;
aedeagus with the usual row of teeth, situated dorsally or nearly so, and well back from
the tip as in viridicaria; eighth sternite with a shallow V-shaped notch about the same as
viridicaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ductus bursae heavily sclerotized like that of swbsequens, but with
adjoining upper portion of bursa remaining thinly membranous; posterior margin of
seventh sternite doubled over in a well defined crescentic fold (preostial plate),
covering the ostial opening; ostium bordered posteriorly by a thin but regular sclerot-
ized ring (postostial plate). Neither of the last two characters occur in viridicaria or
subsequens; both do appear in somewhat modified form in albaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 74 males, 14 females; 4 male, 2 female slides.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 53
DisTRIBUTION. Besides the type series, I have seen specimens from only one other locality.
In the Franclemont collection there are 4 males from Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Rita
Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 26-29, 1960, 1963 (JGF).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The specimens from N.M., Colo., and Cochise Co., Ariz.
appear to be alike, but those from Madera Canyon, Ariz., differ slightly from the type
series in both appearance and genitalia. The Madera Canyon specimens are more
coarsely and evenly dusted with white, and there is more green on the hindwing. The
male genitalia of one of these specimens show an exaggeration of the elongated aspect
of the tegumen and valves.
FLicHT Periop. June 11—July 26, except for one specimen taken near Portal, Ariz., May
26.
Ear.y STaGes. Unknown.
Remarks. In a number of characters this species seems intermediate between viridicaria
(and its close ally, swbsequens) and albaria, but there is no doubt that it is sufficiently
distinct from both to be regarded as a separate species.
Diamesa is the species that has been called viridicarta in most collections, mainly
because the true viridicaria has remained almost unknown and uncollected since the
time of its original description, whereas a few collectors here and there have turned
up specimens of diamesa.
Nemoria albaria (Grote)
Plate 10, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 32, figure 1; plate 43, figures 22-24.
Chlorosea albaria Grote, 1883, p. 126. Prout, 1912, p. 112 (as doubtful synonym of viridicaria).
Aplodes viridicaria albaria Hulst, 1886b, p. 140.
Anaplodes viridicaria albaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria viridicaria albaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 24. McDun-
nough, 1938, p. 141.
Dracnosts. This is the smallest species of the viridicaria group, readily recognized by the
unmarked hindwings, the slight convergence toward the costa of the lines on the forewing,
and the peculiar character of the basal costal processes in the male genitalia. It is the
only species of Nemoria treated in this revision that has an almost pure white, un-
marked hindwing. The forewing is very much like that of diamesa except that in the
latter the lines are parallel or slightly divergent rather than convergent. Albaria is known
only from Ariz. and is rare in collections.
Types. The type is a male labeled “Arizona, Col. B. Neumdgen,” in the AMNH. The
abdomen is missing, as Grote mentioned, and this perhaps led to his incorrect con-
clusion that the specimen was a female. The type has the hindwings pure white, the
forewings perhaps more solidly green than is usual, the lines quite wide, straight, and
slightly convergent toward costa. I consider that there is no doubt about its identity even
though the genitalia are lost.
Synonymy. Albaria is the only name available and apparently it has not been mis-
applied to any other species.
FurTHER Description. Antennae and legs normal for the viridicaria group; palpi of
about the same length as those of the other species but very slender and feeble, the third
54 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
joint in the female being a little longer than that of the male. Interantennal fillet white,
greenish behind, followed by a thin collar of white scales between head and thorax;
front in both sexes green or with a mixture of green and white scales; palpi tinged with
green; legs whitish with usually some green scales on the front coxa and femur, and
some brown on the front tibia; abdomen in both sexes entirely whitish with a trace
of green on the first three tergites; thorax above with green and white scales in about
equal proportions.
Forewing green, dusted or striated with white but not as densely so as in diamesa;
the median space often not contrastingly paler as in diamesa, but with the lines tending
to be emphasized by solid green shadow lines in much the same way. Lines wide,
distinct and regular as in diamesa, but with the antemedial straighter (usually not
concave) and inclined slightly outward from the inner margin, so that toward the costa
the antemedial and postmedial are closer together than at the inner margin; costa
very thinly edged with white; fringes white; hindwing almost entirely white, immacu-
late, subhyaline, sometimes with just a few green scales toward the anal angle. Under-
side as above but paler.
Length of forewing: male, 10.5-13 mm; female, 12-12.5 mm.
Mate GENITALIA. Basically most similar to those of viridicarta but with the basal costal
processes very strangely developed, each in the form of a long needle-like spine joined
for over half its length to the costa of the valve, and with the free end extending out-
ward parallel to the concave costal margin; tip of the process reaching as far as at least
two-thirds of the way to the distal extremity of the costa; uncus dilated as in viridicaria
but a little shorter; socii narrower; saccus broader and more deeply emarginate. Apart
from the peculiar basal costal processes, the valves appear to be exactly the same as
those of viridicaria. The aedeagus, in addition to having the usual slightly elevated
cluster of subapical teeth (but nearer the end, as in swbsequens), has half of its dorsal
surface covered by a dense patch of smaller teeth. The eighth sternite has a shallow
V-shaped notch like that of viridicaria.
The curiously formed basal costal processes and elongated patch of teeth on the
dorsal surface of the aedeagus at once distinguish the male genitalia of albaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are closest to the male genitalia of diamesa but have the
ductus bursae somewhat constricted and bent at an angle before entering the bursa.
Like that of diamesa, the ductus is relatively long and rigidly sclerotized, although the
sclerotization appears to be uniformly chitinous, rather than the combination of chitin
and thickened membrane seen in diamesa. The posterior margin of the seventh
sternite has a well defined, crescentic, preostial fold. The ostium has a chitinous dorsal
lip but this is not in the form of a clean-cut ring as in diamesa. The signum is of the
invaginated, pouch-like type common throughout the genus, but it is larger than in any
other species of the viridicaria group.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 10 males, including type, 2 females; 2 male, 2 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Pine Crest, 7300’, Mt. Graham, Pinaleno Mountains, Graham Co.;
Upper Camp, Pinery Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co.; Rustler Park, 9000’, and S.W.
Research Station of the AMNH, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co.; Madera Canyon, 5800’,
Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co.; ‘Tuscon.’
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent.
FLicHtT Periop. June 23—-July 17. June 28-29, 1955 and July 9, 1951 on Mt. Graham.
July 3, 1956 in Pinery Canyon. July 4, 1956 at the S.W. Research Station. July 15,
1927 in Rustler Park. June 23, 1955 and July 17, 1947 in Madera Canyon.
Earry StTaces. Unknown.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE aD
Group III. One species, pistacearia, the relationships of which are not clear.
Nemoria pistacearia (Packard)
Plate 2, figure 3; plate 10, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 32, figure 2; plate 43, figures 25, 26.
Anaplodes pistacearia Packard, 1876, p. 392; pl. 13, fig. 58. Hulst, 1896, p. 316.
Eucrostes chloroleucaria var. unistrigata Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 489.
Nemoria pistacearia Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302. Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough,
1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Dracnosis. Nemoria pistacearia is a medium sized, broad winged, white striated species
with no abdominal markings and usually no antemedial lines, occuring in the coastal
counties of California. It commonly has distinct dark brown or red discal spots like
N. darwiniata punctularia of the same region, but the latter has very prominent
abdominal markings as well as other differences. Pistacearia is more likely to be confused
with the somewhat similarly colored Nemoria leptalea, which has the same plain green
abdomen and may be somewhat striated. However, leptalea has the antemedials and
postmedials about equally developed and the discal spots, if present, green rather than
brown or red.
Pistacearia has a strong superficial resemblance to Nemoria mutaticolor, and the
reader should refer to the discussion of that species for an account of the differences.
Nemoria coruscula Dyar, of Mexico, is also similar and I have seen specimens of this
misdetermined as pistacearia. However, coruscula has good genitalic characters that
place it near mutaticolor.
In his description of the genus Anaplodes, of which pistacearia is the type, Packard
said that the hind tibia was not dilated. This is not correct. The hind tibia is moderately
dilated and the terminal extension moderately developed, as in most of the preceding
species, although neither is developed to the same extent as in many of the species
of Nemoria Groups IV to VIII. The hind tarsus of pistacearia is long, two-thirds to
four-fifths the length of the tibia, as in mutaticolor, arizonaria, viridicaria and their
relatives.
The papillate juxta, long socii, and other characters of the male genitalia clearly
remove pistacearia from Groups I and II of Nemoria, although the simplified form of
the genitalia is quite suggestive of pulcherrima, mutaticolor and others of the preceding
division. The very simple female genitalia also link it to the first part of the series.
Judging from the genitalia, pistacearia has no really close relatives north of the
Mexican border, and the combination of characters found in the male genitalia readily
distinguishes it.
Types. The type of pistacearia is a male from Sanzalito [probably in error for Sausalito,
Marin Co.], Calif., June 30, 1875 (Behrens), in the MCZ. It is in fair condition, still
with its abdomen, and is labeled “Type 2221.”
No separate type specimen was designated for uwnistrigata. Gumppenberg regarded
pistacearia Packard as preoccupied and hence proposed a substitute name.
Synonymy. Unistrigata, discussed above, is the only synonym.
FurTHER Description. Male antennae normal, fairly wide, the longest branches at least
equal to twice the length of the segments; female antennae normal; male palpi rather
small, subtruncate, exceeding front by a little more than the length of the third segment,
which is minute and mostly concealed by the scales of the second; female palpi
similar but more slender; front almost square, somewhat wider than that of the bistri-
aria group, this varying independently from species to species, and thus not having
56 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
the importance that Packard ascribed to it in his characterization of Anaplodes. Hind
tibia moderately dilated, with a moderate terminal extension shorter in length than the
longer of the two apical spurs; first pair of hind tibial spurs much longer than apical
pair; hind tarsus long, almost equal to the hind tibia exclusive of terminal process.
Fillet white with green hind margin; front red with thin white edging at bottom;
palpi and inner side of foreleg red, middle and hind tibiae usually also with some red,
otherwise the legs and underside of body whitish; thorax and abdomen green dorsally,
the latter without spots; fore- and hindwings of both sexes bright green, evenly striated
with white; costa and fringes whitish, except near extreme apex of forewing where both
may be faintly marked with pink, sometimes with whole fringe tinged with pink; ante-
medial lines obsolete; postmedials white, usually distinct except near costa, approxi-
mately parallel to outer margin; postmedial of forewing straight or slightly concave,
that of hindwing straight or convex; discal spots on both wings small but contrastingly
dark and distinct, red or brown; rarely green or absent. Underside as above but much
paler toward inner margins and base; basal half of costa beneath strongly marked with
red.
Length of forewing: males, normally 12-16 mm, but single specimens of 10 and 11
mm seen from San Diego; females, 13-16 mm.
Mate GEniraiA. Valve simple, costa ending in a blunt point; uncus simple, slightly
dilated; socii of the long type and juxta papillate, like those of all the species of Nemoria
that follow; saccus truncate or emarginate; basal costal processes rather well developed,
more so than in any preceding species, somewhat flattened, bent and wrinkled but
with a blade-like edge, moderately but not heavily sclerotized; aedeagus simple, without
teeth; eighth sternite with a deep U-shaped excavation on posterior margin.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Rather simple and featureless, completely membranous except for
very slight sclerotization in the ductus bursae just before the ostial opening; edge of the
seventh sternite folded to form a fairly distinct crescentic lip or collar over the ostium;
signum elongated and pointed at both ends.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 81 males including type, 34 females; 8 male, 4 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Trinidad, Humboldt Co.; Laytonville, Mendocino Co.; Peta-
luma, Sonoma Co.; Spring Mountain, Napa Co.; Inverness and Mill Valley, Marin
Co.; Bear Creek Road and Orinda, Contra Costa Co.; Oakland, Alameda Co.; San
Francisco; Ben Lomond, Santa Cruz Co.; Eden Vale, Monterey Co.; Morro Bay, San
Luis Obispo Co.; Singing Springs, Verdugo Hills and Santa Catalina Is., Los Angeles
Co.; San Diego and Julian, San Diego Co.
A single male in the USNM labeled Redington, Ariz. (ex Barnes collection) and
another in the AMNH labeled Salida, Colo., 7-18-46, H. Ramstadt (ex Sperry collection)
probably represent cases of mislabeling, as the known range is otherwise restricted to a
narrow coastal strip in Calif. and perhaps northern Mexico.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The only apparent variation is a tendency for southern
specimens, especially those from San Diego and Los Angeles counties, to be smaller
than more northern ones.
Fiicut Pertop. Apr. 22—July 16, and Aug. 2-Sept. 14 in northern Calif., but most in June
and July. Apr. 1-July 3, and Sept. 23-Oct. 23 in Los Angeles and San Diego counties,
but with a preponderance of spring records. The dates indicate at least two generations
per year.
Farry Straces. Unknown.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE a7
Remarks. Pistacearia is especially well represented in collections from the region of
San Francisco Bay and from the vicinity of San Diego, suggesting that it is common
in these areas at least. Perhaps the intervening coastal counties have not been so
intensively collected.
Group IV. The extremaria group. A complex of 5 southeastern species, most with good
superficial characters but similar genitalia.
Nemoria extremaria (Walker), new combination
Plate 10, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 32, figure 3; plate 44, figures 1, 2.
Racheospila ? extremaria Walker, 1861, p. 584.
Racheospila extremaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99; 1917b, p. 218. Prout, 1552, pas
McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Diacnosis. This and the following species are the smallest species of Nemoria known to
occur in the United States. Both have unspotted abdomens, small blackish discal spots
and plain fringes without terminal lines. Both occur in the southeast, extremaria mainly
in Florida. However, the solid pink fringes, red front and palpi, and red _ posterior
border on the interantennal fillet at once separate extremaria from elfa, in which these
features are green or white. The characters mentioned, together with the small size
and the long laminate basal coastal processes typical of the male genitalia in this group
should make it a simple matter to distinguish extremaria from all other species of
Nemoria.
Types. Extremaria was described from two specimens, a male and female, but the one
surviving type, without abdomen and in rather poor condition, is a female. No locality
was given (“Country unknown”), but the description as well as the specimen seem to
agree in every respect with the species I here associate with the name. The specimens
could easily have come from Florida as Walker received and described many species
from there.
Synonymy. None.
FurTHER Description. Male antennae with a rather stout shaft, clothed with white
scales, rough, bipectinate over three-quarters of the way to the tip; female antennae
ciliate, white dorsally, rather rough scaled; palpi of both sexes small and feeble, hardly
exceeding front; hind tibia of male strongly dilated, with terminal extension quite
well developed; hair pencil presumably present but recessed.
Interantennal fillet white with thin red posterior margin; no white collar between
head and thorax; front thinly covered with small scales, red with the usual pale lower
edging reduced to a pair of white maculae; palpi yellowish to pink; fore coxae green,
remainder of forelegs reddish; middle tibiae reddish, otherwise whitish; hindlegs entirely
white; underside of body whitish; thorax and abdomen bright green dorsally, the green
extending back to the seventh or eighth tergite.
Wings bright green, unstriated, with no terminal spots or lines; costa of forewing
white at the extreme edge, followed by pink or yellowish, shading to deeper pink
towards base and apex; fringes of both wings solidly colored a delicate shade of light
pink; wings with thin white lines, slightly waved, the antemedials barely visible; both
wings with small, distinct, dark brown discal spots. Underside as above but much paler,
the lines obsolescent, and the costa rather broadly defined with orange-yellow or pink.
Length of forewing: male, 8.5-10 mm; Female, 9-9.5 mm.
58 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Mate GeEniraia. Uncus linear, scarcely dilated; socii rounded, gnathos tapering to a
fairly long point; transtilla slender, delicate, with the anterolateral processes short;
juxta with papilliform process large, in one example slightly bulbous; saccus variable
but tending to be deeply emarginate, leaving the vinculum with its tips projecting as
processes at each side. A triangular mesial flap of the saccus tends to be folded back-
ward, providing an apparent third process that divides the emargination in the middle.
(The single specimen from Hastings, Fla. has a shallow emargination with the medial,
but not the lateral, processes). Valve rather evenly rounded at the end except for a
blunt tooth at the distal end of the costa; basal costal processes of the long, pointed,
laminate type peculiar to this group, the tips somewhat curved mesially and dorsally.
The specimen from Hastings, Fla., mentioned above, is also atypical in having the basal
costal processes wider distally and with a serrated ventral edge. In addition, the uncus
of this specimen is widened at the tip. The aedeagus and eighth sternite of extremaria
are like others of the group.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Very simple; ductus bursae and bursa copulatrix thinly membranous;
genital plate present but weakly sclerotized; ostium enclosed posteriorly by a thinly
sclerotized ring; signum rounded.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 22 males, 6 females; 5 male, 3 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Oneco, Manatee Co.; Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid,
Highlands Co.; Orlando, Orange Co.; Hastings, [St. Johns Co.]; Apalachicola. missts-
stppI: Camp Shelby, near Hattiesburg.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material available.
FLicHT Periop. Mostly Mar. 21—-Apr. 1. One specimen at the Archbold Biological Station
on Dec. 25, 1955, two females from the same locality, May, 1961, and the single female
from Miss. labeled Sept. 15-30, 1944. Two males in the MCZ were taken at Apalachicola
by Roland Thaxter Feb. 6 and “Mar.,” 1876.
EARLY STacGEs. Unknown.
Remarks. The combination of characters given by Walker for extremaria points to the
conclusion that it is a species of Nemoria, and L. B. Prout, who was able to examine the
type over 50 years ago, placed it here (in Racheospila). Judging from the colored photo-
graph sent to me by Mr. J. D. Bradley of the British Museum, the type certainly looks
like a Nemoria. If so, it should be American, and the characters quite readily narrow
it down to the small Florida species here associated with the name
Prout (1912, p. 104) seems to have first connected the name extremaria with a
species in the North American fauna, but the species he chose was not the right one.
He thought that Walker’s extremaria was the same as the species to which Packard
(1876, p. 389) had applied the name rubromarginaria (which I consider to be the
northern population of bistriaria), and there is indeed some similarity in the red front
and pink fringes. However, the fringes of rubromarginaria are at least faintly checkered,
not uniformly pink, and are preceded by a distinct red terminal line which is definitely
not apparent in the type of extremaria. Also the character of the other lines and the
discal spots are different.
Barnes and McDunnough (1916b, p. 170) expressed doubt as to the correctness of
Prout’s identification, and later (1917b, p. 218) discussed extremaria at greater length,
quoting the following description of the “unique female type in the British Museum”
written and sent to them by Prout: “Face and vertex green strongly mixed with red, a
white fillet between the antennae; palpus short and slender, third joint slender, exposed,
but not elongate (hardly a Racheospila); lines extremely vague, the postmedian ap-
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 59
parently waved but not crenulate; no red terminal line; fringe pink with very narrow
pale line at base; abdomen lost.”
This description differs from Walker’s mainly in the different use of the term vertex,
and the mention of “green strongly mixed with red” as the color of the face and vertex.
The latter discrepancy is slightly puzzling as I have not seen specimens with anything
but pure red scales on the front and in the space just behind the white fillet (Prout
restricted the term vertex to the narrow space, often evident as a colored border, just
posterior to the white fillet; Walker called the fillet the vertex). However, the mixing of
red and green scales on the head is such a common form of variation within species of
Nemovia that such a condition as Prout described would not be unexpected. It should
be noted that Prout’s description implied that there were red scales on the vertex (=
posterior margin of fillet), and this is an important character of extremaria, dis-
tinguishing it from elfa.
In the above paper of 1917b, Barnes and McDunnough doubtfully referred a
specimen from Hastings, Fla., to extremaria, and that appears to have been the first
correct identification of this species. I have examined the Hastings specimen (now in
the USNM), including its genitalia, and agree with their determination.
The Racheospila extremaria of Kimball (1965, pp. 161-162), in part, is my
Nemoria outina, new species, but his Oneco records apparently refer to 14 males and
2 females taken by Dr. J. G. Franclemont at that locality, Mar. 22—Apr. 1, 1954. These
were correctly determined as extremaria by Franclemont and the data made available
to Mr. Kimball. The Oneco series (JGF collection) is the largest from any one locality,
and in fact the largest block of specimens known in any collection.
Nemoria elfa, new species
Plate 11, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 32, figure 4; plate 44, figures 3-5.
Diacnosis. This is a very small southeastern species close to extremaria in size and
appearance, but differing in the following characters: male antennae more widely
pectinate; front of head and hind margin of vertex, which are red in extremaria,
entirely green in elfa; costa not flushed with red at base but entirely whitish; fringes,
always pink in extremaria, pure white in elfa; white lines of wings wider and more dis-
tinct in elfa, tending to be more irregular. In the genitalia there seem to be differences
only in the females. Both species occur in Fla. but elfa is the more widespread, reaching
N.C. and central Texas.
Types. Holotype male, University of Florida Conservation Reserve, Welaka, Putnam
Co., Fla., Mar. 15, 1962 (D.C. Ferguson), DCF slide No. 926, in the YPM. Paratypes,
1 male, Fort Myers, Fla., Apr. 1, 1912 (F. H. Rindge slide No. 5415, AMNH); 1 female,
Waccasassa River, Gulf Hammock, Levy Co., Fla., Mar. 20, 1954 (J. G. Franclemont
and in his collection); 1 female, Punta Gorda, Fla. June 10, 1951, H. Ramstadt
(AMNH); 1 female, Monticello, Fla., Mar. 16, 1919, W. A. Hoffman (Cornell col-
lection); 4 males, 11 females, The Wedge plantation, South Santee River, Charleston
Co., S.C., Mar. 28-29, 1967, and a reared series of 18 males, 8 females, same locality,
May 22-June 2, 1967 (D. C. Ferguson); 2 males, 4 females, same locality, July 7, 12, 21,
Aug. 1, 4, 1967 (J. W. Porter); 3 males, 7 females, Leland, N. C., June 16-18, 1946, Otto
Buchholz (AMNH). Paratypes have also been distributed to the CNC, USNM, YPM,
and the R. B. Dominick collection.
FuRTHER DescripTION. External structure nearly the same as in extremaria but male
antennae with longer and thinner pectinations; length of longest branches almost
equal to 4 times diameter of shaft at same point; corresponding branches in extremaria
little more than half this length. Palpi of both sexes small, scarcely exceeding front,
apparently about the same as in extremaria.
60 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Antennal scales and interantennal fillet pure white; hind margin of fillet green;
front green, sometimes yellowish or partly so (perhaps discolored), but without reddish
tints, with or without a whitish lower margin; palpi white or greenish, very faintly
tinged with pink, especially on the third segment, anterior side of foreleg pale rusty
orange or dull reddish, middle tibia sometimes with a trace of the same shade but
legs otherwise whitish; underside of body white; upperside of thorax and first three or
four abdominal segments light green with a slight mixture of white scales; posterior
half of abdomen entirely white or with a trace of dorsal green scales continuing to
segment 8
Upperside of both wings light green, paler than extremaria, unstriated; white
lines distinctly wider than in extremaria and more inclined to be irregular, even
slightly dentate; antemedials convex, not quite as well defined as postmedials; post-
medials almost parallel to outer margin, that of the hindwing noticeably bent at
Cu,; discal spots very small and blackish in Florida specimens, generally smaller
than those of extremeria; in South Carolina specimens either green or blackish,
varying from prominent to obsolete; either lacking, or green instead of blackish, in
all examples seen from elsewhere; costa white with a luteous subcostal border sepa-
rating it from the green area of the wing as in other species of the extremaria
group; fringes white except for a faint trace of pink at the apex of the forewing.
Underside much paler, with lines and discal spots obsolete, and with the costa faintly
flushed with orange or pink.
Length of forewing: males, 8-10 mm; females, 10-12 mm; holotype male, 9 mm.
Females apparently averaging considerably larger than males.
Mate Geniratia. Apparently indistinguishable from those of extremaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Close to those of extremaria but with a larger preostial fold that is
more coarsely rugose along the posterior margin, and with conspicuous areas of coarsely
ribbed integument on both sides of the eighth sternite, radiating out from the sides of the
ostium.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 35 males, 35 females; 2 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Fort Myers; Bonita Springs; Punta Gorda; Hastings; Orlando;
Waccasassa River, Gulf Hammock, Levy Co.; Welaka, Putnam Co.; Monticello, Jeffer-
son Co. sOUTH CAROLINA: The Wedge Plantation, South Santee River, Charleston Co.
NORTH CAROLINA: Leland. Texas: Kerrville; Kerrville State Park, Kerr Co.; Pharr.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Specimens from N.C. and Texas tend to lack the blackish
discal spots present in nearly all Fla. specimens. N.C. examples are light green like
Fla. ones, but tend to have a slight darker green shade along the inner side of the
postmedials and on both sides of the antemedials. The Texas specimens are uniformly
colored but a slightly deeper, more intense shade of green than the type material, and
consequently with the white lines emphasized in greater contrast. Those from S.C.
are similar to Fla. specimens. There is little or no variation in size.
Fricut Pertop. Mostly Mar. 8—-Apr. 1 in Fla., but one on May 3 at Orlando and one
on June 10 at Punta Gorda. Mar. 28-Nov. 22 in S.C. Taken only on June 16, 17
and 18, 1946, at Leland, N.C. In Texas, taken on June 3 and 5, 1948 (Buchholz)
and July 1, 1962 (R. O. Kendall) at Kerrville, and July 7, 1948, at Pharr (Buchholz).
Earty Sracrs. In 1967 I reared elfa from a female taken in March at The Wedge
Plantation, near McClellanville, S.C., and the young larvae were much like those
of other species of Nemoria. From the various plants offered, these larvae showed a
distinct preference for sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua. They otherwise fed, but
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 61
only slightly, on bayberry. The 26 reared adults of this brood, included in the
paratype series, emerged between May 22 and June 2, 1967.
Nemoria tuscarora, new species
Plate 11, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 32, figure 7; plate 44, figures 6-8.
Dracnosis. This species of the southern Appalachian Mountains looks almost exactly
like Nemoria mimosaria but the genitalia, which are strikingly different, place it in the
extremaria group. The wings are just slightly different in shape from those of
mimosaria, being wider and less produced at the apices with the lines thicker, and
the characteristic white abdominal spots of mimosaria lacking. Both male and female
genitalia of tuscarora are exceedingly close to those of extremaria but larger. They
are not at all like anything in the group to which mizmosaria belongs.
Typrs. Holotype female, Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co., N.C., June 25, 1958 (J. G.
Franclemont), DCF slide No. 883, in the Franclemont collection at Cornell Uni-
versity. Paratypes, one male, same locality and collection, July 27, 1958; one female,
same locality and collection, July 13, 1958; one male and one female, Mountain
Lake, Va., July 1, 1938, and July 20, 1940, respectively (L. J. and M. J. Milne), in
the CNC; one male, Cranberry Glade, vicinity of Richwood, W. Va., June 27, 1953
(A. B. Klots), in the AMNH.
SYNONYMY. None.
FurTHER Description. Antennae normal for the group; palpi of the two sexes nearly
the same length, rather small, exceeding front by a distance about equal to the
length of the third segment, which is approximately one-third the length of the second;
legs normal for the group.
Head with the usual white fillet between the antennae, behind which the head is
green; front faded rusty red with a variable white lower margin. In the type this
white frontal margin is wide and continuous but it may be divided into two spots or
reduced to a vestige. Palpi paler, faintly tinged with the same rusty red; front coxae
with some green vestiture, front femora and tibiae tinged with pale rust red; middle
tibiae also faintly reddish, remainder of legs and underside of body whitish. On the
dorsum the thorax is green, as is the abdomen to the fourth or fifth tergite; the last
three or four abdominal segments are entirely white. There are no abdominal spots.
Wings solid bright green, the same shade as mimosaria; costa thinly edged with
white, usually followed subcostally (as in the type) by a faint orange or apricot
colored line just one or two scales in width, this orange shade suffusing the whole
pale costal margin at the base; fringes of both wings pure white; no terminal line;
antemedial and postemedial lines white, almost exactly as in mimosaria but wider,
those of the females regular, of the males slightly sinuous; antemedials evenly convex;
postmedial of forewing almost straight, usually bent inward very slightly and _ be-
coming indistinct just before the costa; postmedial of hindwing angled at vein Cu,
just as in mimosaria; no discal spots. Underside much paler, with costal edging
luteous and the faint postmedials preceded by a diffuse but contrastingly darker green
shade.
Length of forewing: males, 11-11.5 mm; females, 12-13 mm; holotype female,
12 mm.
MALE GenitTatia. Almost exactly like those of extremaria but larger, the valves per-
haps longer, and the tooth at the distal end of the costa more prominent and
62 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
pointed. Uncus slightly more dilated towards the tip and eighth sternite more deeply
incised, but these characters are probably variable.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Hardly distinguishable from others of the extremaria group except
in size, being the largest, even slightly exceeding those of catachloa. Tuscarora seems
to differ from catachloa only in having a slightly smaller preostial fold.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 3 males, 3 females; 2 male, 3 female slides,
DIsTRIBUTION. NORTH CAROLINA: Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co. WEST VIRGINIA: Cranberry
Glade, vicinity of Richwood. virein1A: Mountain Lake.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent.
FLIGHT PErtop. June 25—July 27.
Earty Sraces. Unknown.
Remarks. When I first saw specimens of this species I thought they were southern
Appalachian representatives of mimosaria (which does reach Va.), but a look at
the genitalia soon dispelled this idea. I found that Dr. F. H. Rindge of the AMNH
had already made a slide of the male from W. Va. and had been impressed by the
remarkably different genitalia. At first it seemed likely that investigation of the long
series of mimoseria available in various collections would provide additional material
of tuscarora but this has not proved to be the case. It is still known from only six
specimens.
The species is named after the Tuscarora Indians, who originally inhabited the
Carolinas before they moved northward into Pennsylvania and New York to become
the sixth Iroquois Nation.
Nemoria catachloa (Hulst), new combination
Plate 11, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 32, figure 6; plate 44, figures 9-10.
Aplodes catachloa Hulst, 1898, p. 160. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Racheospila catachloa Prout, 1912, p. 104. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932,
p- 26. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Kimball, 1965, p. 161.
Dracnosis. Nemoria catachloa is a small- to medium-sized Florida species that is dis-
tinctive and easily recognized when one knows the characters, although it has been
commonly confused with other species, especially lixaria. Catachloa has discal spots,
a red terminal line, red-checkered fringes, and abdominal markings, as does lixaria,
but there are many differences. It is much smaller, the lines are more definitely dentate,
the fringes are more heavily suffused with red of a brighter color, the dorsal abdominal
spots are smaller and white rather than cream colored. Both sexes of catachloa have
very small palpi in which the second segment does not exceed the front, a characteristic
of the group in which I have placed it. The fore tibiae are solidly shaded with red
anteriorly and without white markings across the middle. The genitalia are similar
to those of the other species in this group and not at all like those of lixaria. Catachloa
is the only known species of the extremaria group with a spotted abdomen.
Tyres. A male from Charlotte Harbour, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) in the AMNH
(ex Hulst collection). The specimen is somewhat rubbed, but intact and recognizable.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 63
SYNONYMY. None.
FurTHER Description. Antennae, palpi and legs normal for the group; palpi of both
sexes very short, those of the female smaller; head with the usual white fillet and a band
of red behind; front deep rust red, with or without a white lower margin; if present,
the white margin is usually interrupted in the middle; palpi tinged with red but
paler; front coxae with some green vestiture; front leg faintly reddish in the same
way; hind leg white and underside of body whitish; dorsum of thorax solid green;
dorsum of abdomen shaded with green which diminishes posteriorly, although traces
of green may occur on all tergites. Within the green area, a series of white dorsal
abdominal spots on segments 4 to 6, surrounded or flanked by variable amounts of
red; the spot on segment 2 often reduced or absent, not a reliable character as it may
be present in both sexes and just as large as the spot on segment 1.
Wings bright green, sometimes slightly striated with white, and with a few white
scales on the veins in the outer third; costa with the usual white edging, followed, as
in tuscarora, by an ochreous or orange line which turns to reddish at the base and apex;
in catachloa this ochreous line often as wide as the white costal edging. Wings
with a strong red terminal line, feebly interrupted at veins. Fringes heavily suffused
with red, being crisply checkered with white basally but with the red areas becoming
confluent outwardly. The usual lines of the wings white, thin, distinct in fresh
specimens; antemedial of forewing slightly convex, sinuous, the two ends about equi-
distant from the base; antemedial of hindwing well rounded; postmedials decidedly
dentate and subparallel to outer margins; dark brown or blackish discal spots distinct
on both wings. Underside much paler with the lines obsolescent, and with a wider
luteous margin along the costa of the forewing.
Length of forewing: males, 8.5-10.5 mm; females, 10.5-12.5 mm.
Mate GEniTALiA. Essentially as in the other species of the extremaria group, differing
most noticeably in the form of the basal costal processes, which are the longest of
all the species, extending well beyond the end of the tegumen, evenly curved and
sickle-shaped. Saccus deeply emarginate, between the rather swollen, rounded processes
of the vinculum. Eighth sternite deeply incised like that of tuscarora. Aedeagus
showing no special characters.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Almost exactly like those of extremaria and tuscarora but with a
tendency to have a larger preostial fold.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 131 males, 44 females; 6 male, 5 female slides.
DiIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Welaka, Putnam Co.; Cassia, Lake Co.; Lake Placid and Hi-
coria, Highlands Co.; Oneco, Manatee Co.; Sarasota; Orlando; Dickinson State Park;
Altamont; Fort Meade; Fort Meyers; St. Petersburg; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Keystone
Heights; Weekiwachee Springs; Bonita Springs; Dunedin; Kissimmee; Biscayne Bay;
Charlotte Harbour.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FiicHT Prriop. Nov. 13—May 8, almost continuously; July 15-31 (one specimen); Aug.
24 (one specimen). No records seen for June, Sept. or Oct., but Kimball (1965,
p- 161) reports a few for June. So much of the Florida field work has been done
by visiting collectors during the winter and early spring months that this might
have given a false impression of the period of occurrence. Of the 170 specimens
examined, I collected 56 and Dr. Franclemont 55, all within the spring period from
Mar. 9 to Apr. 15. We have not been there at any other time.
Earrty StTAces. Unknown.
64 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
ReMARKs. It is interesting to note that there are remarkably few old specimens of
catachloa in collections. The USNM had only 5; the CNC none. Over 80% of the
material examined was collected only within the last 10 or 12 years and prior to that
time one might easily have concluded that catachloa was a rare or very local species.
Yet during a 6 week field trip to two widely separated localities in Florida in 1962
I was able to collect as many specimens of Nemoria catachloa as of any other
geometrid. I am sure that the apparent increase in abundance in recent years is nothing
more than a reflection of more intensive field work and perhaps more refined
collecting methods.
Nemoria outina, new species
Plate 11, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 32, figure 5, plate 44, figures 11-12.
Nemoria extremaria Kimball, 1965, pp. 161-162, partim.
Diacnosis. This is a rather small, intensely green, Floridian species, finely striated
with white, with plain yellow fringes, a red terminal line, and green, unmarked
abdomen. The wings have a somewhat distinctive shape, being relatively acute at
both the apex of the forewing and the anal angle of the hindwing. Outina is the only
southeastern species of Nemoria with the combination of red terminal line, plain
fringes, and green, unspotted abdomen.
Typrs. Holotype male, Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.,
Mar. 25, 1962 (D. C. Ferguson), DCF slide No. 927, deposited in YPM. Paratypes,
1 female, same locality and collector, Mar. 28, 1962; 4 males, same locality, Feb. 11,
Mar. 13, 17, 25, 1958 (Roger Pease); 1 female, same locality and collector, ADE. 2,
1958; 1 female, same locality, May, 1961 (H. E. and M. A. Evans); 1 male, same
locality, Mar. 27, 1967 (Robert G. Beard); 7 males, 4 females, Port Sewall, Martin
Co., Fla., Feb. 1, Feb. 4, Mar. 2, Mar. 31, Nov. 16-18, 24-26, Dec. 6-12, Dec. 14-27,
Dec. 19, 1938 (L. C. and L. J. Sanford); 1 male, Weekiwachee Springs, Fla.,
Feb. 25, 1955 (J. F. May); 2 males, Orlando, Fla., Mar. 16, 1942, Mar. 26, 1946
(D. F. Berry); 1 male, Florida City, Fla., Jan. 3, 1938. Paratypes mostly in the
AMNH, a few in the YPM, MCZ, CNC, and the collection of the author.
SyNoNyMy. None.
FurTHER Description. Male antenna bipectinate almost to tip, with branches long,
the longest equal to four or five times diameter of shaft; female antenna slender,
ciliate beneath in the usual way; male palpi minute, not or only barely reaching
front; female palpi a little longer, slightly exceeding front. In both sexes third palpal
joint about half length of second. Legs normal; hind tibia of male dilated and with
a distinct terminal process; hind tarsus three-fifths the length of the tibia.
On the head, the usual white interantennal fillet with a thin bright red border
behind; scales on male antenna pinkish white to yellowish, on female antenna white;
front deep red with a very few green scales mixed in; palpi reddish; front coxa
greenish; front femur and tibia reddish with yellow scales mixed in; front tarsus
and middle leg yellowish; hind leg white; underside of abdomen white; upperside of
thorax and abdomen bright green, in the male reduced to a trace on the last two
or three segments.
Wings broad but slightly produced, outer margins less convex than is normal,
so that apex of the forewing and anal angle of the hindwing are unusually pointed.
Color bright green of an intense shade when fresh, finely and evenly striated with
white; costa white with a red patch at the base and shading to yellowish at the apex.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 65
A thin yellowish edging along the hind margin of the costa separating the white
from the green, as in every species of the extremaria group. Fringes plain, decidedly
yellowish, paler towards the base; wings with a thin but well defined bright red
terminal line, slightly interrupted at the veins; antemedial lines indistinct; postmedial
of forewing vague, whitish, quite regular, straight and almost erect; postmedial of
hindwing slightly sinuous, curving with the outer margin and almost disappearing
toward the inner margin; discal spots small, blackish, as in catachloa.
Length of forewing: males, 9-10 mm; females, 10-10.5 mm; holotype male, 10 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Hardly distinguishable from the male genitalia of extremaria or
tuscarora. Valve longer and thinner than that of extremaria, about the same as in
tuscarora. Excavation of the saccus a little different from that in the others, being
shallowly V-shaped, with the hind margin of the eighth sternite only very feebly
incised. Aedeagus similar to that of all the species in the extremaria group.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Very close to the others of the group, but bursa with a thinner,
more constricted neck region; postostial part of genital plate unsclerotized; ostium with
the beginnings of a bilobed cavity beneath the preostial fold, possibly as a precursor
to the type found in bistriaria and bifilata; signum a slender invaginated crescent of
chitin.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 20 males, 8 females; 7 male, 3 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Weekiwachee Springs, Hernando
Co.; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; St. Petersburg; Orlando; Florida City.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FLIGHT PERIop. Jan. 3; Feb. 1—Mar. 31; ‘‘Aug.”; “Nov. 16-18,” “24-26”; Dec. 19, “6-12,”
“14-27.” Most of the known records are for Mar. and Feb.
EARLY STAGES. Unknown.
Remarks. A few specimens of this species have been misdetermined as extremaria
but only once did this get into print. Part of the records cited by Kimball (1965,
pp- 161-162) for extremaria are outina and part are the real extremaria.
Group V. The lixaria group. Two southeastern species, superficially similar and ap-
parently related, although not especially close.
Nemoria lixaria (Guenée)
Plate 2, figure 4; plate 12, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 33, figure 1; plate 44, figures 13-16.
Racheospila lixaria Guenée, 1857, p. 374. Walker, 1861, p. 581. Packard, 1876, p. 384. Hulst, 1896,
p. 314. Dyar, 1902, [1903], p. 300. Prout, 1912, p. 103. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99;
1917b, p. 217. Prout, 1932, p. 25. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Kimball, 1965, p. 161.
Nemoria species from Georgia, Forbes, 1948, p. 114, and fig. 124.
Geometra inclusaria Walker, 1861, p. 508. Packard, 1876, p. 395. Hulst, 1886b, p. 140.
Racheospila inclusaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 300 (as synonym of lixaria).
Synchlora texana Hulst, 1898, p. 160. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301. Prout, 1912, p. 116. New
synonymy.
66 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Racheospila texana Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 26. McDunnough,
1938, p. 140.
Racheospila associaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917b, p. 219. Prout, 1932, p. 26. McDunnough,
1938, p. 140. Kimball, 1965, p. 161. New synonymy.
Racheospila knobelaria Cassino, 1927, p. 66. Prout, 1932, p. 26. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Kim-
ball, 1965, p. 162. New synonymy.
Dracnosts. Nemoria lixaria is a medium-sized to quite large species of the southeast
from Fla. to Texas, and northward at least to N.C. and Ark. It has very thin, slightly
sinuous or sometimes dentate lines, dark discal spots, a red terminal line, crisply
checkered fringes (in fresh specimens), variable whitish to cream colored abdominal
spots bordered with red, long palpi, whitish spots at the upper corners of the red
front in addition to the white lower border, and an irregular white band across the
middle of the red front tibia. It is easily distinguished from catachloa by the latter’s
smaller size, much shorter palpi, more dentate lines, lack of white markings on the
front tibia and lack of the upper spots on the front. Other species of the extremaria
group differ from lixaria in their small palpi and lack of abdominal markings. Saturiba
has no white bands on the front tibiae, has the abdominal markings mostly con-
centrated in the form of a large central brown patch, and of course different
genitalia, although it is otherwise very similar. The green form of Nemoria bistriaria
has many characters in common with lixaria and I think is most likely to cause
confusion. In bistriaria the palpi are also long, and the front, tibiae, abdomen and
fringes tend to be similarly marked but less intensely so. The lines of bistriaria are
inclined to be straighter and more regular, but the two species may overlap in this
character. Again the genitalia are very different.
Lixaria is very distinctive in the genitalia of both sexes and appears to have no
near relatives in this region. Two Prout species from Mexico, cosmeta and toxeres, look
extremely close to lixaria but have genitalia that place them nearer obliqua.
Occasional melanics occur with very unusual looking dark-brown lines and fringes.
These are the only examples of melanism I have seen in the Geometrinae.
Types. The type of lixaria is a male in the USNM bearing 6 labels that I quote as
follows: 1) Etats uni [sic], 2) Ex Musaeo Achille Guenée, 3) Typical Specimen, 4)
Oberthur Collection, 5) Racheospila Lixaria, Guenée, Sp. G No. 601. Ameriq. Septentr.,
6) Lixaria Gn. Am. bor. The type has been badly stained, chewed and mildewed, and
only the outer halves of the wings now retain the original color and markings. The
red margin and discal spots show distinctly, and the postmedial line is dentate, as
Guenée stated. The outer end of the abdomen has been eaten away and the re-
maining basal half is so badly discolored that the dorsal markings are no longer
visible. A short piece of the left antenna remains, showing that the specimen is a
male. The size is just right, and it was my impression when I examined the type
that it could hardly represent any other species in this fauna. Recourse to Guenée’s
description provides additional detail that I think makes the identification conclusive;
for example: “Ailes . . . avec un liseré rouge fin, trés-net, interrompu par des points
blancs vis-a-vis des traits rouges qui entrecoupent la frange. . . . Abdomen avec de
grandes taches blanches liserées de rouge”’.
It is generally assumed that American specimens described by Guenée with the
notation, “Coll. Gn.”, originated with John Abbot in Georgia, a very likely place for
lixaria to have been found. The AMNH actually has specimens from Screven Co.,
Ga., where Abbot is believed to have spent most of his life, and I have seen many
from the vicinity of Charleston and McClellanville, S.C., so apparently the species is
not uncommon in that region.
Inclusaria Walker was described from seven specimens collected by Edward Double-
day at “St. John’s Bluff, East Florida” (now the site of Fort Caroline National
Memorial, about 5 miles up the St. John’s River, Duval Co., Fla.). The surviving
type is a female in the BM.
The type of texana Hulst, a male from Austin, Texas, is in the AMNH.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 67
The type of associaria Barnes and McDunnough is a female (repaired with
wrong abdomen; see Synonymy below) from Fort Myers, Fla., Apr. 16-23. It is in the
USNM (ex Barnes collection).
Knobelaria Cassino was based on 6 males and 2 females from Hope, Ark., collected
by Miss Louise Knobel. The holotype male, taken Aug. 5 [1923], allotype female, July
31, and 5 male and one female paratypes, June 8—Aug. 30, are all in the MCZ (ex
Cassino collection), except one paratype which is in the CNC. It has been stated that
the types of knobelaria could not be found (Kimball, 1965, p. 162), but when I
visited the MCZ in April, 1965, I was able to locate them. I have examined the entire
type series of knobelaria.
Synonymy. The original description of inclusaria Walker is most unsatisfactory, men-
tioning mainly those characters common to all species of Nemoria, but the surviving
female type in the BM, of which I have a colored photograph, is quite definitely
lixaria. The large size (26 mm expanse), long palpi, dark discal spots, strong red
terminal line and sinuous postmedial virtually eliminate other possibilities. The ab-
domen is lost. Lixaria certainly occurs at St. Johns Bluff as I collected one there on
Apr. 20, 1962.
The type of texana Hulst is abnormal for lixaria in several respects. It is very
pale green, almost translucent; the fringe coloring is heavier and darker, almost
exactly as in saturiba; the dark brown discal spots are very large, even larger than in
saturiba; the postmedial lines are quite strongly dentate and faintly shaded inwardly
with brownish, especially near the costa. The abdominal spots and the genitalia are
exactly like those of lixaria, and it seems likely that the differences noted fall well
within the variational limits of lixaria (see further description).
It seemed strange that no species to match the unique type of associaria Barnes
and McDunnough had ever turned up, and my examination of this specimen in the
USNM proved especially enlightening. This type is clearly a large, badly worn female of
lixaria to which has been glued a female abdomen of Nemoria bifilata. McDunnough
either did not notice this or ignored it, although it is very evident that the abdomen
has been repaired. Of course at that time McDunnough still did not know lixaria,
but it is a little surprising that he was not suspicious as the almost unique striped
abdomen was identical to that of the species he had just described (as abdominaria)
in a preceding paragraph.
There is no doubt that knobelaria is another synonym, although this has not
been previously suggested. There is nothing about the type series or the description
to indicate that it is anything other than lixaria. I have seen one or two specimens
from Hope, Arkansas, with the melanic tendencies discussed elsewhere, but the types
of knobelaria are normal green specimens just like lixarta from Florida or Georgia,
and the genitalia are indistinguishable. All of the four new species of this genus
described by Cassino in his paper of 1927 are synonyms.
FurTHER DescripTION. Male antennae rather narrowly bipectinate, gradually tapering
and becoming simple three-quarters of the way to the tip; longest branches no more
than twice the diameter of the shaft; female antennae very slender and ciliate; male
palpi moderately large, the second segment exceeding the front by a distance at
least equal to the length of the small, rounded third segment; female palpi very long,
the second segment exceeding front for half its length, the third segment almost as long
as the second; hind tibia of male strongly dilated and with a well developed terminal
process two-fifths the length of the tarsus; hind tarsus of male less than one-half the
length of the tibia.
Antennal shaft in both sexes white near the base, turning luteous and then
reddish distally; interantennal fillet white with a red border behind; collar green;
front red with a white border at the bottom and a cream-colored spot in each upper
corner; palpi with basal segment whitish, second and third segment heavily tinged
with rose red, and third segment with a white tip; fore coxae with green and white
68 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
vestiture, femur luteous with a red tip, fore tibia red anteriorly, with an oblique
white band across the middle, an apical tuft of white scales, and with a tuft of long
brown hair-like scales posteriorly; middle femur with a small apical red patch; legs
otherwise whitish; underside of body whitish; thorax above solid green; dorsum of
abdomen green, diminishing on the last four segments. Abdominal segments 1, 3 and
4 always with distinct, cream-colored or whitish dorsal spots surrounded by red, that of
segment 2 being present or absent but, if present, usually reduced in size. Segments
5 to 7 may also have reduced spots, especially in females, and the metathorax may have
a red lunule adjacent to the first abdominal spot. When the abdominal spots are
large, especially as in some females, those on segments 3, 4 and 5 may appear almost
confluent.
Wings (normal form) bright green; costa with the usual whitish edging and a
trace of red at the base; terminal line crimson, quite strongly developed and continuous
except for minute whitish interruptions at the veins; fringes whitish or ivory, rather
boldly checkered with pinkish-red rays opposite the veins; lines of the wings white,
very thin and vague, the antemedials often scarcely visible; antemedial of forewing
somewhat waved, rounded, the two ends about equidistant from the wing base; an-
temedial of hindwing similar, nearer the base; postmedial of forewing slightly sinuous
to dentate, subparallel to outer margin for most of its length but bending slightly
inward and almost disappearing toward costa; postmedial of hindwing similar, less
inclined to be dentate, often quite sharply bent on vein Cu,; dark brown discal spots
present but sometimes very small.
There is a rare form of lixaria that shows the beginnings of melanism, and in
collections these have most often been tentatively determined as texana or knobelaria.
According to the types, however, neither of these names really represents this
form, although texana does have a suggestion of a dark shade along the postmedial
line. In these specimens, which are the only melanic Geometrinae I have seen, the
red coloring of the head, legs, abdomen and fringes is replaced, entirely or in part,
by dark brown, the lines of the wings are a dark brown, almost black, and the dark
discal spots are abnormally large. In addition, the more extreme examples may have
the green areas of the wings heavily intermixed with a sprinkling of dark scales;
although still obviously green, such specimens appear much darker than normal ones.
Along with the dark lines and almost black and white fringes, such coloring gives them
a strange aspect. This melanic form is not a discrete one; variation is a continuum
from those specimens that show only traces of darkening along the lines to the
extreme condition just described. Only about 13 melanic specimens are known, of
which I have seen 10. They tend to occur in the more western portions of the range
(see Geographical Variation).
Length of forewing: male, 10.5-13 mm; female, 12-15 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Very distinctive. Uncus stout, bending downward and abruptly di-
lated as a wide, flattened and rounded expansion towards the tip, the sides of this
expansion being folded downward and the rounded tip reflexed; socii large, subequal
in length to the free portion of the uncus; gnathos with a long but relatively slender
apical hook; transtilla a wide, even, sclerotized band, usually with a slight arcuate
thickening at the middle; juxta of the usual papilliform type but stout; sides of
vinculum strongly convergent towards saccus, which has a very deep, U-shaped exca-
vation; valve thickened and almost subcylindrical but not wide, rather straight-sided,
the tip rounded and membranous, and with a blunt tooth at the outer end of the
costa; basal costal processes large, laminate but rigidly sclerotized, rounded and some-
what reniform in outline, strongly concave on the inner surfaces; aedeagus stout, the
sclerotized distal end acuminate, and with a prominent semicircular, serrated, dorsal
process at about the middle; eighth sternite usually quite deeply incised.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ductus bursae and bursa entirely membranous, with a small in-
vaginated signum of the usual type; caudal end of bursa evenly rounded and with
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 69
ductus entering at the side; genital plate wide, vaguely defined anteriorly but be-
coming strongly sclerotized toward the posterior margin, which is irregularly sinuated.
The postostial part of the genital plate is thin but has the posterolateral extremities
sclerotized. Opposite the genital plate on the sternite of the eighth segment, there is a
triangular membranous evaginated lobe.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 152 males, 155 females; 25 male, 6 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Miami; Florida City; Daytona Beach; Fort Myers; St. Peters-
burg; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Ormond Beach; Oneco, Manatee Co.; Siesta Key;
Sarasota; Titusville; Lake Placid, Highlands Co.; Winter Park; New Smyrna; DeLand;
Vero Beach; Gainesville; Welaka, Putnam Co.; St. Johns Bluff, Duval Co.; Warrington;
Quincy, Gadsden Co.; Pensacola. GrorciA: Okefinokee Swamp; Savannah; Screven Co.
SOUTH CAROLINA: Charleston; Bull Is., Cape Romain Wildlife Refuge; Arrowhead Lake,
Myrtle Beach; Beaufort; Coosawhatchee; Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston
Co. NORTH CAROLINA: Leland, Raleigh. ALABAMA: Ozark. Mississippi: Biloxi, Harrison
Co.; Jackson, Bolton and Clinton, Hinds Co.; Pearl, Rankin Co. LoutstANA: Lafayette;
Winnfield; Lake Charles. arKANsAs: Hope. TExAs: Town Bluff, Tyler Co.; Spring,
Harris Co.; College Station, Brazos Co.; Conroe, Montgomery Co.; Austin. TENNESSEE:
“Tenn.” (1 female). NEw JERSEY: Lakehurst, a single male, June 11-20 (Lemmer).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There appears to be little geographical variation apart from
the tendency for melanic individuals to occur mostly in the western part of the range.
Few have been taken near the Atlantic coast, but there is one from Savannah, Ga.
(CU), and one from the Wedge Plantation, near McClellanville, S.C. (YPM). The
other records are as follows: Warrington, Fla., Feb. 18, 1961; Siesta Key, Fla., Jan. 16,
1961; W. Pensacola, Fla., July 12, 1961; Clinton, Hinds Co., Miss., Jan. 26, 1960 (all
in AMNH); Lafayette, La., Feb. 27, 1922; Lake Charles, La., Dec. 25 (MCZ); Town
Bluff, Tyler Co., Texas, Mar. 11, 1966 (AMNH); Hope, Ark., Oct. 22, 1931 (CNC).
Kimball (1965, p. 162, as knobelaria?) also reports records that I believe to be of
this form from Escambia Co. and Quincy, Fla., and he figures specimens from Warring-
ton and West Pensacola (Pl. XXI, figs. 13, 15). All of the specimens with melanic
tendencies I have seen have been males. Kimball’s figure 15 is stated to be that of a
female but looks like a male. The type of texana, from Austin, Texas, has a suggestion
of the dark shading on the antemedial lines.
FiicHT Periop. In Fla. this species probably flies throughout the year although I have
seen no records for June, Aug. or Oct., and only about one each for May, July, Sept.
and Noy. There are numerous records through the winter months, with a peak being
reached in Mar. and Apr. Again, this may only be indicative of collecting activity.
For Ga., Ala. and Miss., most records are also for the spring period, Apr. 2—June 10,
with a few in July and Aug., a single Ga. record for Oct. 10, and a Miss. record for
Jan. 26. The three La. records were taken Aug. 14, and Dec. 25 and 27. For S.C., the
available dates are Apr. 10-June 9, July 8—-Aug. 23, and Nov. 20; for N.C., June 21
and “early Oct.”; for Ark., July 25, Aug. 7, Sept. 18 and Oct. 22; for Texas, Mar. 11-27,
May 1, and Sept. 10.
Earty Sraces. In 1962 I successfully reared two broods of lixaria from females taken
at Welaka, Fla., April 18, and Charleston, S.C., April 28. Both broods were fed
northern red oak, Quercus borealis, and between June 15 and July 1, 1962, produced
fine series of full sized adults. Quercus borealis, just leafing out, was the only oak
available when I returned from Florida to the northeast.
The larva of lixaria is of the same type as all other known larvae of this genus,
with large, fleshy, dorsolateral protuberances on abdominal segments 2, 3 and 4, and
lesser protuberances on the remaining abdominal and thoracic segments. The processes
70 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
on segments A2 and A3 are larger than those in bistriaria, mimosaria or rubrifrontaria,
and rather acutely pointed, with the usual pair of setae at the tips; the process on
segment A4 is much shorter, and rounded or truncated. The processes on these three
segments in the other species are more nearly equal. Lixaria does not have dorsal
spots as do the above species, but has three rather prominent dark brown longitudinal
stripes on each segment between the dorsolateral processes, and is otherwise variegated
with a pattern of dark brown on a lighter brown background.
Nemoria saturiba, new species
Plate 12, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 33, figure 2; plate 44, figures 17-21.
Nemoria lixaria Forbes, 1948, p. 114 and fig. 123.
Racheospila [integra (Warren)] Kimball, 1965, p. 162.
Dracnosis. A rather conspicuous but long overlooked species of the southeast, super-
ficially similar to lixaria but differing in its distinctive abdominal markings and unique
genitalia. The abdomen has a large mesial dorsal patch of dark brown scales, and
usually a smaller basal spot of the same color, these markings replacing the row of
white spots characteristic of lixaria and many other species. Rare individuals of
saturiba have the brown markings replaced by red, and these had best be determined
by genitalia. In the valve of the male, a straight sclerotized costa is sharply differentiated
from the remaining, membranous portion, and these two parts are cleft into separate
lobes at the end. In the female, the genital plate is much larger than that of lixaria,
extending the full width of the seventh sternite.
Types. Holotype male, University of Florida Conservation Reserve, Welaka, Putnam
Co., Fla., Mar. 18, 1962 (D. C. Ferguson), DCF slide No. 941, deposited in the YPM.
Paratypes, 1 male, same locality and collector, Mar. 19, 1962; 1 male, Camp Rucker,
Ozark, Ala. Mar. 25, 1943 (J. G. Franclemont); 1 male, Savannah, Ga., Jan. 28,
1947 (M. H. Mead); 8 males, the Wedge Plantation, S. Santee River, Charleston
Co., S.C., Mar. 26-29, 1967 (D. C. Ferguson); 8 males, same locality and collector,
Mar. 16-27, 1968; 2 males, same locality, June 11, 20, 1967 (R. B. Dominick); 2 males,
6 females, same locality, July 12, 14, 21, 27, Aug. 8, 13, 1967 (J. W. Porter); 1 female,
Tryon, N.C., May 20, 1903 (Fiske); 1 female, Clinton, Hinds Co., Miss., May 20,
1963 (Bryant Mather); 1 female, Screven Co., Ga., May 18 (Otto Buchholz); 1
male, Gainesville, Fla., Feb. 22, 1955 (R. A. Morse); 1 female, Gainesville, Fla., Apr.
21, 1963 (R. P. Esser). ‘There are paratypes in the collections of the YPM, AMNH,
USNM, CNC, CU, J. G. Franclemont, C. P. Kimball, R. B. Dominick, and D. C.
Ferguson.
SyNonyrmMy. None.
FurTHER Description. Antennae, palpi and legs of both sexes similar to those of
lixaria; male palpus more slender than that of lixaria but about the same length, ex-
ceeding front by about the length of the third segment, which is half the length of the
second; legs also more slender; hind tibia very much dilated and with a terminal
process almost half the length of the tarsus.
Interantennal fillet white with a few reddish-brown scales on the posterior margin;
front red to deep reddish-brown, with a white lower border interrupted at the middle,
and with or without white maculae near the upper corners; palpi reddish-brown with
white tips; fore tibia pinkish to brown; front femur with an apical brown spot, which
may also occur in the middle femur; legs otherwise whitish; underside of body whitish;
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE Tit
upperside of thorax light green, this color extending to the first three tergites of the
abdomen. There is a small dark brown dorsal spot on abdominal segment 1, and on
segments 3-4 a larger brown patch that may overlap slightly onto segment 5. ‘There
may also be small traces of brown or green on the dorsum of segments 7 and 8. Other-
wise the last 3 or 4 segments are entirely white.
Wings green, a little paler than lixaria, and with the spots and lines more
distinct; lines white, very thin but visible for their full length, the antemedials and
postmedials about equally distinct; antemedials slightly sinuous, curved; postmedial of
forewing straight or only slightly convex in the males, curved and subparallel to outer
margin in the females; in both sexes even or very slightly sinuous, not dentate as is
often the case in lixaria; postmedial of hindwing similar but convex, strongly bent on
vein Cu,; costa edged with white, followed by a cream colored line separating it from
the green, and tinged with reddish at the base and apex; wings with red or reddish brown
terminal line, darker than that of lixaria, slightly interrupted at the veins; fringes
white with red rays opposite the veins; terminal line with slight concavities between
the veins, making the fringe appear crenulate, this being more noticeable than in
any other species examined. The outer margin of the hindwing is perceptibly produced
and angulate at vein M,—a slight but, for Nemoria, a distinctive character. Discal
spots dark brown, tending to be over twice the size of the spots in lixaria. Underside
very pale, paler than lixaria; costa bordered with yellowish; lines obsolescent; discal
spot prominent on forewing only.
Length of forewing: males, 10-12 mm; females, 13-14 mm; holotype, 11 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Uncus thin, spatulate; socii membranous, rounded, very long, almost
as long as uncus; gnathos rather delicate, with the usual tooth at the end; transtilla
deeply concave on anterior side, arcuated; juxta with papilliform process tapered almost
to a point in one example, quite dilated in another; vinculum delicate (as compared
with that of lixaria); saccus with a moderately deep, U-shaped excavation; basal
costal processes moderate, in length a little shorter than the gnathos tooth, irregularly
conical, with folds in the sides, and with the apex compressed. The valve of saturiba
is very peculiar and unlike that of any other species examined. It is longitudinally
divided into two sharply differentiated parts: a rigidly sclerotized, straight, almost
ribbon-like costa, rounded or tapered at the end, and a mostly membranous anterior
portion extending from the sacculus to the tip. These two halves of the valve are
divided distally by a deep excavation, separating them into free, rounded lobes at the
outer end. The relative lengths of the two halves of the valve vary. In the type, the
sclerotized costal portion exceeds the membranous lobe, but two specimens examined
from Texas showed the reverse. The dorsal surface of the sclerotized costa is dis-
tinctively marked with a dense pattern of short, fine, longitudinal striae. The aedeagus
lacks the prominent serrate process of lixaria, but has a long, sclerotized, trough-
shaped depression along its left side, bearing a row of small teeth. The eighth sternite
has a deep V-shaped excavation which divides the posterior margin into two rounded
lobes.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are also very distinctive. The preostial fold has developed
around the ostium as a large, bilobate, sclerotized invagination on the inner side of
the hind margin of the seventh sternite. This structure extends the entire width of the
posterior edge of the seventh segment. The ostium, thus enclosed, is itself rather
elaborately sclerotized, with rigid processes at each side. The ductus bursae is thick
and marked with ribs that continue down the whole length of the bursa neck. The
bursa copulatrix has a long but stout neck region that opens into a semiglobular
portion at the end. The signum is a small invaginated ridge of chitin.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 35 males, 11 females; 4 male, 2 female slides.
72, PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
DIsTRIBUTION. NORTH CAROLINA: Tryon. SOUTH CAROLINA: the Wedge Plantation, S. Santee
River, Charleston Co. Grorcia: Screven Co.; Savannah. FLoRIDA: Gainesville; Welaka,
Putnam Co. ALABAMA: Ozark. Mississippi: Clinton, Hinds Co. Texas: Town Bluff,
Tyler Co.; 3 mi. S of Conroe, Montgomery Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Ten Texas specimens examined average somewhat darker,
and the usual red scaling on legs, front, and palpi has an admixture of brown. The
brown abdominal patches show more of a tendency to be marked with vestiges of the
white segmental spots that are normally obsolete in saturiba.
FLicHT Prrtop. Feb. 22—Aug. 20, earliest in Fla., later northward, except that the
Savannah specimen is dated “28 I 1947”. In S.C. it flies at least in Mar., June, July
and Aug. The Texas records were taken Mar. 3-27.
Earty Sraces. In 1968 I reared saturiba from a female taken at the Wedge Plantation,
McClellanville, $.C., in Aug. The larvae, which fed on Liquidambar, were unusually
stout, with shorter, more obtuse protuberances than in any other species of Nemoria
examined. They were brown, except for abdominal segments 1, 3 and 5, which were
green laterally.
Remarks. I compared this species with what is supposed to be integra from South
America and decided that they could not possibly be the same. The chief point of
resemblance is that both have a brown patch on the abdomen, but many diverse
Neotropical species have such markings.
The uncus and peculiar valve of saturiba are readily seen in males that have the
genitalia even just partly extruded, and positive determination of such specimens,
based on genitalia, is possible without making slides. But in nearly all of the specimens
I have seen the brown abdominal patches have been conspicuous, and since this also
is a unique character for the geographical region concerned, recognition of saturiba
should not be a difficult matter.
The name is that of a sixteenth century Timucua Indian chief who lived in the
St. Johns River region of Florida.
Group VI. The obliqua group. Three western species, apparently related but not espe-
cially close.
Nemoria darwiniata darwiniata (Dyar)
Plate 12, figures 3, 3a, 3b, 4, 4a, 4b; plate 13, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 33, figure 3; plate 44, figures
22-24,
Aplodes rubrifrontaria var. darwiniata Dyar, 1904a, p. 903.
Aplodes darwiniata Dyar, 1904b, p. 121. Taylor, 1908, p. 100, 170.
Nemoria darwiniata Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Prentice, 1963, p. 306 (host plant records)
Nemoria oregonensis Cassino, 1927, p. 67. Prout, 1932, p. 23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. New
synonymy.
Nemoria mentastii Guedet, 1941, p. 190. New synonymy.
Dracnosis. Nemoria darwiniata is a medium sized to large western species, occurring
in the nominate form from San Francisco Bay northward, and southward as subspecies
punctularia. It has white abdominal spots bordered with red, a red front and red
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE WE
palpi, and cream colored fringes, often with weak pink rays toward the apex. Small
red or green discal spots may be present or absent. The species looks as though it
belonged in the bistriaria complex but there are certain genitalic features that are
different. Nemoria glaucomarginaria is the species most commonly confused with
darwiniata, and specimens of the latter without discal spots and with faded abdominal
markings may be virtually impossible to determine on superficial characters. There
are structures in the genitalia of both sexes that are strikingly different, however, and
reveal that the two species are not as close as they appear. The basal costal processes
in the male genitalia of darwiniata are small, compressed and inconspicuous; those of
glaucomarginaria are long and bifurcate. In the female, darwiniata has a normal,
unmodified type of ductus bursae; in glaucomarginaria the ductus is dilated and
funnel-shaped, ending in a greatly enlarged ostium.
Types. Darwiniata was described from sixteen specimens taken (as inferred from the
introductory remarks, Dyar, 1904a, p. 781) by Dyar at Kaslo, British Columbia, June
9, 16, 20, 23, 25, 30, July 4, 19, Aug. 3, 5, 6, 7 [1903]. The original description ends
with the statement: “Type—Cat. No. 7104, U.S. National Museum.” There are now
seven cotypes in the USNM all labeled “Type No. 7104.” Only two of these are
labeled Kaslo; of the remainder, four are from Arrowhead Lake, B.C. and one, which
appears to be glaucomarginaria, from Martinez, Calif. (Coll. C. V. Riley). Neither
of the Kaslo specimens bears a date. I hereby designate as lectotype the male in the
USNM which bears, among others, the following three labels: Kaslo Cr., B.C.; H. G.
Dyar, Collector; 19138. Dr. Ronald Hodges kindly made a genitalia slide of this
specimen which has enabled me to provide the accompanying figure. The abdomen of
the lectotype had very reduced white dorsal spots only faintly edged with orange red
(presumably faded); it has no discal spots and the fringes are entirely whitish except
for one red ray at the apex. It is one of those specimens that could be mistaken for
glaucomarginaria, but the genitalia clearly establish its identity.
The type of oregonensis is a male from Corvallis, Oregon, July 22, in the MCZ.
It and the following were described from single specimens.
The type of mentastiw is a female from Glen Ellen, Sonoma Co., Calif. May 12,
1940. It is in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco.
SyNonyMy. Oregonensis, which Cassino thought to be “quite unlike any other known
‘sreen’’”’, is a minor aberration of darwiniata in which the lines of the forewing almost
come together at the inner margin. Such variation is not uncommon in this species
as the distance between the lines is somewhat unstable. The genitalia of the type of
oregonensis, which I figure, are perfectly normal for darwiniata.
The type of mentastii, which I have been unable to examine, is almost certainly
a more exaggerated oregonensis type of aberration in which the lines of the forewing
actually meet at the inner margin. The original description is just detailed enough
so that one may narrow it down to darwiniata with a fair degree of certainty, although
there remains a possibility that it could be glaucomarginaria. Guedet’s description,
including the size (27 mm. expanse), would fit either of these species closely except
for the aberrant lines on the forewing. There is no other known species in that part
of California with the combination of characters given.
FurTHER Description. Male antenna bipectinate for a little over two-thirds, the distal
end ciliate like that of the female; length of longest branches about two and one
half times the diameter of the shaft; female antenna very slender, minutely ciliate
beneath; male palpi short, stubby, almost truncate, exceeding front by about the
same distance as the basal segment of the antenna; third segment very short, wide, and
rounded; female palpi longer, extending beyond front twice as far as the male palpi,
and with a more elongated third segment which may, however, be partly concealed by
scales of the second. The structure of the legs is normal for Nemoria Groups VI to VIII.
74 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Scales of antennae luteous; white fillet with a reddish hind margin varying from
a few red and yellowish scales to a complete red border; front shield-shaped with a
variable white lower border interrupted at the middle, or reduced to just a few white
scales at the corners, often also with small white spots in the upper corners; palpi
heavily shaded with rose outwardly; forelegs shaded with rose anteriorly, except the
coxae, which have green and white vestiture; the legs, and the underside of the body,
otherwise whitish; thorax green above; dorsum of abdomen green near the base, fading
to white on segment 4 or 5, and with white dorsal spots encircled by red on segments
1, 3 and 4. The red on the abdomen, when not discolored, is usually deep rose or
crimson, not the dull rust red characteristic of glawcomarginaria.
Fore- and hindwings light green, faintly striated with whitish, often with a bluish
tint, close to the shade of rubrifrontaria but perhaps not as intense; lines white, thin
but usually distinct; antemedials convex, usually but not always well rounded, even or
slightly sinuous; postmedial of forewing straight or bending in slightly near costa,
subparallel to outer margin; postmedial of hindwing crossing just beyond the middle,
often distinctly bent at vein Cu,, or may be almost straight or evenly convex; costa
white, tinged with red at the base and apex; fringes whitish, very faintly checkered
with pink, especially toward apex, the amount of pink in the fringes being variable;
no terminal line; discal spots present or absent; if present, variable from yellowish to
bright red.
Length of forewing: male, 13-16 mm; female, 14-18.
Mate GenirauiA. Large but with the parts tending to be slender and delicate. Uncus
thin and slightly spatulate; socii large, broad and rounded; gnathos long and slender
with the usual tooth at the end; transtilla with a deep U-shaped or circular excavation;
saccus deeply emarginate. The valve usually appears rather elongated and _ slender
(the figure of oregonensis was drawn from Cassino’s slide, and the preparation is
flattened out); basal process of costa small to moderate, compressed and slightly
twisted, or concave on the inner face; tooth at distal end of costa large and rounded,
with the membranous outer end of the valve produced well beyond it; aedeagus
simple, with a long, pointed sclerotized tip but no teeth; eighth sternite moderately
incised.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Bursa copulatrix large, elongate, entirely membranous; signum
semicircular; posterior end of bursa with a lateral swelling from which the ductus
seminalis arises; ductus bursae membranous; preostial plate a thinly sclerotized band
occupying two-thirds the width of the segment; postostial plate an irregular, sclero-
tized, sinuated half circle around the ostium.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 184 males, 110 females; 11 male, 4 female slides. Two inflated larvae,
two pupal shells. Lectotype and cotypes of darwiniata, holotype of oregonensis.
DisTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Victoria; Duncans; Saanichton; Cameron Lake; Qua-
michan District; Thetis Island; Wellington; Departure Bay; Arrowhead Lake; Diamond
Head Trail, Squamish, 3200’; Kaslo; Peachland; Nelson; Hulcar; Sirdar. ALBERTA:
Waterton Lake. wAsHINcTon: Friday Harbour; Lake Crescent; Olympic Mountains;
Toutle; Bremerton; Factoria, King Co.; Brewster, Okanagan Co., 900’; Dayton, Co-
lumbia Co. oREGON: Baker; McMinnville; Corvallis; Dayton. CALIForNiIA: Shasta
Retreat, Mt. Shasta and Dunsmuir, Siskiyou Co.; Hat Creek Ranger Station, Shasta
Co.; Laytonville, Mendocino Co.; Mohawk and Keddie, Plumas Co.; 4 mi. W. of
Pinecrest, Tuolumne Co.; Cisco, Placer Co.; Anderson Springs and Mt. San Hedron,
Lake Co.; Jackson, Amador Co.; Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa Co.; Glen Alpine
and Meeks Bay, Lake Tahoe; Shady Rest Camp Ground, Mammoth Camp, Mono
Co.; Coleville, Mono Co.; The Geysers, Sonoma Co.; Spring Mountain and Mt. St.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 5)
Helena, Napa Co. ipAHo: Wallace; Moscow Mountains near Troy, 3500’; Gibsonville,
Lemhi Co., 5200’. Montana: Near Lolo Hot Spring, Missoula Co., 4000’; Trout
Valley. wyominc: Jenny Lake; Moran; 18 mi. S.W. of Big Horn, Sheridan Co.; Louis
Lake, 28 mi. S.W. of Lander, Fremont Co. coLorapo: 10 mi. S. of Steamboat Springs,
Routt Co.; Poncha Springs. uraH: Stockton; Glendale; Provo; Bryce; Tropic; Red
Canyon Camp, 11 mi. S.E. of Panguitch, Garfield Co. NEVADA: “Nevada.” ARIZONA:
Prescott, 6 mi. E. of Prescott, and Mayer, Yavapai Co.; Todd’s Lodge, Oak Creek
Canyon; Sedona, Pinal-Gila Co. line; Cochise Stronghold [Stronghold Canyon?] Dra-
goon Mountains (Cochise Stronghold is in the Chiricahua Mts.); Wheeler Canyon,
Hualpai Mts., Mohave Co.
I list all the Arizona records here although many Arizona specimens look more
like punctularia (see below).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. British Columbian examples are mostly without discal spots
and with the abdominal markings encircled with pale red. The tendency toward the
development of red discal spots and more intense red abdominal shading increases
southward and the frequency becomes fairly high in northern Calif., although the
discal spots are still not as large as in real punctularia from southern Calif. It may
well be that there is no actual break between the two populations in Calif., but
everything from south of San Francisco Bay seems to show the characters of punctularia,
such as they are.
Where the ranges of darwiniata and glaucomarginaria overlap in Calif., the trend
is for the distinguishing characters to be intensified, culminating in punctularia which,
because of its discal spots and dark red abdominal coloring, is nearly always readily
distinguishable from glaucomarginaria. Recognition of the latter species, with its dull
red abdominal markings and lack of discal spots, becomes more of a problem northward,
as in Ore. and Wash., where these characters in the two species become almost identical.
Glaucomarginaria does tend to have the abdominal spots larger, and cream colored
rather than white, but apart from these subtle tendencies and the distinctive genitalia,
I have been unable to find any other consistent differences.
Darwiniata remains quite constant down through the Rocky Mts. to Utah and
Colo., but the Ariz. populations are confusing and need further study. The material
available from Ariz. is inadequate but most of the specimens I have seen look quite
like punctularia. A series of eight in the USNM from the Hualpai Mountains goes a
step farther in one respect, having the fringes bright pink with a pale line at the
base. The abdominal markings of Ariz. specimens are like punctularia but the discal
spots are not especially well developed. Since the Ariz. material seems to be inter-
mediate, and also probably varies in other directions from one mountain range to
another, I have listed all the records under darwiniata.
Fiicnt Preriop. The records as a whole extend continuously over a long season from
Apr. 18 (Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co., Calif.) to Sept. 14 (Anderson Springs, Lake Co.,
Calif). There is good evidence of two generations per season. The dates available to me
for Vancouver Island, B.C. extend from June 3 to Aug. 23 with no apparent break,
but this long a flight period suggests that two broods are represented. The available
dates for northern Calif. do seem to break into two periods, Apr. 18—July 10,
and Aug. 12-Sept. 14. The other northwestern records in general also fit this pattern.
For Wyo., Colo. and Utah the dates span a midsummer period from June 23 to
Aug. 9, suggesting that at higher elevations the season is compressed, as one might
expect. The dates for Ariz. are Apr. 11—June 20, and Sept. 10-Oct. 29.
Earty Sraces. The egg and larva were described in detail by Dyar (1904b, p. 121),
and I have been able to examine two of his inflated larvae from Kaslo now in the
USNM. Im gross aspect these are very similar to all the other known Nemoria larvae
except that the lateral processes are relatively short on all segments. Only the processes
on abdominal segments 2, 3 and 4 are prominent, all others being reduced to small
76 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
tubercles. The integument is densely spinulate granulate, almost velvety. Although
the larvae of different Nemoria species look much alike there appear to be wide
differences in the texture of the integument and in the form of the many rather
elaborate setigerous tubercles.
The common host plant of darwiniata appears to be willow. Dyar’s brood was
reared on willow, and the Canadian Forest Insect Survey (Prentice, 1963, p. 307)
reports three collections on willow and one on Arbutus. In the CNC, the single
specimens from Nelson and Hulcar, B.C. were reared from willow, and another
specimen, from Sirdar, B.C., was reared from “C. sanguineus.” The emergence
dates for the last three specimens were June 27, 1960, July 14, 1953, and Sept. 6, 1960
respectively. Assuming that the winter is passed in the pupal stage, and that the
specimens were collected as larvae, these late dates indicate second or even third
generation emergences.
Nemoria darwiniata punctularia Barnes and McDunnough, new status
Plate 13, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 33, figure 4; plate 44, figures 25, 26.
Nemoria punctularia Barnes and McDunnough, 1918, p. 135. Prout, 1932, p. 24, McDunnough,
1938, p. 140. Comstock, 1960, pp. 436, 437.
Nemoria darwiniata californica Prout, 1932, p. 23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140 (as synonym of
punctularia).
Nemoria pistacearia Comstock and Henne, 1940, pp. 78-80, pls. 9-11 (nec Packard) (early stages).
DiAcnosis. Punctularia is a southern Californian population closely related to darwiniata
but distinguished by rather prominent red discal spots and differences in the coloring
of the abdomen. Previous authors have generally treated it as a distinct species but as
such it has seemed to me to be indefinable. There is evidence of a clinal connection
with darwiniata in the region of San Francisco Bay, and many examples from well
within the range of each race show in varying degree the characters of the other. The
known food plants of darwiniata and punctularia are different and there appear to be
minor differences in the genitalia.
Material from Arizona tends to look like punctularia, but as these specimens are
inconsistent and in some respects intermediate, I have listed all Arizona records under
darwiniata.
Types. Punctularia was described from one male from San Francisco, Calif., and
two females from Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Mts., Calif., now in the USNM
(ex Barnes Collection). I hereby designate the male from San Francisco as the
lectotype (F. H. Benjamin’s slide of male genitalia No. 263). The two females are
labeled as female type and paratype in McDunnough’s handwriting
Californica was from San Diego, Calif., and the type is in the Tring Museum.
The sex of the type was not stated.
SynonyMy. Prout’s description of californica consists only of the following statement:
“californica (Tayl., MS.) subsp. nov. has larger cell-dots, suggesting a transition to the
following species” [punctularia]. I have been unable to see the type, but considering
the locality and Prout’s opinion regarding it as a subspecies of darwiniata, there
seems to be no reason to doubt its identity.
FurTHER Description. Almost exactly like darwiniata except for the following differ-
ences: red or brownish discal spots always present and usually large enough to be
conspicuous; white abdominal markings with a tendency to be reduced in size and
sometimes obliterated by the surrounding red shading, which tends to be deep reddish
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE ai]
purple, or even brown. McDunnough’s characterization of punctularia was entirely
based on these features, but actually many southern Californian specimens have the
white abdominal spots just as large as darwiniata. The reddish shade on the abdomen
is nearly always darker, however.
Length of forewing: males, 13.5-15 mm; females, 13.5-16 mm.
Mate GENITALIA. Differing from those of darwiniata only in their slightly more slender
and delicate structure, smaller size, and less prominent basal and distal costal processes.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Exactly like those of darwiniata except that the postostial portion
of the genital plate tends not to be sclerotized.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 62 males, 34 females; 6 male, 4 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Mill Valley, Marin Co.; San Francisco; San Mateo, San
Mateo Co.; Santa Cruz; Lower Shenley Meadows, Greenhorn Mountains, Kern Co.;
2 mi. S. of Painted Cave, Santa Barbara Co.; Table Mountain, Singing Springs, and
Cloudburst Canyon, San Gabriel Mountains; Buckhorn Camp, 6800’, and near Buck-
horn Flat, Angeles Crest, Los Angeles Co.; Upper Shake Canyon, Los Angeles Co.;
Santa Monica Mts., 5 mi. N. of Beverley Hills, 1100’; Beverley Terrace, Los Angeles
Co.; Mint Canyon, Los Angeles Co.; Phelan; Witch Creek; Lake Arrowhead; Idyllwild,
San Jacinto Mts., Riverside Co.; Thermal, Riverside Co.; Glen Ivy; San Diego;
La Mesa and Julian, San Diego Co.; Borrego; Descanso; Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino
Co.; Barton Flats and Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co.; Camp Baldy, San
Bernardino Mts. Mexico: 11 mi. E. of Ensenada, Baja California.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. This is not especially noticeable except for the Arizona
populations discussed under darwiniata, and which might just as well be placed here.
Arizona specimens tend to have the fringes entirely pink except for a pale line at the
base, the discal spots smaller than punctularia, and the white abdominal spots un-
reduced although still surrounded by the deep reddish purple shade of punctularia.
One of a series of eight specimens from the Hualpai Mountains, Mohave Co., has the
two outer abdominal spots replaced by a solid brown patch, but the others have
normal spots.
FuicuTt Pertop. Apr. 14-July 11; July 27-Sept. 4; Sept. 24-Oct. 11; “Nov”; Dec. 12-Jan.
3. The dates are listed so as to indicate gaps as they appear from the material available.
It is not to be assumed that these periods all represent generations; more adequate
sampling will undoubtedly reveal greater continuity of flight times, at least in some
areas.
Earty Sracrs. Egg, larva and pupa described and figured (as Nemoria pistacearia) by
Comstock and Henne (1940, pp. 78-80, pls. 9-11). The food plants reported were
Ceanothus spinosus and an unidentified species of Quercus.
Remarks. I have included three specimens from Mill Valley, Marin Co., Calif. as
punctularia as they have the characters well developed. So the geographical boundary, if
there is one, is perhaps not San Francisco Bay itself but the northern limit of the low-
lands surrounding it.
Nemoria zelotes, new species
Plate 13, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 33, figure 5; plate 44, figures 27-29.
? Racheospela (sic) texaria Pearsall, 1906, p. 206.
78 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Dracnosis. This is a medium-sized to large species of southern Ariz. and adjacent N.M.,
characterized by a rather intense green coloring, somewhat angulate hindwing, pure
white abdominal spots surrounded by reddish brown, a strong, deep red terminal line,
whitish fringes, reddish discal spots, and rather thin white lines of which the postmedial
of the forewing is straight and the antemedial evenly curved. The female palpi are long
but not quite as long as those of obliqua. The genitalia of both sexes are very close to
those of obliqua but the males, at least, can be distinguished by differences in the shape
of the valve. Zelotes does not look like obliqua, mainly because the white lines are much
less prominent and the wing shape is different; the forewings of zelotes are more
pointed and the outer margins less convex, although there is a tendency for the hindwing
to be slightly angulate. Zelotes looks more like the Arizona form of darwiniata but
may at once be distinguished by the presence of a terminal line. The only near relative
that zelotes closely resembles superficially is Nemoria toxeres Prout of Mexico and
Central America; at least this is the closest species of which I am aware. However, toxeres
has genitalic characters that differ even more than do those of obliqua.
Types. Holotype male, Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.,
June 22, 1963 (J. G. Franclemont), DCF slide No. 969. Paratypes, 129 males, 19 females,
same locality and collector, June 11—July 25, and Aug. 22-Oct. 19, 1959, 1960 and
1963, mostly in late June and early July; 2 males, same locality, “Aug. 20-Sept. 5, 1957”
(T. W. Davies); 4 males, 2 females, Sunnyside, W. side Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co.,
Atiz;, July 7-17, 1958 (TE. W. Davies); 1 male, 1 female, Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mts., Ariz., Oct. 7, 1965, July 27, 1964 (R. F. Sternitzky); 1 female, Miller Canyon,
Huachuca Mts., Ariz., July 1, 1964 (R. F. Sternitzky); 14 males, 1 female, Cave Creek
Canyon, 5400’, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co., Ariz., May 20, June 10—July 19, Sept. 3,
1966 (J. G. Franclemont); 1 male, East Turkey Creek, 6400’, same area and collector,
June 28, 1966; 1 male, Onion Saddle, 7600’, same area and collector, July 12, 1966;
1 male, S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, near Portal, Cochise Co., Ariz., May 25,
1961 (M. Statham); 1 male, same locality and collector, July 29, 1959; 4 males52
females, same locality and collector, July 3, 1959; 1 male, Palmerlee, Cochise Co.,
Ariz., July; 1 female, Washington Mts., Ariz. no date; 2 males, MacMillan Camp,
7000’, 14 mi. N of Silver City, Grant Co., N.M., July 12, 15, 1964 (F., P. and M. Rindge).
Holotype and most paratypes in the Franclemont collection at Cornell University;
other paratypes in AMNH, USNM, and YPM.
FuRTHER DEscriPTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs almost exactly as in obliqua.
Third segment of male palpus rounded rather than conical; of the female long and
cylindrical, about as long as that of obliqua.
Antennal scales luteous, becoming red distally; interantennal fillet white with a
variable red posterior border, which may be reduced almost to the point of obsolescence
and luteous rather than red; front dull red, often with a mixture of green scales, and
nearly always with white maculae in the lower and upper corners; palpi tinged with
rose, the third segments pale at the tips, fore tibia dull red anteriorly with an oblique
white band across the middle; fore tarsi also faintly reddish; fore coxae with some green
hair, but legs otherwise whitish; underside of thorax and abdomen whitish; upperside
of thorax green like the wings; upperside of abdomen also green except that the last
segment is whitish and segments 1, 3 and 4 have pure white spots surrounded by vari-
able amounts of dark reddish-brown shading. The white spots, as in most males, may be
rather small, laterally compressed and encircled with a minimum of brown or, as in
most females, large and round, with much more brown surrounding them. A white spot
never seems to occur on segment 2.
Upperside of both wings bright green, paler than obliqua, about the same shade
as festaria but unstriated or very nearly so. White lines usually thin but distinct; ante-
medials strongly convex, on the forewing slightly waved; postmedial of forewing regular,
straight or slightly concave, often disappearing just before costa; postmedial of hind-
wing fairly regular, subparallel to outer margin, with a convex curve at Ms-Cu: and a
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 719
slight concave bend between Cuz and the second anal vein. Dark brown discal spots
normally present, often prominent, terminal line strongly developed, deep crimson
with a paler inner edge, slightly interrupted at veins, often slightly crenulate, especially
on the hind wing; fringes white at the base, luteous on outer half, sometimes with faint
pink rays opposite the veins; costa white, slightly flushed with red at base and apex, and
with a thin yellowish border behind.
Length of forewing: males, 12-14 mm; females, 13.5-16.5 mm; holotype, 13.5 mm.
The females average considerably larger than the males, the size difference being
greater than in many other species.
Mate GenirattA. These are of the same type as those of obliqua, but the valve is wider,
the distal process of the costa larger and more rounded, and the basal process of the
costa with a long, thin, spine-like extension which, if present at all in obliqua, is nor-
mally vestigial. The brush-like tufts arising from the coremata are similar in the two
species but are slightly longer and darker in zelotes. The aedeagus differs only in being
somewhat stouter in zelotes.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Very close to those of obliqua but with the ductus bursae a little
more heavily sclerotized and the preostial portion of the genital plate differently shaped.
Nemoria toxeres has the ductus bursae entirely membranous and the preostial plate
larger than that of either obliqua or zelotes. N. cosmeta, another Mexican species,
has the preostial plate still larger, about as wide as the entire posterior edge of the
seventh sternite.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 186 males, 31 females; 4 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.;
Sunnyside, W. side of Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co.; Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca
Mountains; Palmerlee, Cochise Co.; Cave Creek Canyon, 5400’, East Turkey Creek,
6400’, and Onion Saddle, 7600’, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co.; S.W. Research Station
of the AMNH, 5400’, 5 mi. W. of Portal, Cochise Co.; Oracle, Pinal Co.; S. Fork Camp,
White Mountains; Washington Mountains. NEw Mexico: MacMillan Camp, 7000’, 14
mi. N. of Silver City, and Cherry Creek Camp, 6900’, 13 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material examined.
Fiicut Periop. The 150 specimens from Madera Canyon fall into two periods, indicat-
ing at least two generations, June 11—July 25 and Aug. 22—Oct. 19. The specimens from
near Portal, Ariz. bear dates that extend with fair continuity from Mar. 23 to July 26.
The few New Mexican specimens were taken by Dr. F. H. Rindge July 10-19.
Earzy Straces. Unknown.
Remarks. In connection with the identification of this species, Mr. D. S. Fletcher of
the BM very kindly made slides of the types of cosmeta and toxeres of Prout, two
supposedly related Mexican species, and with his assistance I have been able to establish
that neither of these is the same as zelotes. Toxeres, of which I have seen the genitalia
of several specimens, has some minor differences in the coremata and in the shape of
the valve and its processes, and has a very distinctive aedeagus with two dorsal humps
and a row of prominent teeth on the same side. Cosmeta is very peculiar because,
according to Mr. Fletcher’s sketch made from the type, the valve is actually split into
two lobes, the ventral one membranous and the dorsal one (the costa) slender and
sclerotized. This suggests the kind of valve found in Nemoria saturiba, n. sp., but in
that species the two parts of the valve, although sharply defined, are separated into
lobes only at the end.
80 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Zelotes is not uncommon in southern Ariz., judging from the specimens seen,
and a few of the older ones found in collections go back to the time of Barnes and
McDunnough. I looked for and failed to find this species in the Mexican material at
the USNM and AMNH, but it must surely follow the Sonoran zone southward.
Nemoria obliqua obliqua (Hulst)
Plate 13, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 33, figure 6; plate 44, figures 30-32.
Aplodes obliqua Hulst, 1898, p. 161.
Anaplodes obliqua Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria obliqua Prout, 1912, p. 112.
Racheospila obliqua Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1982, p. 26. McDunnough,
1938, p. 140,
Geometra bellonaria Strecker, 1899, p.
Anaplodes billonaria [sic] Dyar, 1902 fon) p- 302, as synonym of obliqua.
Nemoria bellonaria Prout, 1912, p. 112, as synonym of obliqua.
Racheospila obliqua bellonaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. McDunnough, 1938, p.
140.
Racheospila obliqua form bellonaria Prout, 1932, p. 26.
Dracnosis. A colorful southwestern species in which the wings are a deep, intense, opaque
green, the white lines wide and well defined, the antemedial of the forewing quite
straight and oblique, making an almost equilateral triangle of the basal area, and the
fringes pinkish and preceded by a red terminal line. The body is green above and
below except for dull red and whitish dorsal abdominal markings. The palpi of both
sexes are the longest that I have seen in this genus, those of the female exceeding the
front by a distance equal to the entire length of the head. Obliqua ranges from Colo.
and Utah south into Mexico, with the doubtfully distinct race hennei in the Sierra
Nevada Range, Calif., and apparently also in the Spring Mts., Nev.
The genitalia place obliqua in a position close to the preceding species and to
toxeres Prout, of Mexico. These form a small group distinguished by the heavy tufts of
dark, bristle-like hair that arise from the extensile glands (coremata) in the sacculus of
the male.
Types. Both obliqua and bellonaria were described from single specimens collected
in Colo. by Bruce, but the exact type localities are not known. The type of obliqua is
a male, now in the AMNH. It is an abnormally small specimen and quite faded. I have
not seen the type of bellonaria but presume that it is with the Strecker collection in the
Chicago Natural History Museum. In the USNM there is a small pencil sketch of
Strecker’s type with comments on the coloring, and this, together with the original
description, indicates conclusively that bellonaria represents the same species as obliqua.
Also in the USNM there are four or five more of Bruce’s Colorado specimens, and
these agree well with the drawing.
Synonymy. Bellonaria, discussed above, is the only synonym. The somewhat dwarfed and
colorless condition of Hulst’s type seems to have caused reluctance on the part of
certain earlier authors to recognize it as equalling bellonaria. Dyar (1903) and Prout
(1912) were correct; Prout later (1932) suggested that they might be seasonal forms of
the same species. Barnes and McDunnough (1917a) and McDunnough (1938) listed
obliqua and bellonaria as two subspecies, in spite of the probability that they came from
the same locality.
FurTHER DescripTIoN. Male antennae normal, the longest branches about twice the
diameter of the shaft; female antennae ciliate beneath in the usual way; male palpi
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 81
long, exceeding front by about one-third their length; third segment moderate, obtusely
pointed, slightly decumbent; female palpi very long, exceeding front by a distance
about equal to the entire length of the head; third segment long and cylindrical, about
equal in length to the second; legs normal, with the hind tibia like that of darwiniata
and many other species.
Antennae of both sexes whitish at the base, turning red distally; white fillet with
or without a luteous border behind; front dull rust to luteous, sometimes with a few
green scales mixed in, and with or without a cream colored lower margin; palpi and fore
tibiae lightly tinged with red; front coxae and femora greenish; legs otherwise whitish
or luteous; thorax and abdomen above and below green, except for the last two
abdominal segments which are whitish; abdominal segments 1, 3 and 4 with white dorsal
spots encircled by dull red, which may extend to segments 5 and 6. The spots are not
infrequently cream colored rather than white, and may be reduced or obsolete.
Wings a deep, intense shade of green, uniform, unstriated, opaque, the fore- and
hindwings alike; lines quite wide and sharply defined, white, regular; antemedial of
forewing slightly sinuous but almost straight, oblique, meeting costa and inner margin
at points almost equidistant from the base; antemedial of hindwing strongly curved
and nearer the base; postmedial of forewing almost straight, subparallel to outer margin,
curving in slightly towards costa; postmedial of hindwing curved but a little less so
than outer margin; costa cream colored, faintly pinkish towards base and apex; ter-
minal line thin, bright red; fringes whitish at the base, pink outwardly, with diffuse pink
irrorations opposite the veins; discal spots present or absent (see Geographical Varia-
tion), brown, often encircled by a paler shade. Underside as above but paler and with
the lines diffuse; darker and more uniformly green beneath than most species.
Length of forewing: male, 11.5-14.5 mm; female, 13-15 mm.
Mate GEnirALiA. Somewhat more heavily sclerotized than those of darwiniata. Uncus
hardly spatulate; costal process at base of valve variable but quite large, flattened,
usually with the edges curled inward, and tapering to a point at the end, sometimes
abruptly; distal costal process large, prominent, usually pointed, with the membranous
end of the valve continuing outward well beyond it; coremata with large tufts of dark
brown bristles—the most conspicuous genitalic feature of obliqua, toxeres and zelotes.
Saccus as in darwiniata; aedeagus with a suggestion of some small teeth just beyond the
middle, otherwise like that of darwiniata; eighth sternite quite deeply incised with a
U-shaped notch.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Almost exactly like those of darwiniata. Postostial portion of genital
plate unsclerotized and hence more like that of punctularia.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 62 males, 84 females; 5 male, 1 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. coLoRADO: Glenwood Springs; “‘Colo., Bruce.” urAH: Bryce Canyon Lodge,
Bryce Canyon National Park. arizona: Fort Defiance; 3 mi. W. of Eagar, 7100’, Apache
Co., Pinon-juniper life zone; Prescott, 5400’, Yavapai Co.; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near
Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; West Fork, 6500’, 16 mi. S.W. of Flagstaff; Hereford; Chiricahua
Nat’l. Monument, Cochise Co.; Cave Creek Canyon, Portal, Cochise Co.; Madera Canyon,
4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., 7000’; NEw Mexico: McGaffey, Zuni Mts., Mc-
Kinley Co., 7500’; Frijoles Canyon, Bandelier National Monument, 6050’; 13 mi. N. of
Silver City, Grant Co.; 6 mi. N.E. of Santa Fe; 28 mi. S.W. of Magdalena, Socorro Co.;
Taos. Mexico: | mi. S. of Cedritos, Coahuila, R. Zweifel (in AMNH).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Colo. material tends to have the conspicuous brown discal
spot on the forewing like subspecies hennei, which is only doubtfully distinct, but
specimens from Ariz. and N.M. almost always have the discal spot much reduced or
absent, and their coloring is a little paler and duller.
82 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FuicHT Pertop. Apr. 11-May 6; June 18—Aug. 31; the one Mexican specimen June 22.
Most records in late July, early Aug.
Earty SracEs. Obliqua was reared by Mr. R. W. Poole from a female taken in Walnut
Canyon, near Flagstaff, Ariz. The food plant was Rhus trilobata. Preserved larvae from
this brood, in the Franclemont collection, are normal for the genus in basic structure,
although the integument is unusually rough and tuberculate, and there are mid-dorsal
processes between the dorso-lateral ones and almost as prominent as the latter. The
usual dorso-lateral processes resemble those of most other species but are rather short and
truncate. The color appears to have been a very coarsely variegated pattern of light and
dark brown, with some finely mottled markings of an almost whitish shade laterally and
ventrally.
Nemoria obliqua hennei (Sperry), new combination
Plate 14, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 45, figures 1, 2.
Racheospila hennei Sperry, 1953, p. 26.
Dracnosts. This form is similar to obliqua, especially to topotypical Colorado specimens,
but somewhat more intensely green and with the red and pink shades exaggerated.
The brown discal spots are characteristic. There also seem to be slight differences in
the genitalia, but hennei is probably a minor subspecies at best. It is known only from
the Sierra Nevadas in Tulare Co. and the Greenhorn Mts., Calif., and from Mt.
Charleston, Clark Co., Nev.
Typrs. Holotype male from Smoky Valley, elevation 6300 ft., Tulare Co., Calif.,
June 15, 1945 (C. Henne), and allotype female, same locality, June 18, 1943, in the
AMNH (ex Sperry Collection). There were also 27 male and 14 female paratypes
from the same locality, and from Lower Chimney Meadows and Quaking Aspen, Tulare
Co., and the Greenhorn Mts. (2 males), Calif., mostly now in the AMNH.
SyNoNyMy. None.
FuRTHER DEscripTION. Hennei differs from obliqua only in the more intense coloring
mentioned above. Discal spots are present on both wings, with that on the forewing being
larger and encircled with a paler shade. ‘These are all characters that occur, but less con-
sistently, in obliqua.
MALE GeniratiA. Like those of obliqua except for one seemingly consistent difference.
The distal process on the costa of the valve, instead of being as in obliqua, is rounded
or truncated.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of obliqua.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 17 males, 6 females, including holotype, allotype and some of the
paratypes; 4 male, 2 female slides.
DiIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Smoky Valley, 6300’, and XYZ Valley, Tulare Co.; Lower
Chimney Meadows, Tulare Co.; Quaking Aspen, Tulare Co.; Greenhorn Mountains.
NEVADA: Kyle Canyon, 8100’, Mt. Charleston, Clark Co. (one male, July 4, 1965, T. W.
Davies).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 83
FLicHT PEriop. June 7—July 4.
Earzy Staces. Unknown.
Remarks. At first it was my intention to relegate hennei to the synonymy, but after
finding the slight difference in the male genitalia, I decided to leave it as a subspecies
for the present. But it is not a very well differentiated subspecies, and my decision is
an uncertain one.
The range of hennei seems far removed from that of obliqua however, and is of
rather limited extent. Hennei is known only from two or three valleys on the south-
western slope of the Sierra Nevada Range, in addition to the single Nevada record.
In some ways Sperry’s description of hennez is confusing and it would seem that he
did not know obliqua, or else he would have realized their close relationship. He ob-
served that the male genitalia of hennei were closer to those of obliqua than to any
other species, but stated: “Superficially, this species [hennez] seems closest to glau-
comarginaria”—a species that actually differs in virtually all of the most obvious
characters. In his genitalic comparisons, I think Sperry failed to take into account the
problem of infraspecific variability, and quite possibly examined only one slide of each.
Group VII. The splendidaria group. Two species, superficially very different and not
closely related, but grouped together because of genitalic similarity.
Nemoria splendidaria (Grossbeck)
Plate 14, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 34, figure 1; plate 45, figures 3-5.
Aplodes splendidaria Grossbeck, 1910, p. 204. Barnes and McDunnough, 1912, pl. 23, fig. 10.
Nemoria splendidaria Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Dracnosis. Splendidaria is a rare and strikingly distinctive species of Arizona and Mexico,
unique in the course of the antemedial line, which is inclined strongly outward from
inner margin to costa; that is, it begins at the inner margin near the base and approaches
the costal margin beyond the middle. The forewings are a deep, rich green, the hind-
wings paler; the costa and fringes are pink; the terminal line prominent and deep
crimson; the abdomen is green and unmarked; the palpi short in both sexes. The
genitalia have some good characters but do not look aberrant. They suggest a position
somewhere between the obliqua and bistriaria groups.
Tyres. The type is a male from Palmerlee [Cochise Co.], Ariz. in the USNM (ex
Barnes collection). It was figured by Barnes and McDunnough (1912, pl. 23, fig. 10.).
The type is in fairly good condition and intact, except for missing legs, some of which
have been glued on. The abdomen had gone greasy so that its original coloring was not
apparent. The front has faded to brown and the costa to cream color. The name was
based on a single example, which remained for 48 years the only specimen known.
Synonymy. None.
FurTHER DescripTIoN. Male antennae bipectinate to near the tip in the usual way;
the shaft rather slender and the longest branches equal to three times the diameter of
the shaft; female antennae very slender, minutely ciliate below; front flat; palpi of
84 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
both sexes rather slender, those of the female exceeding the front by about one-third
of their length, those of the male by about one-fifth; palpi uniformly rough-scaled;
the third palpal segment, moderate in the female and minute in the male, being
conical and set among the apical scales of the second segment in such a way as to be
difficult to distinguish as a separate segment. In these respects the female palpi are
very different from those of such species as lixaria and obliqua, in which the long third
segment is close-scaled and cylindrical. Legs slender; hind tibia of male moderately
dilated with its terminal process not very long; hind tarsus two-thirds the length of the
tibia.
Antennal shaft above white near the base, shading to reddish distally; interantennal
fillet white with a slight pink border behind; this border sometimes all green, as in the
type, and the fillet itself sometimes with a sprinkling of green scales; front entirely
red; palpi, fore and middle tibiae tinged with rose; hind tibiae also faintly pinkish;
tarsi cream colored; coxae and femora green; abdomen entirely green except for the
last three segments below and the last two sgements above, which are yellowish; thorax
green above.
Forewings above deep, intense green, very opaque; costa broadly margined with
salmon pink; terminal line prominent, deep crimson, one-third to one-half the width of
the fringes; inner half of fringes whitish, outer half pink, not checkered; antemedial
and postmedial lines pure white, wide and sharply defined; postmedial rather near the
outer margin, almost straight, curving inward slightly near costa; antemedial very
peculiar in originating at the inner margin near the base and thence running outward
in an even convex curve to a point beyond the middle of the costal margin, actually with
the antemedial usually disappearing just before reaching the pink costal border; no
discal spots. The green of the hindwings is usually much paler, with the white lines diffuse
and not contrasting. The antemedial of the hindwing may be obsolescent but the
postmedial is fairly distinct, approximately parallel to the outer margin; the terminal
line and fringes are the same as on the forewing. Underneath the wings are quite
uniformly green, colored alike, and just slightly paler than the upperside of the fore-
wing; the white lines are diffuse; the costa, terminal line and fringes as above.
Length of forewing: male, 14-16 mm; female, 13.5-16 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Uncus long, linear, socii rather long and pointed, slightly sclerotized;
tooth on gnathos relatively short but pointed; transtilla broad with a deep U-shaped
emargination on the anterior side; juxta stout with the papilliform process widened at
the base; vinculum with sides evenly rounded inwards toward the saccus, the latter
being rather feebly incised; basal costal processes long and sclerotized, flattened, spathu-
late or lanceolate; valve long, with the concave costa and an elevated median ridge
sclerotized; the usual tooth at the distal end of the costa expanded into a large, flattened,
chitinous prominence; aedeagus simple, without teeth, the end long, slender, pointed;
eighth sternite shallowly incised.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Bursa and ductus bursae membranous; bursa with a long, con-
stricted neck region that ends in a slight, bulbous dilation where the ductus bursae
and ductus seminalis enter; preostial part of genital plate similar to that in the extre-
maria group, almost the width of the whole segment but very lightly sclerotized, deeply
emarginate opposite the ostium; postostial plate mostly membranous; ostium to some
extent ringed by semi-circular striations in the membrane; signum squarish, with a thin
transverse ridge of thicker chitin; anterior apophyses unusual in being comparatively
thicker and more heavily sclerotized than the posterior apophyses.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 42 males, 62 females, all Mexican except the type and one other
male from Ariz. Slides: 2 male, 2 female.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Palmerlee [Cochise Co.], one male (type); Sunnyside, west side
Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., July 7-17, 1958, one male (IT. W. Davies). MExiIco:
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 85
Mesa del Huracan, 108° 15’ 30° 4’, Chihuahua, 7400’, July 21-25, 1964, one female (J. E.
H. Martin); 10 mi. west of El Salto, Durango, 9000’, June 11—July 28, 1964, 40 males, 61
females (J. E. H. Martin, W. C. McGuffin).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FLicHT PEriop. June 11—July 28.
EaArty Straces. Unknown.
Remarks. Except for the peculiar antemedial line, pale hindwing, shorter palpi, and lack
of discal spots and abdominal markings, this colorful species resembles obliqua more
than any other, especially northern obliqua from Colo. or “hennez” from the Sierra
Nevadas. They cannot be considered close relatives, however.
Until 1958, splendidaria was known only from the unique type, but in that year
Mr. Thomas W. Davies of San Leandro, Calif., took the second known Arizona speci-
men in the Huachuca Mts. This specimen is in the Los Angeles County Museum and
was kindly loaned to me for study. In 1964, a field party of taxonomists from the
Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, collected a superb
series of Mexican specimens. This series provided material of the previously unknown
female, and made possible what I hope is an adequate characterization of the species.
There is no doubt that the Arizona type and this Mexican material represent the same
species.
Nemoria strigataria (Grossbeck)
Plate 2, figure 5; plate 14, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 34, figure 2; plate 45, figures 6, 7.
Aplodes strigataria Grossbeck, 1910, p. 204. Barnes and McDunnough, 1912, pl. 24, fig. 20.
Nemoria strigataria Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
DiaGnosis. Strigataria is a large, bluish-green species of Ariz. and N.M., rather aberrant
looking for a species of Nemoria and unlike any other (except for a superficial resemb-
lance to mutaticolor—see comments under that species). The wings are heavily striated
with white, the lines indistinct, the fringes yellowish, and the abdomen green and un-
marked. The male genitalia are very distinctive but still normal for the genus, with the
socii pointed and basal costal processes flattened and tapering like those of splendidaria.
The female genitalia are close to those of splendidaria, with the same type of genital
plate, but with the postostial portion of the plate, as well as the ductus bursae, a little
more sclerotized.
Types. Grossbeck had seven specimens of this species which he labeled as male type,
female type and cotypes (one male and 4 female). No holotype was specified, so I
hereby designate the male type from Redington, Ariz., now in the USNM (ex Barnes
Collection) as lectotype. This is the specimen that was figured by Barnes and McDun-
nough in the “Contributions,” Vol. 1(4), pl. 24, fig. 20. The lectotype is a somewhat
rubbed specimen but it is complete and easily identified. The female type was from
“Huachuca Mts., Arizona, July,” and the cotypes from the Huachuca Mts. and ‘South
Arizona, July 15-30.” The female type and one male cotype are in the AMNH (ex
Grossbeck Collection). Three of the remaining cotypes are in the USNM, and the
present location of the other, stated to be a “female from Mr. Frank Haimbach and in
his collection,” is uncertain, although it may now be at the Carnegie Museum, Pitts-
burgh.
86 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FURTHER DEscrIPTION. Male antennae normal, the longest branches about two and one
half times the diameter of the shaft; female antennae normal, slender, ciliate beneath;
front flat; male palpi small with an inconspicuous, conical third segment, barely exceed-
ing front; female palpi longer, the second segment, ending at the front, and the third seg-
ment, when fully exposed, almost half the length of the second and cylindrical; legs
typical of Nemoria; hind tibia of male moderately swollen, with a terminal process
about one quarter the length of the tarsus; hind tarsus slightly less than one half the
total length of the tibia.
White interantennal fillet entirely green behind; antennal shaft white only near
the base, then becoming yellowish, and, towards the end, reddish; front and third palpal
joint rust red; second palpal joint with a sprinkling of red scales; front tibia pale
rusty red with an oblique whitish bar across the middle; front tarsus and middle leg also
slightly tinged with the same reddish color; hind leg and underside of body whitish;
thorax and abdomen entirely green dorsally, except for white caudal tufts on segment 8.
Fore- and hindwings colored alike, bluish green, heavily and evenly striated with
white; antemedial lines virtually lacking; postmedials vague, thin, finely dentate,
white followed by a hardly contrasting inner shade of solid green, approximately parallel
to outer margins; veins in outer third sometimes thinly outlined with white; faint
green discal spots sometimes discernible; costa thinly edged with yellowish, often pinkish
toward the apex; fringes yellow, usually with a few light pink rays opposite the veins
near the apex of the forewing and toward the middle on the hindwing; no terminal line.
Underside as above but much paler, especially the hindwing.
Length of forewing: males, 12-15.5 mm; females, 15-18 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Distinctive in several respects, especially in the form of the valve, the
basal costal processes and the socii. Uncus linear, not dilated; socii long and tapering,
somewhat like those of splendidaria; gnathos tooth rather stout; valve broadened at the
base, with an enlarged sacculus; tooth at distal end of costa in the form of a rounded
hump; vinculum also disproportionately enlarged, as if to accommodate the large sac-
culus; sacculus with coremata just a little less prominent than those of obliqua; succus
with a small excavation as in splendidaria; basal costal processes flattened, long, slender
and tapering, united with the costa near base, subequal in length to the uncus, most
similar to those of splendidaria; aedeagus with an acuminate sclerotized tip like that
of many other species, no special features; eighth sternite with only a shallow depression
on its posterior margin,
FEMALE GENITALIA. Bursa copulatrix elongated and tapering to a constricted area
two-thirds of the way towards the posterior end, then dilating again into a zone of
slightly thickened, striated membrane toward the end where the ductus enters; ductus
bursae slightly sclerotized, entering end of bursa off to one side; preostial fold crescentic,
lightly sclerotized, like that of splendidaria but more strongly decurved; postostial
part of genital plate slightly sclerotized; ostium partly ringed with striated membrane;
signum a very small, arcuate, invaginated ridge of chitin.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 68 males, including type, 66 females; 3 male, 1 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Redington; Palmerlee; Sierra Vista, Ramsey Canyon, Miller
Canyon and Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains; Todd’s Lodge, Oak Creek Canyon,
Coconino Co.; S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, 5400’, Cave Creek Canyon, 5400’,
and East Turkey Creek, 6400’, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co.; Madera Canyon,
4880’ and 5800’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co. NEw Mexico: Cherry Creek
Camp, 13 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co.; MacMillan Camp, 14 mi. N. of Silver City,
Grant Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material examined.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 87
FLicHT PErrop. June 13—July 22.
Earty Staces. Unknown.
Remarks. Strigataria stands very much by itself and it has been a problem deciding
where it should go in the sequence of species. Although the male genitalia look some-
what unusual, they have the basic characters of long socii, papilliform juxta and incised
saccus that undoubtedly associate them with the major assemblage of Nemoria species.
The female genitalia are not in the least unusual but rather nondescript, extremely
close to those of the extremaria group. Genitalic characters suggest more in common with
obliqua and splendidaria than any others, but in appearance the moth looks as though
it should have no connection with either of those species. It might have been derived
from something close to the ancestral stock of splendidaria and obliqua but is now far
removed.
Group VIII. The bistriaria group. The largest segment of the genus, including 12 species
with many close superficial and structural similarities.
Nemoria zygotaria (Hulst)
Plate 14, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 54, figure 3; plate 45, figures 8, 9.
Aplodes zygotaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 121.
Anaplodes zygotaria Hulst, 1896, p. 316. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria zygotaria Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 23.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Dracnosis. This is a small to medium-sized species known only from South Central Texas,
readily distinguished by its exaggerated green coloring. In pattern and _ structure
zygotaria is clearly one of the bistriaria group, but it is an unusually deep shade of
green, including almost the entire body and the fringes. The white costa and thin lines
of the wings are normal and about the same as in mimosaria; the abdomen is un-
marked; only the front is not green but pale brown. Zygotaria seems to be the only
Nemoria in the region covered that has solid green fringes, concolorous with the wings
and never marked with red. The male genitalia are quite close to those of bistriaria
and others, but the basal process of the costa is distinctive
Types. Zygotaria was described from one male and six females from “Texas. Coll.
Graef, Hulst,” without further data. I hereby designate as lectotype the male type in the
AMNH. This is a fairly good specimen and there is virtually no doubt that it represents
the species to which the name is herein applied. One of the females of the type series,
which I am labeling as a paralectotype, is in the USNM, but the location of the others
is unknown.
SyNonymy. None.
FURTHER DEscrIpTION. Male antennae with length of longest branches about twice
the diameter of the shaft; female antennae ciliate in the usual way; male palpi rather
small, exceeding front by about the length of the third segment which is half the length
of the second; female palpi similar, scarcely differing from those of the male; structure
of the legs similar to that of other species of the bistriaria group.
88 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Interantennal fillet white, bordered by green behind; scales of antennae white; front
light brown; palpi white, tinged with green which gives way to brownish distally; legs
pale green to whitish; body pale green beneath, entirely deep green above, without
markings on abdomen.
Wings a deep, uniform pea green, with a suggestion of weak, white striation which
in some specimens does not show; fringes almost solid green, exactly the same color
as the wings, with just the tips of a few white scales showing along the outer edge; lines
white, very thin, distinct in fresh specimens but soon lost in worn ones; postmedial
of forewing almost straight, parallel to outer margin, bending inward slightly near
costa; postmedial of hindwing curved, traversing wing just beyond the middle, some-
times noticably bent at vein Cu,; antemedial of forewing rather evenly convex, that
of hindwing curving in abruptly towards inner margin; no discal spots. Underside as
above but much paler inwardly and the lines vague.
Length of forewing: male, 11-12.5 mm; female, 11.5-14 mm.
Mate GeEniTALiA. Uncus linear, slightly flattened and widened at the end; socii quite
long, tapering, mostly membranous, gnathos stoutly toothed; transtilla a straight band,
with a rolled anterior edge; lateral components of the anellus uniting with the transtilla
at right angles, leaving a large square opening through which the aedeagus passes;
juxta rather compact and stout; sides of the vinculum converge to a somewhat reduced
saccus which has a semicircular excavation; valve with a concave costa, ending in a
prominent bluntly pointed tooth which is produced outwardly just as far as the mem-
branous half of the valve. As mounted on a slide, the costa is almost entirely concealed
beneath the sharp, elevated, sclerotized median ridge of the valve. No coremata are
apparent. The aedeagus is quite long, swollen at the middle, and, off to one side, sub-
dorsally or laterally near the middle, there is a longitudinal raised ridge bearing a row
of 8 to 10 small, sharp teeth. The eighth sternite is moderately incised with an obtuse,
V-shaped excavation.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are distinguished by a rather large, moderately sclerotized
preostial fold, strongly decurved in the middle (arcuate). Ventrally, beneath the fold,
the ostial opening is partially encircled by a sclerotized band. Otherwise the female
genitalia are like others of the bistriaria group.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 18 males, 27 females, including the lectotype male and paralecto-
type female mentioned. Slides: 3 male, 3 female.
DISTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Blanco Co.; Kerrville State Park and Kerrville, Kerr Co.; Boerne,
Kendall Co.; San Antonio, Bexar Co.; Garner State Park, Uvalde Co.; Sinton and Welder
Wildlife Foundation, San Patricio Co.; San Diego, Duval Co.; San Benito and Browns-
ville, Cameron Co.; Jack Springs; Shovel Mt.; Del Rio [Val Verde Co.].
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FiicHT Pertiop. Feb. 20 (Brownsville); Mar. 10 (Uvalde Co.) Apr. 9-May 23; June 6;
July 1-21; Sept. 4, 9; Oct. 17-28; Nov. 24.
Eariy Staces. Unknown.
Remarks. Although relatively little material is available from Texas, zygotaria has
turned up consistently in collections from the south central part of the state, indicating
that it is not uncommon there.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 89
Nemoria leptalea, new name
Plate 15, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 34, figure 4; plate 45, figures 10-11.
Anaplodes delicataria Dyar, 1908c, p. 57.
Nemoria delicataria Prout, 1912, p. 112. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 23.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Comstock, 1945, pp. 20-21, pls. 9-10 (early stages). Comstock,
1960, pp. 424-426, figs. 1-3 (early stages). Homonym.
D1acnosis. Previously well known to Californian lepidopterists as Nemoria delicataria,
this medium sized to quite large Pacific coast species ranges from the region of San
Francisco Bay to Baja California. The wings are slightly striated with white, the fringes
uniformly pink with a pale line at the base, like those of rubrifrontaria, the discal spots,
if present, are green, not brown or red, the front, palpi and hind margin of the fillet
are bright pink, and the abdomen above is green and nearly always unmarked. Nemoria
pistacearia of the same region is more heavily striated, often has red or brown discal
spots, has much less pink in the fringes, and does not have a pink hind margin on the
vertex. Punctularia is at once distinguished by the prominent red and white markings
on the abdomen. The male genitalia are very close to those of related species but show
a combination of characters in the costal processes of the valve, the arrangement of
teeth on the aedeagus, and the notches in the saccus and eighth sternite that readily
distinguishes them.
Types. Delicataria was described from “Two males, one female, San Diego, Cal
[ifornia]., July 23, 29, October 9 (G. H. Field).” I hereby designate the specimen taken
July 29 (labeled “7-29” and “Type No. 11703, USNM”) as type both of the preoccupied
name delicataria Dyar and of the replacement name leptalea. It is a male in the
USNM. I have not found the remaining two specimens of Dyar’s type series.
SyNonyMy. With the synonymizing of Nemoria, Anaplodes and Racheospila, delica-
taria Dyar, 1908 becomes a junior secondary homonym of Nemoria delicataria
Moeschler, 1881, Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 31, p. 402, pl. 17 fig. 9, from Para-
maribo, Surinam. Prout (1912, p. 105) included delicataria Moeschler in his darita
group of Racheospila. The generic name Lissochlora Warren is available for this group
but Prout placed it within his concept of Racheospila in such a way that it seems fairly
certain to fall, like most of Racheospila, to Nemoria.
FURTHER DescrirTIoN. Male and female antennae normal; length of longest branches
in male equal to twice the diameter of the shaft; male palpi moderate, exceeding front
by about half the length of the second segment; third segment short, rounded, only one
quarter the length of the second; female palpi long, exceeding front by almost half their
total length; third segment cylindrical, almost as long as the second; legs normal for the
group; scales of antennae white, becoming reddish distally; interantennal fillet white
with a variable, often slight, pink border behind; front, palpi and fore tibiae bright
rose; fore tarsi and middle tibiae also tinged with pink but legs otherwise cream colored;
body whitish beneath, green above as far back as the caudal tufts, which are whitish;
abdomen normally without dorsal spots, but a single male from San Diego with red
abdominal spots without white centers on segments 3 to 6. Wings above bright green of
a fairly intense shade, not bluish, slightly striated with white; lines white, thin but
quite distinct, especially the postmedials; antemedial of forewing sinuous, convex,
of hindwing even, curved inward strongly towards inner margin; postmedian of fore-
wing straight or slightly concave, of hindwing almost straight from costa to Cu, then
bent towards inner margin; costa cream colored or whitish with a slight tinge of pink
at base and apex; fringes uniformly light pink outwardly, white at their base; discal
spots, if present, weak and marked by a darker shade of green, never red or brown.
Underside as above but much paler.
Length of forewing: males, 12-16 mm; females, 13.5-16.5 mm.
90 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
MALE GENITALIA. Uncus thin, mostly linear, flattened and truncate at the end; socii
large and delicate, rounded; gnathos elongated, with a thin but fairly long hook at the
end; transtilla a straight band, uniting with the lateral elements of the anellus in such
a way as to form a large squarish opening for the aedeagus, much as in zygotaria;
juxta rather heavy with the papilliform process short and stout; arms of the vinculum
almost straight, converging gradually towards the deeply incised saccus; valves broad,
almost rectangular, the costa only slightly concave; median ridge of valve, unlike
that of zygotaria, low and not concealing the costa; basal costal process strongly sclero-
tized and acutely pointed, but rather short; distal costal process moderately prominent
but rounded, with the membranous outer lobe of the valve continuing beyond it;
aedeagus rather short, swollen in the middle, the distal end blunt, and with a longitudinal
row of small teeth extending along the left side from the middle to near the tip; eighth
sternite with a very large, deep, U-shaped excavation dividing the hind margin into two
prominent rounded lobes.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ductus bursae broadly dilated in funnel-like fashion toward the
ostium and extensively sclerotized; ostium consequently very large; preostial part of
genital plate seemingly incorporated into the funnel-like structure; postostial part of
genital plate obsolete; signum an invaginated half circle of chitin.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 99 males, 25 females; 8 male, 4 female slides; 6 last instar larvae
in alcohol.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co.; Petaluma, Sonoma Co.; Mill
Valley, Marin Co.; Oakland, Berkeley and San Leandro, Alameda Co.; San Francisco
and San Mateo, San Mateo Co.; Palo Alto and Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co.; Santa
Barbara and Carpinteria, Santa Barbara Co.; Los Angeles, Newhall, Burbank, Beverley
Terrace, Glendale, Claremont and Glendora, Los Angeles Co.; Avalon, Santa Catalina
Island, Los Angeles Co.; San Clemente, Orange Co.; Rancho la Sierra and Arlington,
Riverside Co.; Del Mar, San Diego and La Mesa, San Diego Co.; Roscoe; Hayward;
Castro Valley; Griffith Park Observatory. MExIco: near Ensenada, Baja California.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. No apparent geographical trends, although this species seems
to be quite variable in size everywhere.
FiicHt Prriop. Appears to extend over the whole year with records quite evenly dis-
tributed throughout all twelve months.
Eary Straces. The egg, larva and pupa have been described and figured by Comstock
(1945, pp. 20-21, pls. 9-10; 1960, pp. 424-426, figs. 1-3). Judging from the preserved
larvae, leptalea seems to have a smoother integument than the eastern species exam-
ined, and the lateral protuberances on abdominal segments 2-4 are uniform in length
like those of mimosaria but more slender and more obviously notched at the tips.
Comstock mentions that a mature larva was collected on Eriogonum fasciculatum
var. foliolosum (Nuttall) Stokes, and that the brood he reared was fed Photinia
arbutifolia Lindley.
Nemoria caerulescens Prout
Plate 15, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 34, figure 5; plate 45, figures 12-16.
Nemoria caerulescens Prout, 1912, p. 113. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932,
p. 24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Nemoria albilineata Cassino, 1927, pp. 69-70 (partim).
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 91
Dracnosis. This is a rather small to average sized, white striated, blue-green species,
typically with wide white lines, of which the postmedial of the forewing is often
feebly S-shaped (convex near costa, concave below). The hindwing is a little paler
than the forewing, the fringes white, tipped with pale pink in fresh specimens, the
body green above and below, the legs pink, the dorsal abdominal spots small and pure
white, or encircled with a few luteous scales only—no reddish shading on the ab-
domen. The genitalia are like those of intensaria. Caerulescens occurs in N.M., ex-
treme western Texas, the Chiricahua Mts., Ariz., and has just recently been taken in
Colo.
Types. The type of caerulescens is a male in the BM from “La Cueva, at about
5300 ft., Organ Mountains, N.M., 3lst August (coll. Townsend)’. It is a monotype
and was figured by Prout (1932, pl. 3b).
Synonymy. The type material of Nemoria albilineata Cassino consists of three species,
and two of the male paratypes from Alpine, Texas (both in the CNC) appear to be
caerulescens. I confirmed this with a genitalia slide of one of them but the other
has lost its abdomen.
FURTHER Description. Antennae of both sexes typical of the group. Palpi of male rather
short, exceeding front by the length of the small, rounded third segment only; second
segment three or four times as long as third; female palpi only slightly longer than
those of the male; structure of the legs normal for the group.
Scales of antennae luteous, becoming slightly reddish distally; white fillet with
just a few luteous or occasionally pinkish scales behind; front pale dull red to
brownish; palpi and legs pale red; thorax and abdomen green above and below; ab-
dominal segments 1, 3, 4 and 5 with small white dorsal spots encircled by a few
luteous scales; no red markings on abdomen.
Wings green, often but not always of a slightly bluish shade, finely striated
with white; hindwings slightly paler than forewings; the white lines of the forewings
wide and prominent (usually wider than the fringe), those of the hindwings equally
wide but less contrasting; antemedial of forewing straight or slightly sinuous, almost
erect, meeting inner margin at or near the middle; antemedial of hindwing strongly
convex and nearer the base, postmedial of forewing usually concave between inner
margin and Ma and convex from there to costa, resulting in a slightly S-shaped
curve, although it may be almost straight; postmedial of hindwing also nearly straight
but flexed outward slightly near inner margin; costa pale luteous or tinged with
pink; fringes white or tinged with pale pinkish on outer half; no discal spots. Under-
side as above but somewhat paler; the lines less contrasting.
Length of forewing: males, 11-13 mm; females, 11-13 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. These apparently are indistinguishable from the male genitalia of
intensaria and differ in only a few minor respects from those of festaria (see discussion
under the latter species). The genitalia of caerulescens are also quite close to those of
leptalea except that the basal costal processes of the valves are considerably longer,
the costa much more concave, and the median ridge of the valve more prominent. I
found some characters, such as the form of the transtilla and the juxta, and also to
some extent the length of the costal processes, so variable that they must be regarded
with caution in separating the closely related species of this group.
FEMALE GeniratiA. The ductus bursae is funnel-shaped, with a very large ostial opening
almost exactly as in leptalea and festaria but less heavily sclerotized. In caerulescens
and intensaria these structures appear almost exactly the same.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 26 males, 14 females, and a colored photograph of the type;
6 male, 3 female slides.
92 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
DIsTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Alpine, Brewster Co.; Pine Canyon, 5000’, Guadalupe Mts., Cul-
berson Co. NEW MExico: La Cueva, at about 5300’, and Horseshoe Springs Camp,
2 mi. W. of La Cueva, 7900’, Sandoval Co.; Jemez Springs, Jemez Mts., 6400’; White
City, Eddy Co. arizona: S.W. Research Station of American Museum of Natural
History, 5400’, Portal, Cochise Co. coLorapo: Estes Park, 7800’, Larimer Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Here again, as in festaria and probably many other species,
two kinds of variation may be involved—geographical and seasonal—and because of
the paucity of material, these are difficult to separate. All of the typical broad-banded
form that I have seen are summer specimens. Five specimens taken at White City,
N.M. on May 14, 1950 (E. C. Johnston, in CNC) are close to normal except that the
white lines are distinctly narrower. A single summer female from the S.W. Research
Station of the AMNH, near Portal, Ariz., July 11, 1958, is still fairly normal, although
the lines are somewhat narrowed and the hindwings are as dark as the forewings. Four
others from the same locality and two from the Chiricahua Monument, Cochise Co.
are less normal in several respects; the color is a deeper green, without the bluish
tint; the lines, although still well defined, tend to become quite narrow; the hind-
wings are fully as dark as the forewings and, most disconcerting of all, they show
all stages in development of a red terminal line as well as weak reddish checkering
of the fringes. These specimens look as though they were bridging the gap between
caerulescens and festaria, but certain basic characters such as the coloring of the
abdomen, color of the underside, and genitalia tend to remain as in caerulescens.
The two specimens from the Chiricahua Monument (June 14, 1950, E. C. Johnston,
in CNC) show the greatest departure in the development of very thin lines, larger
abdominal spots and paler undersurface, but they show only the barest traces of red
marginal scaling that mark the beginning of a terminal line. The four specimens
from the S.W. Research Station (Apr. 28, May 12, June 8, June 10, in AMNH)
look more richly colored than those from the Chiricahua Monument, have some-
what wider lines, and show the full development of a terminal line. The female
taken Apr. 28 has a quite complete terminal line as in festaria, and the male taken
May 12 shows it somewhat less so. The two June specimens show no sign of a terminal
line.
I am not at all confident that these six Arizona specimens are caerulescens, nor
that even they are all the same species, but there is no better place to put them for the
present. At first I expected to find intergradation between caerulescens and intensaria,
but at least on the basis of the material available, such is not the case.
FuicHT Periop. “Mar. 1-15” (Alpine, Texas); May 9-30; June 24; July 11, 28, 29;
Aug. 2. Taken in Sandoval Co., N.M., in May, June, July and Aug.; at White
City, Eddy Co., N.M. on May 14, 1950 (5 specimens taken by E. C. Johnston); in the
Guadalupe Mts., Aug. 28, 1967 (AMNH)); in Colo., July 21, 1967 (AMNH).
Earzty Staces. Unknown.
Nemoria intensaria (Pearsall)
Plate 15, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 34, figures 6, 7; plate 45, figures 17-19.
Aplodes intensaria Pearsall, 1911b, p. 251.
Nemoria intensaria Prout, 1912, p. 113. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932,
p. 24. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Diacnosis. This is a deep green species somewhat resembling obliqua, with the body
green above and below in the same way, and with similar abdominal markings.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 93
However, intensaria may be distinguished from obliqua by the following characters:
1) female palpi much shorter, the third segment only about one quarter the length
of the second, 2) no red terminal line, 3) legs all tinged with red, 4) hindwings
often noticeably paler than forewings, and 5) size smaller than obliqua. The geni-
talia of both sexes appear to be the same as those of caerulescens, and not very
different from those of festaria. Intensaria occurs in N.M., Ariz., Utah, Nev., and
Calif.
Types. Pearsall stated that his types were a male and female taken by Spalding
at Eureka, Utah on May 9, 1910 and May 13, 1910 respectively, although on the
specimens in the AMNH these dates are reversed, the male being labeled May 13.
There were 2 male cotypes from the same locality, also now in the AMNH. I hereby
designate as lectotype the male type taken May 13, 1910.
SyNonyMy. None.
FURTHER DEscrIPTION. Structurally the same as caerulescens. Scales of antennae white
near the base, becoming brownish or reddish distally; white fillet sometimes mixed
with luteous scales and apparently always with a slight margin of luteous or red
scales behind; front, palpi and legs pale, dull reddish to deep rose; front with or
without a whitish lower border; body bright green above and below; whitish dorsal
spots thinly encircled with red on abdominal segments 1, 3 and 4.
Wings above deep green, about as in obliqua, but finely striated and paler in
some populations; hindwings slightly paler than forewings, especially towards costa
(obliqua being essentially unstriated with its fore and hindwings colored alike).
White lines as in caerulescens but thinner and usually straighter; no terminal line;
no discal spots; costa luteous to reddish; if pale, tinged with red near base and apex;
fringes white at the base, pink outwardly, with the pale basal line interrupted by
diffuse pink rays opposite the veins. Underside unusually green with the white lines
diffuse, again like obliqua.
Length of forewing: males, 12-14 mm; females, 11.5-14 mm.
Mate GENITALIA. Like those of caerulescens.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of caerulescens.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 27 males, 39 females; 4 male, 4 female slides; 1 preserved larva.
DIsTRIBUTION. NEW MExIco: Jemez Mountains, 6400’; Fort Wingate; Horseshoe Springs
Camp, 7900’, 2 mi. W. of La Cueva, Sandoval Co. arizona: Southwestern Research
Station of American Museum of Natural History, Portal, Cochise Co.; Paradise; North
Rim; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, 614 mi. EESE of Flagstaff, Coconino Co. UTAH: Eureka;
Beaver Valley; Dividend. NEvapA: Lee Canyon, 7400’, 39 mi. N.W. of Las Vegas,
Clark Co.; Kyle Canyon, Mt. Charleston, Clark Co. CALiForNIA: Argus Mountains;
Smoky Valley, Tulare Co., 6200’; Ravendale, Lassen Co.; Mtn. Pass Sta., Mescal
Range, San Bernardino Co.; Keystone Canyon, 5500’, New York Mts., San Bernardino
Co.; Wrightwood, 6100’, San Gabriel Mountains.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Nemoria intensaria seems quite uniform through Ariz. and
Utah, but specimens from Wrightwood on the eastern slope of the San Gabriel Mts.,
Calif., May 10 and Aug. 4, 1964 (C. A. Hill), show a tendency toward obsolescence of
the lines. The antemedial of the forewing is completely lacking and the postmedial
partly so, although most other characters, including the intense green coloring, remain
unchanged. Three males from Smoky Valley, Tulare Co., Calif., June 10, 1945, and
June 12, 1944, also have weak lines but are unusually large and pale. The single male
94 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
from Lassen Co., Calif., resembles the Tulare Co. specimens but is very small.
Specimens from the Argus Mts., New York Mts., and Mescal Range, Calif., and Clark
Co., Nev., are more normal, except that in the Nevada specimens there is a distinct
tendency for the hindwings to be paler. Elsewhere it is usual for most of the hind-
wing to be almost as intensely colored as the forewing.
FuicHt Periop. Apr. 26-Sept. 5 with no apparent break, and there is not enough
material from any one locality to give a clear indication of broods. There are nine
specimens from Mt. Charleston, Nev., taken Apr. 26, 1950 (E. C. Johnston), and
5 from Lee Canyon in the same region taken July 24 to 29, 1966 (F. H. Rindge).
Dr. Franclemont collected 8 in Walnut Canyon between Aug. 6 and 25, 1964; 10
specimens from Portal, Ariz., were taken Apr. 28, May 12, 24, 25 and 27, June 1 and
8, July 8 and 11, and Aug. 21. Two females from San Bernardino Co., Calif., were
taken Aug. 30 and Sept. 5; specimens from the New York Mts. were taken Aug. 24
and Sept. 3; those from Smoky Valley, Tulare Co., June 10 and 12; the one from
Ravendale, Lassen Co., Aug. 23, 1941 (W. D. Dyer).
Earty Sraces. Intensaria was reared by Dr. Franclemont and Mr. R. W. Poole from
a female taken in Walnut Canyon, near Flagstaff, Ariz., in 1965. The larvae fed on
Rhus trilobata. A single preserved specimen resembles the larva of obliqua but has a
smoother, less tuberculate integument, perhaps slightly longer dorso-lateral processes,
and a much more evenly light brown, less variegated coloring.
Nemoria festaria (Hulst)
Plate 15, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 35, figure 1; plate 45, figures 20-21
Anaplodes festaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 121. Hulst, 1896, p. 316.
Anaplodes arizonaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302 (partim).
Nemoria festaria Prout, 1912, p. 112.
Racheospila festaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 26. McDunnough,
1938, p. 140.
Nemoria albilineata Cassino, 1927, pp. 69-70 (partim).
Diacnosis. The concept of festaria here presented is still somewhat unsatisfactory
in that it includes some unusual variation in size and in the amount of pink coloring
in the fringes. Since the largest specimens mostly have spring dates in March and
April, I have guessed that this variation is seasonal, although there are a few incon-
sistencies. ‘The variation seems to be continuous, without a noticeable break anywhere
between extremes to suggest that different species are involved, nor are any structural
differences apparent between them. Well marked seasonal variation is already known
in other species of Nemoria (e.g., daedalea, bistriaria, bifilata).
The variation in festaria is from average Nemoria size to quite large, with the
fore- and hindwings concolorous, of the usual green with characteristic fine white
striation; the lines are narrow and not very prominent, the fringes whitish, variably
checkered with pink, the red terminal line always present, the abdomen whitish
ventrally (not green as in caerulescens and intensaria), with a row of pale spots
on the dorsum surrounded by reddish, and usually including a spot on segment
2. The red shading on the abdomen may be minimal or may extend over the en-
tire dorsal surface. The female palpi are much longer than those of the male,
exceeding front by a distance about equal to the length of the second segment. The
front is red or pink, with or without pale markings. The white fillet has a thin red or
yellowish hind border, and the palpi and front legs are tinged with reddish. The
wings are much paler beneath (unlike intensaria and caerulescens in which the
underside is quite green).
Festaria occurs in Ariz. and N.M.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 95
Types. Festaria was described from one male and five females, from ‘Cal. Ariz. Coll.
Hy. Edwards, Neumoegen, Hulst.” Of these I have found only the male, labeled
“Col. B. Neumégen,” and “Coll. Brklyn. Mus.” It is in the USNM. There is no
locality label, and the specimen must be assumed to have come from Ariz. since
the species is not known to occur in Calif. This type is in good condition except that
the end of the abdomen, including the genitalia, is gone. The two abdominal spots
nearest the base are visible. There is a thin red terminal line, slightly interrupted
at the veins, and the fringes are ivory colored, faintly checkered with red opposite the
vein endings. The size stated by Hulst, “Expands 30 mm.”, is misleading because this
appears to have been the length of the forewing doubled, based on his largest
specimen. The type male in the USNM, which I hereby designate as the lectotype,
agrees perfectly with the usual summer form as represented by a long series in the
Franclemont collection from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz.
I have noted that Pearsall, 1911b, p. 252, in connection with his description of
N. intensaria, wrote: “The type of festaria Hulst is in the Am. Musum of Nat.
History, N.Y. City.”” He may have been referring to one of the female syntypes,
although there seems to be no such specimen in that collection now.
SynonyMy. Four of the paratypes of Nemoria albilineata Cassino are festaria. These
were from McNary and the Baboquivari Mts., Ariz.
FurRTHER Description. Male and female antennae and legs normal for the group;
male palpi about as in caerulescens and intensaria; the female palpi slightly longer
and usually with a distinctly cylindrical third segment about half as long as the second.
Antennal scales white near the base, changing to reddish distally; interantennal fillet
white with a thin, variable reddish hind margin, sometimes reduced to a few orange or
luteous scales; front dull red with a white lower border and usually with whitish
spots in the upper corners; palpi rose colored, the third segment white-tipped; front
legs reddish, remaining legs cream-colored; underside of thorax and front coxae with
some green scaling but otherwise with the underside of the body nearly always
whitish. Occasional specimens do have some green on the underside of the abdomen.
Upperside of thorax green; upperside of abdomen green with an almost complete
mid-dorsal row of cream colored spots, surrounded by variable amounts of rather dull
red shading. The spot on segment 2 may be reduced but is nearly always present
Upperside of wings green, paler than intensaria and not as blue as caerulescens,
about the same as glaucomarginaria and finely striated with white in the same way.
Lines white but very thin, often no wider than the red terminal line; antemedials vague,
on the forewing sinuous and slightly convex, on the hindwing strongly convex and
nearer the base; postmedial of forewing regular, straight or very slightly concave, not
or but scarcely bending in at costa; postmedial of hindwing quite regular and slightly
curved, less so than outer margin, not or but slightly flexed outward near inner margin;
no discal spots; a distinct, bright red terminal line, thin and slightly interrupted
at the veins, always present and characteristic of festarta; costa cream colored, very
lightly flushed with reddish near base and apex; fringes ivory or cream colored, not
usually white, with or without reddish rays opposite the veins and pink outer edging.
Most specimens have fringes halfway between the two extremes. Undersurface of
wings much paler than above, with the antemedials obsolete and the postmedials
indistinct; costa beneath usually not flushed with red near the base but entirely
whitish.
Length of forewing: spring brood males, 12-14.5 mm; spring brood females,
14-15 mm; summer males, 10.5-12.5 mm; summer females, 11-14 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Very close to those of caerulescens and intensaria, from which they
seem to differ in the following ways: 1) valve wider and with its raised, sclerotized
median ridge not overlapping the costa if the valves are well spread out when
mounted, 2) costa with a raised, serrated margin near the base, 3) basal costal
96 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
process tending to be distinctly longer in festaria, and 4) distal costal process wider.
The male genitalia of festaria and albilineata appear to be the same.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These also appear to be the same as in albilineata, but differ
from those of caerulescens and intensaria in having the area around the ostial opening
more heavily sclerotized, with more prominent ridges and striations in the chitin.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 136 males, 117 females; 6 male, 3 female slides; 4 preserved
larvae.
DISTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Prescott and Mayer, Yavapai Co.; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near
Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; Phoenix; Miami and near Pine, Gila Co.; McNary, Apache
Co.; Oracle, Pinal Co.; Baboquivari Mts. and Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina Mts.,
Pima Co.; Madera Canyon, 4880’, and Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.; Sierra Vista,
Ramsey Canyon, Carr Canyon and Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co.;
Paradise, Hereford, Cave Creek Canyon (Portal), Guadelupe Canyon, 4200’, Chiri-
cahua National Monument, and S.W. Research Station of the AMNH (near Portal),
Cochise Co.; Washington Mountains. NEw MExico: 13 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The supposed spring form, which is larger, has very pink
fringes and the abdomen very extensively shaded with reddish on the dorsum, is
known from only a few localities. However, this may indicate a shortage of early
season material in collections rather than the existence of geographic differences.
Of this large spring form there are several from Mayer, Yavapai Co., and single
specimens from Miami, Gila Co. and near Portal, Cochise Co. All were taken between
Mar. 25 and May 4. Dr. J. G. Franclemont, collecting at Madera Canyon in 1959,
1960 and 1963, took series of at least two broods of festaria in the periods May 23—June
3, and July 2-Sept. 1, and these all look alike. The few specimens in the AMNH from
N.M. are normal summer specimens and look just like those from Madera Canyon.
FiicuT Periop. Probably because the flight times of the broods in different localities
overlap, the dates appear to represent a continuous flight period from about Mar. 22
to Sept. 8. It is more likely that separate spring and summer generations would be
recognizable in a given locality, and this is indicated wherever there is enough
material from one place. For the early spring brood, which may usually be distinguished
by its appearance, the dates are Mar. 22—May 4. Over 60 specimens from Madera
Canyon fall into two later periods which are probably separate summer broods, May
23-June 3, and July 2-Sept. 1.
Eary Sraces. Festaria was reared by Mr. R. W. Poole in 1965 from a female collected
in Madera Canyon at 4880’. ‘The larvae fed on Quercus gambelii, but the dwarfed condi-
tion of 2 reared adults suggests that this was not the right host. Several preserved larvae
from this brood appear basically similar in structure and coloring to well known
eastern species such as lixaria, bistriaria and mimosaria, but the dorsolateral processes
of abdominal segments 2, 3, and 4 are unusually long, projecting outward and
forward, and are tapered to points rather than truncate.
Remarks. Since it is one of a group of closely related species, festaria has been rather
difficult to understand and to define. There even are specimens, further discussed
under caerulescens, that have the appearance of being intermediate between that
species and festaria, showing the development of a red terminal line. Otherwise these
specimens retain most of the basic characters of caerulescens or intensaria, rather than
of festaria.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 97
Nemoria albilineata Cassino
Plate 16, figures 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a, 2b; plate 45, figures 22, 23.
Nemoria albilineata Cassino, 1927, pp. 69-70. Prout, 1932, p. 23. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Dracnosis. This form, from the region of the Davis Mts. and Big Bend National
Park, Texas, is very closely related to festaria but differs in having completely lost the
red terminal line. The genitalia of both sexes seem to be exactly like those of
festaria, and although I suspect that it may prove to be nothing more than a sub-
species, the presence or absence of the terminal line within one species is unusual.
Caerulescens and intensaria also have genitalia extremely similar to these but such
differences as there are indicate that albilineata goes with festaria. Some albilineata
are quite large, corresponding closely in size and appearance to the large spring brood
specimens of festaria that occur in Ariz., except that the pale spot on abdominal
segment 2 is lacking in all specimens seen (commonly present in festaria). The width
of the white lines is variable and these may be wider than is usual in festaria or about
the same. The fringes are pale at the base and pink outwardly, either evenly shaded
or diffusely checkered. The abdominal markings and other characters appear to be
about the same as in festaria, except as noted.
Types. The holotype male, from Alpine, Brewster Co., Texas, May 1 (Poling), is in
the MCZ. Cassino’s type material, the holotype, allotype and 19 paratypes, included
three species. Three paratypes from McNary, Ariz., and one from the Baboquivari
Mts., Pima Co., Ariz. show the red terminal line and are normal festaria (one of these
in AMNH; the others in MCZ). Two of the male paratypes from Alpine, Texas, both
in the CNC, appear to be caerulescens and this has been confirmed by a genitalia
slide of one of them (the other has lost its abdomen). All remaining paratypes and
the allotype agree with the holotype and hence are albilineata.
Cassino wrote a composite description, including mention of the red terminal
line: “All the fringes are whitish, with a red line on margin of the wing, and small
tufts of red scales at end of veins. Some specimens are almost devoid of red”. He not
only overlooked the fact that the only specimens with the “red line” were the three
from Arizona, but also that any of them were from Arizona, and incorrectly stated:
“All taken at Alpine, Texas” (1927, pp. 69-70). I began this investigation by studying
the paratypes in the CNC (caerulescens) neither of which show the red terminal line
indicated in the description, and for a time, before seeing the holotype and the
remainder of the type material, was thoroughly confused as to the identity of albr-
lineata. Had the type been lost, the problem might never have been solved
SyNonyMy. There are no synonyms, and if Lissochlora albilineata Warren, 1909,
Novitates Zoologicae Vol. 16, p. 79, from Peru, should prove congeneric, then
albilineata Cassino would become a junior secondary homonym, leaving no
name available. This possibility is suggested by Prout’s placement of albilineata Warren
in the genus Racheospila (1912, p. 105 and 1932, p. 32), but judgement must await
a more detailed study of the Neotropical species.
FurTHER Description. A detailed description of albilineata would seem unnecessarily
repetitious. It should be easily recognized by the information given in the diagnosis
and by reference to the figures.
Length of forewing: males, 12.5-14 mm; females, 13-14.5 mm.
Mate Geniratia. Like those of festaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of festaria.
98 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 19 males, 5 females; 4 male, 1 female slides. I have seen the
entire type series with the exception of one paratype.
DisTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Davis Mountains; Fort Davis, Jeff Davis Co.; Alpine, Brewster
Co.; Basin, Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material available.
FiicHt Prrtop. The old specimens are labeled with various dates covering a period
from Mar. 1 to May 7, and one for July. Four recent specimens, all males, in the
AMNH were taken Mar. 27, 1965 (Fort Davis), and one female Sept. 4, 1964 (Big
Bend National Park), all collected by Mr. A. Blanchard.
Earzy Sraces. Unknown.
Remarks. Much more material is needed, especially from northern Mexico, to clarify
the status of this form.
Nemoria bifilata bifilata (Walker)
Plate 16, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 35, figure 2; plate 45, figures 24-27.
Anisodes bifilata Walker, 1862, p. 1585.
Nemoria bifilata Forbes, 1948, p. 114.
Racheospila abdominaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917b, p. 218. Prout, 1932, p. 26. McDun-
nough, 1938, p. 140. Kimball, 1965, p. 161. New synonymy.
Dracnosis. Bifilata, in the green form of its nominate subspecies, is the only known
species of Nemoria with a distinct whitish dorsal stripe on the abdomen in place of
the usual ocellate spots. It is one of only three species known to have both green
and brown forms, the others being bistriaria (eastern) and pulcherrima (Californian).
Nemoria bifilata (except in Texas) is most readily distinguished from bistriaria by
the abdominal markings if these are visible, but unfortunately in many brown exam-
ples of both species they are obscured. One may then resort to the genitalia, which
have diagnostic characters in the male, or consider the several other less satisfactory
characters included in the following summary of superficial differences between the
two species:
Nemoria bistriaria Nemoria bifilata bifilata
1. Abdomen always spotted in green form, 1. Abdomen striped in green form (ex-
commonly unmarked in brown form.
. Terminal line red or brown, often very
thin, distinctly interrupted at veins.
. Fringes distinctly paler at base.
. Front of fore tibia nearly always with
an oblique white band near middle.
cept in Texas subspecies); unmarked,
spotted, or striped in brown form.
. Terminal line red, often wider, sharply
defined, continuous or only slightly in-
terrupted at veins.
. Fringes more uniformly pinkish or paler,
less apt to be contrastingly paler toward
base.
4. Fore tibia without white markings.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 99
5. Male palpi generally longer, second seg- 5. Male palpi generally shorter, second
ment clearly exceeding front. segment reaching but scarcely exceed-
ing front (unreliable because it depends
on position of palpi).
6. Color of brown form usually not red- 6. Color of brown form often very de-
dish. cidedly reddish.
Character number 4, the presence or absence of a white band on the fore tibia,
seems to be almost 100% reliable, although in rare examples of bistriaria the band is
reduced or wanting.
Nemoria bifilata occurs down the east coast from N.J. to Fla., and discontinuously
westward to Neb. In Texas there is a peculiar subspecies with the normally diagnostic
abdominal stripe replaced by spots, exactly like those of bistriaria.
Types. Bifilata was described from a single brown female “from Mr. Milne’s collection”.
The type locality was not stated but may have been Georgia, as Milne obtained
material from Abbot (Doubleday, im Scudder, 1869, p. 123). The type is in the BM.
Abdominaria was described from three green males from Stemper, Fla. (Aug.)
and one green female from Fort Myers, Fla. (Apr. 16-23). No type designation was
made in the original description, but the specimens are labeled as type male and
paratypes in McDunnough’s handwriting (I have not seen the female type). The three
males are in the USNM, and I hereby designate as lectotype the specimen labeled by
McDunnough as the male type.
Synonymy. Although the type of bDifilata clearly represents the brown form of bi-
striaria or abdominaria, further identification has been a problem. From a colored
photograph, I had at first identified it as bistriarta, but changed this decision following
recent correspondence with Mr. D. S. Fletcher, who kindly reexamined the specimen
for me. He reported that the genitalia of the type most closely resemble my figure 2,
plate 35, having the same deep “pockets” in the sterigma. What is much more
important however, is that the single remaining foreleg of the type does not have a
white-marked tibia. The absence of this marking, as opposed to its usual presence in
bistriaria, is so nearly diagnostic that it seems safe to conclude that bifilata is the same
as abdominaria.
The three males of the type series of abdominaria are all unusually small (most
Florida examples seen are larger), but the pale abdominal stripe is very distinct.
I am confident that they are correctly associated with bifilata as here defined. I have
made a slide of one of the paratypes and it agrees in all essential details with the
many other specimens examined.
FURTHER DeEscrIPpTION. Green form—male antennae normal for the group, with longest
branches equal to about twice diameter of shaft; female antennae normal; male palpi
with second segment reaching but scarcely exceeding front; third segment small, conical,
often decumbent; female palpi similar but a little longer; legs normal for the group.
Antennal scales white, becoming luteous distally; white interantennal fillet with
its hind margin red, luteous or, not infrequently, almost entirely green with just a few
red or luteous scales; front red, often a dull rusty or yellowish shade, unmarked or with
cream colored spots in the lower and upper corners; palpi tinged with reddish; foreleg
red anteriorly, except the coxae, which are greenish; middle tibia sometimes with a
trace of reddish; legs otherwise whitish; front tibia nearly always without a pale bar
across the middle; underside of body whitish; upperside of thorax and abdomen green,
concolorous with wings; abdomen marked with a distinct, sharply defined, cream-
colored mid-dorsal stripe that actually begins on the metathorax and runs to segment
5 or 6, where the dorsum becomes generally whitish. Along the edges of the pale
stripe there may be a few reddish scales visible under magnification
100 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Both wings above bright green, finely striated with white; lines of the wings
usually very thin, less distinct than those of bistriaria. Antemedials often obsolescent
but, if distinct, rather evenly convex and slightly waved; postmedial of forewing
almost straight, regular, turning in slightly and usually fading out at the costa. Costa
of forewing white, flushed with red at base and apex, and with a luteous border
behind separating it from the green area of the wing as in the extremaria group.
There is a well defined red terminal line, continuous or slightly interrupted at the
veins, variable in width but commonly equal to or exceeding the width of the post-
medial line. The fringe is solidly cream colored, often evenly pinkish on the outer
half, very rarely pinkish in the basal half or with diffuse pink rays opposite the veins.
Small blackish discal spots are normally present on both wings. The underside is the
same as above but much paler, the lines indistinct, the costa luteous. Eastern brown
form—In this form the normal green coloring of wings and body is replaced by
brown, often a pinkish or reddish shade in bifilata (compared to the duller brown of
bistriaria), but the shade is highly variable. In some specimens all of the legs and
even the antennal scales are brown, and usually the luteous hind border of the costa
is overlaid with brown. The pale dorsal stripe on the abdomen tends to be compressed
and broken into a series of narrow pale spots, or obliterated altogether. The lines
and discal spots remain normal except that the terminal line may be a darker shade
of brown rather than the usual bright red. The fringes of the brown form tend to be
almost solidly pinkish, scarcely if at all paler at the base.
Intermediates appear to be very rare. I have seen no caught specimens, but a
series reared by Frederick Lemmer at Lakehurst, N.J., in 1934 from a brown parent
came out in the proportion of eight brown (5 male, 3 female) to seven green (3
male, 4 female), and of these, two brown specimens show a strong mixture of green
scales, and one green specimen a slight mixture of brown scales.
Length of forewing: males, 10.5-13.5 mm; females, 12-14 mm.
Mate GeniraiA. Characterized by an unusually straight, parallel-sided valve,
reduced distal costal process, and irregularly swollen, slightly curved basal costal
process that is directed almost straight backward rather than at a pronounced lateral
angle as in bistriaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Close to and commonly inseparable from those of bistriaria, but
the sclerotized, pouch-like enclosure of the ostial opening (the sterigma) tends to be
larger in bifilata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Green form: 92 males, including type, 60 females; brown form:
16 males, 15 females; slides, 16 male, 5 female.
DISTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Miami; Florida City; Stemper; St. Petersburg; Belleair; Oneco,
Manatee Co.; Charlotte Harbour; Sarasota Co.; Tampa; Weekiwachee Springs; Fer-
nandino; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Daytona; Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid,
Highlands Co.; Parker Island, Highlands Co.; Cassia, Lake Co.; Orlando; Welaka,
Putnam Co.; Shalimar; Apalachicola; “Ocean City”. ALABAMA: Ozark. GEORGIA: Augusta.
SOUTH CAROLINA: 2 mi. N. of Myrtle Beach, Horry Co.; The Wedge Plantation, South
Santee R., Charleston Co. NoRTH CAROLINA: Southern Pines; Maxton. NEW JERSEY: Lake-
hurst; Sweetwater. NEW york: “vicinity of New York City”; Wyandanch, Long Island.
NEBRASKA: Columbus, June 5, 1963, E. A. Froemel, one male in the Brower collection,
in poor condition (genitalia checked).
The two New York records are old specimens in the USNM with data labels that
could be regarded as doubtful, although occurrence of the species in such a place as
Long Island is not unlikely.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Apart from a tendency for Florida specimens to be a some-
what deeper green than northern ones, the most noticeable north-south change is the
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 101
loss of the brown form toward the southern extremity of the range. Of the many
specimens seen from Fla., only one male from Ocean City [Okaloosa Co.] (H. O.
Hilton) represents the brown form. It looks just like those from N.J., where the
forms occur in the proportion of 28% brown to 72% green (based on 53 caught
specimens). The single female from Ala. is green, but the specimen from Ga., also
a female, is brown. The specimens from S.C. are green but those from N.C. include
both green and brown. Although it is apparent from the single record that the brown
form reaches northern Fla., there is not enough material to indicate whether the
transition from 72% green to all green is abrupt or gradual. It would seem that, in
nature, brown adults usually result from pupae that have gone through a diapause.
Only in southern Fla., where bDifilata can fly all year round, is the brown form lacking.
Nemoria bistriaria shows a reversal of this trend because in that species it is the
northern population, subspecies rubromarginaria, that tends to lose the brown form.
Unfortunately, a comparison cannot be made in Fla. as bistriaria does not seem to
occur there. I am describing as a subspecies of bifilata a peculiar Texas population
characterized by abdominal spots instead of the usual stripe. The abdomen of the
single Nebraska specimen was so discolored that I was unable to tell whether it had
been striped or spotted.
Fuicut Perrop. In Fla., Jan. 20-Apr. 12 and May 8-June 10. Taken in Ala. on Mar.
18, in S.C. on Apr. 10 and July 9-18, in N.C. on Apr. 7 and Aug. 10. At Lakehurst,
N.J., dates extend from Apr. 23 to July 26, which would seem to represent two broods.
Earty Sraces. Frederick Lemmer appears to have been the only person who has
reared bifilata, and no description or preserved larvae are known to exist. Lemmer
fed his larvae oak but the resulting specimens, most of which are in the USNM, are
all somewhat dwarfed. He made the following remark on a label affixed to the
parent: “Young fed on oak. I suspect sumach to be the right food”. Since the foregoing
was written, I reared bifilata from a female taken near McClellanville, S.C. in Aug.,
1968. The larvae, which did well on Rhus copallina, are similar to those of bistriaria,
but have longer protuberances. This brood produced 38 adults between Oct. 6 and 15,
and all were green.
Remarks. Of the 53 caught specimens examined from N.J., the 15 brown ones all
appear to belong to the spring generation, which is part green and part brown. Second
generation caught specimens are all green. However, the brood reared by Lemmer
produced adults in late June and these were half green and half brown.
In Texas a unique problem exists because there occur what appear to be three
seasonal forms in a population that I consider to represent a subspecies of bifilata.
The following is a description of this subspecies.
Nemoria bifilata planuscula, new subspecies
Plate 16, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 35, figure 3; plate 45, figures 28, 29.
Aplodes brunnearia Packard, 1876, p. 388 (partim).
Dracnosis. This population, which occurs in eastern and central Texas, violates the
rule with regard to the main superficial character of the nominotypical subspecies.
Instead of the diagnostic dorsal abdominal stripe, the green form of planuscula has
ocellate spots exactly like those of the corresponding form of bistriaria. The reversion
of this character greatly increases the possibility of confusion with bistriaria, lixaria
or albilineata, but the genitalia of planuscula clearly reveal its relationship to bifilata.
102 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Like bifilata of the Atlantic coast, the Texas subspecies seems to be seasonally
polymorphic. There is a large brown early spring form in March, corresponding to
the brown diapausing form of bifilata, a similarly large green form in April and May,
presumably the second generation, and a smaller green summer form, probably repre-
senting two or three broods flying continuously from June to September
Types. Holotype male, Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge, San Patricio Co., Texas,
Apr. 10, 1962, collected by R. O. and C. A. Kendall (my slide No. 963). Paratypes:
one male, same locality and collectors, Apr. 7, 1962; one male, Bastrop State Park,
Bastrop Co., Texas, May 19, 1962, same collectors; one female, same locality and
collectors, May 20, 1962; two females, Huntsville, Walker Co., Texas, May 26, 1963,
A. Blanchard; one female, Kerrville, Texas, May, 1908, H. Lacy. All specimens in the
AMNH except the last, which is in the USNM.
Since actual proof of relationships of the supposed seasonal forms is lacking, I am
limiting the type material to the large green spring form. Because the difference in
abdominal markings shows clearly only in green specimens (brown examples normally
having spots in both subspecies), use of a brown specimen as type would seem a poor
choice.
Synonymy. In the description of brunnearia, Packard mentioned having only two
specimens but listed three localities, including Dallas, Texas. His Dallas specimen would
have been the brown form of this Texas population, although I have found no type.
Had I found such a specimen labeled as a type, I would have restricted the name
brunnearia to the Texas subspecies.
FURTHER DEscRIPTION. First spring generation (brown form)—Closely resembling the
brown form of the nominotypical subspecies but generally larger, a duskier shade of
brown, and with less of the reddish tint; abdomen usually with a row of distinct pale
spots, apparently never fused to form a stripe; discal spots small, blackish. One male
from Burnet Co., Texas apparently melanic, being a darker smoky brown, with the
subterminal dark brown instead of reddish. Length of forewing: males (7), 13-14 mm;
females (4), 14-15 mm., except for one dwarfed specimen of only 12 mm.
Second spring generation (type form)—Similar to the eastern green form of bi-
filata except for the following differences: 1) Larger size, especially in females, 2)
abdomen with cream colored dorsal spots, thinly encircled with dull red, on segments
1, 3 and 4, instead of the pale dorsal stripe of bifilata, these spots being almost exactly
as in bistriaria, but smaller and with less red than is usual in festaria or albilineata,
3) discal spots obsolete or distinctly reddish brown rather than blackish, 4) red shade
of front, palpi and legs somewhat paler, but bright red terminal line about the same
as in eastern bifilata. Length of forewing: holotype male, 12.5 mm; other males (2),
12-12.5 mm; females (6), 13.5-15 mm.
Summer generations—Exactly like the large green spring form but much smaller,
and with a tendency to be more intensely colored. Length of forewing: males (28),
10-11 mm; females (7), 11.5-12.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Like those of bifilata.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of bifilata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. First spring brood (brown): 18 males, 5 females; second spring
brood (type form): 3 males, 6 females; summer broods: 28 males, 7 females; slides:
6 male, 8 female.
DisTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Brown spring brood—Dallas; Tennessee Colony, Anderson Co.;
Kerrville, Kerr Co.; Bastrop State Park, Bastrop Co.; Garner State Park, Uvalde Co.;
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 103
“Burnett Co.” Green spring brood (type form)—Welder Wildlife Refuge, San Patricio
Co.; Huntsville, Walker Co.; Bastrop State Park, Bastrop Co.; Kerrville, Kerr Co.; Col-
lege Station, Brazos Co. Summer broods—Lake Brownwood State Park, Brown Co.; Kerr-
ville State Park, Kerr Co.; Forestburg, Montague Co.; College Station, Brazos Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material available.
Fuicnt Periop. First spring brood (brown): Mar. 4-22; second spring brood (green):
Apr. 7—May 26; summer broods: June 1-Sept. 9.
Earty Straces. Unknown.
Remarks. One other green specimen, a large, worn female from Coldspring, San
Jacinto Co., June 1, 1963, I tentatively place here, although its interrupted subter-
minal, slightly checkered fringes and white marked fore tibiae suggest that it may be
bistriaria. It should be noted that bistriaria does reach eastern Texas, and although the
male genitalia can always be distinguished, those of the females cannot.
It appears that planuscula represents a disconnected Texas population as there
are no known records of bifilata from a large region between Florida and Texas. It
may be there but uncollected. Whether the change in abdominal markings is an
abrupt or gradual one thus remains to be worked out. The brown form from Texas
has generally been misidentified in collections as bistriaria or brunnearia.
I had difficulty in choosing the holotype of planuscula because of inadequate
material. To show the best combination of characters it needed to be a green male, and
none of these were in especially good condition.
Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria Hiibner
Plate 2, figure 6; plate 17, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 35, figure 4; plate 45, figures 30-32; plate 46,
figure l.
Terpne bistrigaria Hiibner, 1808, p. 6. Nomen nudum.
Nemoria bistriaria Hibner, 1818, p. 25, pl. [24], figs. 139, 140. Prout, 1912, p. 111. Barnes and
McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 22. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Aplodes bistriaria Hulst, 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Aplodes rubrolinearia Packard, 1873, p. 74; 1876, p. 390. New synonymy.
Synchlora rubrolinearia Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 498.
Racheospila rubrolinearia Prout, 1912, p. 104. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout,
1932, p. 26. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Nemoria rubrolinearia Forbes, 1948, p. 113.
Aplodes brunnearia Packard, 1876, p. 388 (partim), pl. 10, fig. 88. New synonymy.
Nemoria brunnearia Barnes and McDunnough, 1916b, p. 170; 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 22.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Forbes, 1948, p. 114.
Diacnosis. This is one of the two eastern species with green and brown forms, the
spring generation being mostly brown (except in race rubromarginaria), the summer
generation green. It closely resembles bifilata in size and coloring, except that the
abdomen is marked with spots instead of a stripe in the green form, and unmarked or
only faintly spotted in the brown form (see table of differences under bifilata). ‘The
white lines are regular or slightly sinuous, the terminal line thin, red in green speci-
mens, often dark brown in brown ones, interrupted at the veins. The fringes are whitish
in green specimens, pale brown in brown ones, with or without pinkish rays opposite
the veins. The abdomen has whitish spots bordered by red on abdominal segments
1, 3 and 4, but these may be obsolete in the brown form. Dark discal spots may be
present or absent. The front of the fore tibia nearly always has an oblique white band
across the middle (lacking in bifilata).
104 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
The genitalia of both sexes quite readily distinguish bistriarta from all other
sympatric species. The range is from eastern Texas to Georgia and north to Pennsyl-
vania, with subspecies rubromarginaria extending from the mountains of Pennsylvania
to Montreal, Quebec. In the southeast, green specimens of bistriaria may be confused
with lixaria, although the female palpi are not as long. Males in which the tip of the
uncus happens to be visible are readily distinguished without making a genitalia
slide. North of the range of lixaria, bistriaria is the only species with both red
terminal line and abdominal spots.
Types. The type of bistriaria came from Georgia, as stated by Hiibner in the text of
the Zutrige, p. 25: “Aus Georgien in Florida. Durch Herrn Dr. Andersch erlangt”.
Its present location, if it still exists, is unknown to me. Hiibner’s figures 139 and 140
show what is quite certainly a brown Nemoria, with white lines that seem unusually
wide for bistriaria from that far south, although I have seen few specimens from
Ga. Lines of that width occur not infrequently in the northern race rubromarginaria,
but never in bifilata—the only other species with a brown form in Ga. On the basis
of our present knowledge of the fauna and assuming that the locality stated is
correct, bistriaria has to be one of these two species. The width of the lines almost
certainly rules out bifilata which, in addition, seems to be rarer and the one less
likely to fall into a collector’s hands. The figures in the Zutrage are not good enough
to show finer distinctions such as the color of the terminal line or the character
of the abdominal marking. The shade of brown on the wings does look more like that
of what I am calling bistriaria. I have seen a few northern specimens (e.g., from
Ithaca, N.Y.) that are a better match for Hiibner’s figures than are any southern
specimens available, but the latter are still so few that they do not provide sufficient
justification for regarding the type locality, Georgia, as incorrect.
Rubrolinearia was based on one male from “Philadelphia, Pa. (Coll. Amer.
Ent. Soc.)”, and its present location is uncertain. It is not in the MCZ.
Packard’s description of brunnearia is confusing but he had at least three speci-
mens, two of which I have found. I hereby designate as lectotype the female from
West Virginia in the MCZ, stated in the description to have been taken April 18 by
T. L. Mead. It is a very rubbed specimen but the abdomen is there to confirm the
determination if necessary. There is another female type in the USNM, labeled
“Capt. May 7/73”, “Aplodes brunnearia Packard, Type’, and “Type No. 328, U.S.N.M.”
It has no abdomen and no front legs. Judging by the date, this is the specimen
Packard mentioned from “Central Missouri (Riley)”. He also included with the
above types a specimen, or specimens, from “Dallas, Texas (Boll, Mus. Peab. Acad.
Sc.)’, and although there are three such specimens (all females) in the MCZ, none
bears a type label. The Dallas specimens, although also brown, are not bistriaria,
but represent the Texas form of bifilata. Packard was not specific about the sex of
each specimen for which he gave locality data, but indicated that the description
was that of two males, while basing the measurements given only on an unstated number
of females. My guess is that his use of male sex symbols in the description was an
error or misprint.
SynonyMy. Although I have not seen the type of rubrolinearia, it appears to have
been a green summer brood specimen (fringe pale). If one chooses to regard the
northern, transition zone population as a subspecies, rubrolinearia (1873) is one of
two Packard names that must be considered, the other being rubromarginaria (1876)
from Montreal, Quebec. Since Philadelphia, the type locality of rubrolinearia, is
within or perhaps even south of the boundary zone between the northern and southern
populations, I prefer to assign rubrolinearia to the synonymy of bistriaria and use for
the subspecies the unambiguous name rubromarginaria. As the more obvious sub-
specific differences occur in the spring broods, racial determination of the type of
rubrolinearia per se may be difficult or impossible. Specimens examined from Washing-
ton, D.C., Wilmington, Del. and southern N.J. are quite normal southern bistriaria;
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 105
those from New Brighton, Pa., the vicinity of New York City, and southern Conn.
seem to be intermediate, with brown still the dominant color of the spring generation.
The lectotype of brunnearia, from W. Va., and the syntype from Mo. are quite
certainly brown spring specimens of bistriaria, but the specimens from Dallas, Texas,
are something else, which I refer, at least for the present, to bifilata. I had thought
of restricting the name brunnearia to the latter form by designating a Texas example
as lectotype, but have found no such specimens that can definitely be regarded as
part of Packard’s original type lot. Identification of Packard’s material is further
complicated by the knowledge that true bistriaria also occurs in eastern Texas. Barnes
and McDunnough (1916b, p. 170) also failed to find any type of brunnearia from
Texas, and considered that it had been described only from the two females mentioned.
FurTHER Description. Green form (summer brood)—Structure of antennae, palpi and
legs as in bifilata. Male antenna with ventral branches 10-15 (the longest) equal to
twice the diameter of the shaft; male palpi exceeding front by about half the length
of the second segment; third segment small, set well in among the scales of the
second, somewhat rounded, slightly decumbent; female palpi longer, exceeding front
by a distance almost equal to the length of the second segment; third segment half
the length of the second, subcylindrical.
Antennal shaft with white scales near the base, luteous distally; white inter-
antennal fillet with a narrow yellowish or reddish border behind; front pale, dull red
to deep brick red with a white lower border and usually a pair of whitish spots or
bars in the upper corners; palpi white, outwardly tinged with the same shade of red
as the front; legs cream colored except for the front tibiae, which are pale reddish
brown, marked with a white band across the middle of the anterior side; underside
of body whitish; upperside of thorax and basal half of abdomen green, concolorous
with wings, caudal half of abdomen mostly whitish; abdominal segments 1, 3 and
4 with whitish dorsal spots narrowly bordered with red or yellowish.
Upperside of wings green, about the same shade as rubrifrontaria, a little paler
than bifilata, very finely and faintly striated with white; lines thin; antemedials evenly
convex, that of the forewing slightly waved; postmedial of forewing regular, slightly
convex, almost parallel to outer margin; postmedial of hindwing slightly waved, curved
parallel to outer margin, sometimes angled at Cui; discal spots lacking or indicated
only as spots of darker green (rarely red or brown); costa white, yellowish or faintly
reddish at base and apex, with a weak luteous edging along its full length behind,
separating the white from the green; terminal line bright red, usually a little narrower
and more distinctly interrupted at the veins than in bifilata; fringes white in basal half,
luteous outwardly, usually with weak reddish rays opposite the veins. Underside much
paler with the lines obsolete and the entire costa luteous.
Length of forewing: males, 10.5-12 mm; females, 12-13 mm. Brown form (spring
brood)—Green coloring of wings and body entirely replaced by brown as in brown
form of bifilata. Shade of brown generally less reddish than in bifilata, although
occasional specimens pinkish. Brown specimens variably striated with whitish, often
much more coarsely so than green ones, and antemedial and postmedial lines with
tendency to be wider. Terminal line either reddish or a darker shade of brown. Except
for a pale line near base, fringes almost completely suffused with pinkish brown;
the reddish rays, although still there, diffuse and not contrasting. The small discal
spots, if present, red or brown. Thorax and front concolorous with wings; front may
retain whitish markings of green form although these often reduced or lost. Palpi
tinged with either red or brown. Fore tibiae brown anteriorly, retaining the oblique
white band across middle, often helpful in distinguishing bistriaria from bifilata. Dor-
sum of abdomen normally solid brown, except for the whitish caudal tufts, only
rarely showing vestiges of the abdominal spots characteristic in the green form. Under-
side as above but much paler, the lines less distinct and the costa brownish.
Length of forewing: males, 11-11.5 mm; females, 11.5-12.5 mm.
The separation into brown spring form and green summer form is not invariable.
106 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
From the vicinity of Washington, D.C. I have seen one green male taken May 11
(USNM) and one brown male (dwarfed) taken Sept. 2 (JGF). I have also seen a
spring female from Montgomery Co., Va., that is intermediate. The green spring form
of subspecies rubromarginaria, together with a full range of intermediates, begins
to appear commonly in Pa.
Mate GENITALIA. Close to those of bifilata but easily distinguished by several charac-
ters. Uncus long, slender, only slightly expanded at tip (stouter in subspecies
rubromarginaria); socii broad and rounded; anellus forming an almost square opening
through which passes the aedeagus (in bifilata this being more often rounded or
irregularly V-shaped, and the transtilla wider); valve with a more elevated, sharper-
edged mesial ridge than in bifilata, and with the costa more concave, terminating in a
very prominent, pointed distal process; basal costal processes of the same length as in
bifilata but almost perfectly straight and evenly tapered to sharp points, diverging
rather strongly (as mounted on a slide), whereas those of bifilata are directed almost
straight backward; aedeagus commonly with a row of 5-8 small teeth on its distal
half, smaller and less developed than those in bifilata.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Here the differences between bistriaria and bifilata are much
less satisfactory and I have found none that are really consistent. The sclerotized,
pouch-like structure that encloses the ostial opening is always quite wide in bifilata;
in bistriaria it may be the same width or somewhat smaller, retaining the same
shape. There also seems to be a tendency for the lip of this structure to be strongly
concave in bistriaria, more nearly straight across in bifilata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Green form, 33 males, 13 females; brown form, 44 males, 24
females. Slides: green form, 4 males, 2 females; brown form, 6 males, 2 females.
DisTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Town Bluff, Tyler Co. (DCF Slide No. 899, AMNH); Spring,
Harris Co. mississippi: Pearl, Rankin Co.; Clinton, Hinds Co. ALABAMA: Ozark, Dale
Co.; Anniston. GEorGIA: Augusta (Slide No. 5330, AMNH). souUTH CAROLINA: Wedge
Plantation, South Santee River, Charleston Co.; Cherry Hill Recreation Area, 2000’,
Oconee Co. NORTH CAROLINA: Tryon; Brevard; Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co. TENNESSEE:
Johnson City. KENTucKy: Morehead. Missouri: Warsaw, Benton Co. ARKANSAS: Washing-
ton Co. ILLINoIs: Decatur. OHIO: Fairfield Co. WEST VIRGINIA: ““W. Va.” VIRGINIA: Black
Mountain; Blacksburg and Brush Mountain, Montgomery Co.; Arlington. DISTRICT
OF COLUMBIA: Washington. MARYLAND: Plummer’s Island (Cabin John). DELAWARE:
Wilmington, New Castle Co. NEW JERSEY: Lakehurst.
The following show, by an increasing frequency of green in the spring brood, a
condition intermediate between bistriaria and subspecies rubromarginaria—NEW JER-
sEY: Essex County Park; Ft. Lee District; Greenwood Lake; PENNsyLVANIA: Adams-
town, Lancaster Co.; New Brighton, Beaver Co.; NEw york: Riverhead, L.I.; Bronx
Park; Bear Mts.; New Windsor; CONNECTICUT: Greenwich, Fairfield Co.; Shelton; near
Middletown.
I have seen no records for Fla. although it would be expected to reach the
northern part of that state. A few that I thought might be Floridian bistriaria proved to
be lixaria when the genitalia were examined.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There appears to be little variation throughout the range
except for the increasing tendency for green specimens to appear in the spring
generation toward the northeastern boundary. This boundary is actually an extensive
zone of overlap that seems to extend from about Washington, D.C., to New Haven,
Conn., but it requires further investigation. The most southerly record of a pure
green spring specimen is from Washington, D.C., but even in southern Conn. the
spring form is still predominantly brown. Although the material examined has hardly
been adequate, I believe that in the hills of northern Conn. the spring form is
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 107
predominantly green, as it certainly is at Ithaca, N.Y. (rubromarginaria). ‘Two
spring females from Montgomery Co., Va., are intermediate (green, heavily
suffused with brown). In S.C., the early spring generation (Mar.) seems to be entirely
brown. I have seen only two Texas examples, a male and a female, both normal
looking brown spring specimens.
FuicuT Pertop. In Texas, Mar. 10, 23; Miss., May 18, June 11 (green, second brood);
Ala., Mar. 24, 26 (brown, first brood), June 27 (green, second brood); S.C., N.C.,
Va., Md., Del., Ky., Mo., Ark., Ill, Mar. 16-May 21 (brown) and June 25-Aug. 10
(zreen);) Pa., NJ; N.Y; Conn., Apr. 15-May 31 and July 9-31, with one record
for Aug. 21 (Middletown, Conn.) and one for Sept. 15 (Bear Mt., N.Y.). In the
Franclemont collection there is one brown male taken at Arlington, Va., Sept. 2,
presumably a third generation emergence.
Earty Sraces. I reared bistriaria from a brown spring female taken at the Wedge
Plantation, near McClellanville, S.C., Mar. 27, 1968. The larvae fed on oak (various
species). The resulting brood, which emerged between May 22 and June 12, consisted
of 7 green males and 3 brown males, and 6 green females. One of the 7 green males
was somewhat intermediate, being tinged with brown. The larva is basically similar
to that of lixaria, and to others of the bistriaria group such as mimosaria and
rubrifrontaria, but differs in numerous minor details. The processes on abdominal
segments 8 and 4 are conspicuously longer than the others, and each terminates in a
pair of subequal spines. The processes on A3 are contrastingly dark in color. The
dorsal pair of processes on A8 are long. The numerous setose tubercles are unusually
well developed and the integument is more heavily pilose than in any other species
of Nemoria examined. The larva seems to differ somewhat from that of subspecies
rubromarginaria, the processes on A2, A3 and A8 being distinctly longer.
Abbot manuscript drawings of a larva and pupa, reproduced by Packard (1876,
pl. 13, figs. 28, 28a) were thought by Packard to represent his brunnearia [=bistriaria].
Abbot gave as the food plant Juglans nigra, and associated the larvae with both
brown and green adults. The fact that Abbot had two color forms puzzled Packard,
but we now know this to be correct.
Comstock (1960, pp. 436, 439) gives Prunus as a food plant, but when I checked
his reference, a paper by D. S. Kellicott (1885, Canad. Ent. 17: 32-33), I found
that Kellicott was not referring to a species of Nemoria, but to Eumacaria brunnearia
[brunneata] Packard (= Itame latiferrugata (Wlk.)). Hulst (1887, p. 72) described
a larva, as rubrolinearia, feeding on Myrica on Long Island, N.Y., but I believe that
this was rubrifrontaria. In the USNM there are 2 summer generation females of
bistriaria, without locality, reared from Betula nigra by C. V. Riley
Nemoria bistriaria rubromarginaria (Packard), new status
Plate 17, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 46, figures 2-5.
Aplodes rubromarginaria Packard, 1876, pp. 389-390.
Anaplodes rubromarginaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Racheospila rubrolinearia Prout, 1912, p. 104 (partim). Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99
(partim). McDunnough, 1938, p. 140 (partim).
Racheospila rubromarginaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1916b, p. 170; 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932,
p. 25. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Nemoria rubrolinearia Forbes, 1948, p. 113 (summer brood).
Nemoria rubromarginaria Forbes, 1948, p. 114; p. 112, fig. 122 (spring brood)
Dracnosis. This is the northern population of bistriaria, occurring approximately from
Pennsylvania to southern Quebec and Ontario, and distingushed mainly by having a
108 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
predominantly green, rather than brown, spring generation. Although the spring and
summer broods are both green, they look quite different and were considered different
species until Forbes (1948, p. 114) pointed out that they were almost certainly
seasonal forms of the same species. He used the name rubrolinearia for the summer
brood, but for reasons already explained I have referred that name to the synonymy
of bistriaria. The summer generation of rubromarginaria looks just like that of
bistriaria; the spring generation may be about 15% brown or intermediate but those
that are green tend to differ from summer specimens in being subhyaline and fragile
looking, with wider white lines and often much more red suffusion in the fringes and
on the abdomen. The brown form differs from that of bistriaria in being unstriated, or
almost so. Throughout all or nearly all of its range, rubromarginaria is the only
representative of the genus with a red terminal line.
Typrs. The type is a female from Montreal, Quebec in the MCZ. It is labeled
“Type 2219”, and a slide has been made of the genitalia (J. F. Gates Clarke slide
No. 1162). The type is a specimen of the spring generation.
SyNoNyYMy. None.
FURTHER DEscrIPTION. Spring brood—Structure of antennae, palpi and legs as in bi-
striaria. White interantennal fillet with the usual red hind border well developed,
followed by a diffuse pale brown collar separating the head from the green thorax;
front pale dull red or brownish, with or without the usual pale markings; palpi
heavily tinged with the same shade, the third segment whitish at the tip; fore tibia
red or brownish with the white band across the middle as in bistriaria; legs otherwise
whitish or faintly tinged with brown; thorax and basal half of abdomen green above;
abdominal segments 1, 3 and 4 normally with pale spots encircled with light brown,
but the brown shading is sometimes exaggerated, covering much of the dorsum, in
which case the pale spots may be obliterated.
Wings normally green instead of brown, unstriated but pale, thinly scaled and
almost subhyaline; white lines with a tendency to be almost as wide as the fringes and
variable in position (e.g., often coming unusually close together at the inner margins);
antemedial of forewing normally convex but not infrequently straight or nearly so;
costa white with its luteous posterior margin not well defined, flushed with red towards
base and apex; red terminal line present but often feeble and widely interrupted at
the veins; fringes basally whitish, variably suffused with pinkish brown. The fringes
tend to have diffuse pinkish rays opposite the vein endings and these may be discrete
and well defined (as in the summer brood), or so exaggerated and confluent that
the entire fringe appears reddish. The fringes, when thus wholly suffused, are much
the same as in the brown form of bistriaria, although the wings otherwise remain
green. Minute dark green or brown discal spots may be present or absent.
A small proportion of brown specimens occur in the spring generation at least
as far north as Ithaca, N.Y., where about 15% of the spring brood is brown or
intermediate. These look much like the southern spring form of bistriaria but have a
tendency to be smaller, paler, unstriated, and subhyaline. Many are not entirely brown
but, at least under magnification, prove to have a mixture of green and brown
scales that may occur in any degree of intergradation.
I should emphasize again the extreme variability of the lines in the spring
brood. In some specimens examined, both green and brown, these are so diffuse as to be
almost obsolete; in others the lines are wide, pure white and sharply defined. The
extreme variability in the course and position of these lines has been mentioned, as
has the unusual variation in the amount of reddish brown on the abdomen and in
the fringes.
Length of forewing: males, 10-12 mm; females, 11-13 mm.
Summer brood—This is probably indistinguishable from the summer brood of Di-
striaria. The wings are slightly darker green and much more opaque than in the
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 109
spring brood, and the fringes may be solidly whitish, without red markings. No
brown summer specimens of rubromarginaria are known.
Length of forewing: males, 9.5-12 mm; females, 11-12 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Several definite trends are apparent in the genitalia of rubromar-
ginaria, revealing a south to north divergence from typical bistriaria. This trend is in
the direction of shorter and stouter genitalic components. There is even a noticeable
difference, for example, between specimens from Ontario and those from Ithaca,
N.Y., with evidence that this is a clinal continuum throughout what I define as the
range of rubromarginaria. The uncus becomes shorter and stouter, the tip often
more expanded and nearly spatulate, the valve noticeably shorter and wider, with the
costa more concave, the distal process of costa not quite so long and pointed, and the
basal process slightly stouter and with a tendency for the outer half to be bent or
curved outward.
These are trends only, not necessarily apparent in any one specimen, but obvious
when a fair number are examined. Of the characters mentioned, the thickened uncus
is the most consistent, being nearly always evident where the spring form is mostly
green. There appear to be no genitalic differences between the spring and summer
forms.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to and possibly indistinguishable from those of bistriaria
and bifilata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Total of 461 males, 53 females, the various forms represented
as follows: spring form, green: 230 males, 19 females; spring form, brown: 20 males,
2 females; spring form, intermediate (green-brown): 19 males, 1 female; summer
form: 192 males, 31 females. Slides: 20 male, 4 female. Larvae: one brood reared.
DIsTRIBUTION. NEW YORK: Horseheads, Chemung Co.; Ithaca, Tompkins Co.; Picton
Island, Clayton. CONNECTICUT: Washington, Litchfield Co.; Mansfield, Tolland Co.;
Putnam, Windham Co.; Norwich. ontario: Marmora; Ottawa; South March; Chaffey’s
Locks [near Kingston]; Renfrew; Easton’s Corners. QUEBEC: Montreal; Isle Jesu; Nor-
way Bay.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Most of the variation in rubromarginaria is not geographical,
although the frequency of brown in the spring form apparently changes from south
to north (see also discussion under bistriaria), as does to some extent the form of the
male genitalia, already discussed. Most of the transition from bistriaria to rubromar-
ginaria seems to occur across a surprisingly narrow zone of 50 miles or even less,
although this distance is difficult to measure because too few localities are represented,
and because the zone swings northward up the coast from Philadelphia to Long
Island Sound. The few specimens available suggest that the boundary passes from
east to west through the middle of Connecticut.
Of the 251 spring brood specimens examined from the vicinity of Ithaca, N.Y., the
color proportions are as follows:
Males Females
85% green 89% green
7% brown 11% brown
8%, intermediate 0% intermediate
In these proportions there is a possibility of two different kinds of sampling errors.
First, the available females are so few (18) that there is a chance of those figures
being statistically unreliable. Second, there is a possibility of selectivity on the part
of collectors in saving a higher proportion of the rarer brown specimens than actually
occurs in nature.
I have not seen brown specimens from anywhere north of Ithaca, and very few
spring specimens at all from other localities. Of approximately 125 specimens seen
110 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
from Ontario and Quebec, 115 are of the summer form. In addition to the type, I
have seen only two other specimens from the vicinity of Montreal, a female taken
May 8, 1949 and a male labeled July 15-31, 1932, both in the collection of Mr. A. C.
Sheppard. A series of summer generation specimens reared at South March, Ont.
(see below) are somewhat unusual in having the red terminal line and red fringe
markings reduced, at least in part of the specimens, almost to the point of obsolescence.
The fringes are almost pure white. Other Canadian specimens are normal.
FiicHt Prrrop. Spring brood, Apr. 23-June 10; summer brood, July 1-Aug. 10. The
brood reared by Dr. McDunnough from a female taken at South March, Ont., May 20,
1943, produced four males and seven females between June 26 and July 6.
Earty Sraces. The brood mentioned above, reared by Dr. McDunnough, provides the
only actual proof I have seen that we are dealing with seasonal forms of one species.
His eleven specimens, reared ex ovo on oak (species not specified) from a spring
female, are the summer form, with darker, more opaque wings. In the spring of 1965 I
reared larvae from two females taken in May at Ithaca, N.Y. These were fed white oak,
on which they did quite well; they pupated but did not produce a second generation.
The following December these pupae still appeared to be alive, but they did not sur-
vive the winter.
Prentice (1963, p. 305) reports on several specimens of this species (as rubrolinearia
Pack.) reared on white oak in the vicinity of Renfrew and Prescott in southeastern
Ontario. I have examined adults in the CNC that I believe represent three of these
Forest Insect Survey specimens, and they are spring specimens that emerged (in the
laboratory) in February and March.
In the USNM there are two summer generation females reared from Betula nigra
(ex collection C. V. Riley). The locality is not given and I have assumed that they are
bistriaria, although they look exactly like the Ontario rubromarginaria reared by
McDunnough.
The larva is much like that of bistriaria, mimosaria, rubrifrontaria or lixaria but
is more slender, with the lateral processes on segments A2—A4 somewhat smaller and
more distinctly notched between the spines at the tips. The processes on A2, A3 and A4
are more uniform in size than in bistriaria, and those on A8 are short. Abdominal
segments 2, 3 and 4 each have dark dorsal spots like bistriaria, mimosaria and rubri-
frontaria, but there are no stripes. As in bistriaria, the darkest markings (dark brown
on a paler brown ground) occur beneath the lateral processes, and this dark mottled
area is sharply differentiated from the unmarked venter along a straight ventro-lateral
line. This line, dividing a pigmented from an unpigmented area, is not so defined in
any other species examined and perhaps could serve as a key character. Also as in
bistriaria, the integument tends to be heavily pilose, but the processes on A2 are not
contrastingly darker than those on A3 to A4.
Remarks. One of the odd things about rubomarginaria is that it is known from relatively
few localities. It must be more generally distributed within this region than the records
indicate, but the vast bulk of specimens in collections are from Ithaca, N.Y., mostly
collected by Dr. Franclemont. There is also a large series of over one hundred summer
brood specimens in the AMNH, collected by the Rev. J. C. E. Riotte at Chaffey’s Locks,
Ont.
I have considered the possibility of rubromarginaria being a species distinct from
bistriaria, partly because of its very distinctive looking spring generation and the slight
differences in the genitalia. However, these changes are not abrupt, and with important
aspects of distribution and biology still not known in detail, such a division at present
would seem untenable.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE jell
Nemoria rubrifrontaria (Packard)
Plate 17, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 35, figure 6; plate 46, figures 9, 10.
Racheospila rubrifrontaria Packard, 1873, p. 76. Prout, 1912, p. 104.
Aplodes rubrifrontaria Packard, 1876, p. 386. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria rubrifrontaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 23. McDun-
nough, 1938, p. 140. Dethier, 1942, p. 233 and pl. XVI (larva). Forbes, 1948, p. 113.
Aplodes packardaria Grote, 1882, p. 46.
Aplodes rubrolinearia Hulst, 1887, p. 72 (described larva, probably of rubrifrontaria).
Diacnosis. Rubrifrontaria is the only northeastern species of Nemoria with the following
combination of characters: fringes pink, paler at the base (appearing almost white in
worn specimens), only faintly checkered, near the apex, if at all; no red terminal line;
abdomen with three or four white dorsal spots encircled with red. Apart from the
abdominal markings and pink fringes, rubrifrontaria closely resembles mimosaria, but
in genitalia and host plant preferences they are also distinct. The genitalia appear
closest to those of the festaria-intensaria complex. Rubrifrontaria ranges from N.S. to
N.C., and west to $.D. and Kans. It gets north at least to Smoky Falls on the Mattagami
River, Ont.
Types. The type of rubrifrontaria was a male from Mass. (Sanborn). On a recent visit
to the MCZ, I was unable to find it, but Packard’s description leaves virtually no
doubt as to its identity. The type of packardaria Grote would have been the same
specimen.
SynonyMy. Packardaria was proposed as a substitute name for rubrifrontaria, which
Grote considered to be preoccupied.
FurTHER Description. Antennae and legs normal for the group; palpi of male somewhat
pointed, shorter than those of mimosaria, exceeding front only by the length of the
very small third segment; palpi of female longer, exceeding front by half the length
of the second segment; third segment more prominent than that of the male, rounded;
antennal scales whitish at the base, luteous distally; interantennal fillet white with a
rather wide reddish hind margin; front red, usually of a somewhat rusty shade, not
rose or pink, the lower margin rather narrowly white or luteous; luteous spots in upper
corners of front present only rarely; palpi tinged with rose, the third segment white-
tipped; femora and tibiae of the front legs and sometimes also the middle legs heavily
tinged with deep rose; legs otherwise whitish or luteous. Underside of body whitish
except for some green thoracic vestiture just behind the head, and traces of green on
the undersides of the mid-abdominal segments, apparent in very fresh specimens. Upper-
side of thorax green like the wings; upperside of abdomen with green shading to
segment 3 or 4, white beyond; abdomen with moderately well developed dorsal markings
consisting of cream colored to whitish spots on segments 1, 3 and 4, encircled with
variable amounts of a rather rusty shade of red like the coloring of the front; vestiges
of similar markings may be present on segments 2 and 5.
Fore- and hindwings uniformly green, of a decidedly darker shade than mimosaria,
very faintly striated with whitish. The usual lines white, fairly distinct but not wide, al-
most exactly as in mimosaria; antemedials convex, that of the forewing quite sinuous;
postmedials regular or slightly sinuous, subparallel to outer margin; no terminal line; no
discal spots; costa whitish, slightly shaded with red near the base; fringes with basal half
whitish, outer half light pink; fringe coloring normally uniform, occasionally variegated
with weak rays of darker pink on forewings. Pink distal half of fringe commonly faded or
lost in worn specimens, but these may always be distinguished from mimosaria by the
abdominal markings and from bistriaria by the lack of a red terminal line. Underside
slightly paler with the lines indistinct.
Length of forewing: males, 12-13.5 mm; females, 12-14 mm.
m2 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
MALE GENITALIA. Closest to those of the festaria-intensaria complex but differing in the
following ways; uncus dilated at the tip; valve narrower, with a pointed, serrated
prominence at the base of the costa (present as a vestige in Ariz. festaria); the usual
basal costal process longer.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Also basically similar to those of the festaria complex but with the
funnel-shaped ductus bursae of somewhat different form, as indicated by the figure
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 201 males, 112 females; 9 male, 5 female slides; numerous larvae,
alive, in alcohol and inflated; one brood reared ex ovo.
DISTRIBUTION. NOVA SCOTIA: Pictou; Debert and Truro, Colchester Co.; New Harbour,
Guysborough Co.; Mt. Uniacke, Hants Co.; Armdale, West Dover, bog on Prospect
Road at Goodwood, bog east of Big Indian Lake in Halifax Watershed area, Purcell’s
Cove, and Halifax, Halifax Co.; Petite Riviere and Green Bay, Lunenburg Co.; Cale-
donia, Lake Kejimkujik, and White Point Beach, Queens Co.; Wolfville, Auburn
and near Aylesford, Kings Co.; Annapolis Royal and South Milford, Annapolis Co.
NEW BRUNSWICK: Caraquet, Gloucester Co. QUEBEC: Kazubazua. ONTARIO: Ottawa; Con-
stance Bay; Severn; Sparrow Lake; Bobcageon; Biscotasing; Sudbury; Sault Ste.
Marie; Smoky Falls, Mattagami River. MAINE: Bar Harbor; Passadumkeag; Thomaston,
Knox Co.; Augusta; Gardiner; Sebec Lake. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Webster; Franconia. MASSA-
CHUsETTs: Springfield; Cohasset; Weston; Amherst; Barnstable; Martha’s Vineyard. con-
NECTICUT: Putnam; Mansfield, Tolland Co.; Mystic; Guilford; New Haven; New Canaan;
Greenwich, Fairfield Co.; Litchfield; Washington. NEw york: Maspeth, L.I.; Orient,
L.I.; Yaphank, L.I.; Central Park, L.I.; near Amityville and near Patchogue, Suffolk
Co.; West Farms, N.Y. City; Bear Mountain; Horseheads. NEW JERSEY: Edgewater Heights;
Fort Lee District; Orange Mt.; Smithville, Atlantic Co.; Lebanon State Forest; South
Amboy; Elizabeth; Jerseyville, 3 mi. E. of Freehold; Freehold; Atsion, Burlington Co.;
Lakehurst; Whitebog. PENNSYLVANIA: Sinking Spring, Berks Co.; Scranton. VIRGINIA:
Arlington. NORTH CAROLINA: Southern Pines. oH1o: Jackson Co. INDIANA: Millers. wIs-
CONSIN: Lake Katherine, Oneida Co. missourt: Willard. KANSAs: Mears Park, Franklin
Co. souTH pAKora: Terry Peak, Black Hills, June 28, 1939 (A. C. Frederick), one male,
one female in Brower collection, determined by genitalic examination.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There is little indication of consistent geographical variation.
Specimens from Mass. to N.J. in the central coastal region have the white lines a little
wider than do the Canadian ones. The series reared on Rhus copallina at Arlington,
Va. seemed unusually large and dark.
FLIGHT Pertop. May 31—July 20 in N.S., with only one generation. Two or more genera-
tions southward; e.g., May 7-June 29 (one on Apr. 26 at Horseheads, N.Y.) and July
17—-Aug. 29 in the region from Mass. to Pa.; Apr. 26-May 20 and July 17-29 at Arling-
ton, Va. The one Kans. record was a female taken Aug. 7, 1965 by Mr. Wm. H. Howe
(AMNBF).
Earty Sraces. The larva was first described by Packard (1876, p. 387) from notes
made by Scudder. Hulst (1887, p. 72) described a larva, as rubrolinearia, found feeding
on Bayberry, Myrica cerifera [pensylvanica] at the eastern end of Long Island, but
this was probably rubrifrontaria. It has since been redescribed and figured in excellent
detail by Dethier (1942, p. 233, pls. 15, 16). The commonest, or at least best known,
host plant is sweet fern, Comptonia peregrina. I have found and reared to maturity
many larvae on Comptonia, and also reared a brood from eggs on this plant in
Nova Scotia. I have also reared adults from larvae on Myrica gale and one from a larva
found on Kalmia angustifolia. The last food plant should be verified although it is not
entirely unlikely. In the CNC there is a male and a female reared from Ceanothus at
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 113
Bobcageon, Ont., by McDunnough, and another series reared on Comptonia at Kazu-
bazua, Que. Dr. J. G. Franclemont reared it from eggs on Rhus copallina at Arlington,
Va.
Remarks. Packard, in his monograph of 1876, p. 386, erroneously included specimens
from several western localities under rubrifrontaria. Part of these would have been
darwiniata.
Nemoria mimosaria (Guenée)
Plate 17, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 35, figure 5; plate 46, figures 6-8.
Aplodes mimosaria Guenée, 1857, p. 377. Walker, 1861, p. 586. Packard, 1876, pp. 388-389, pl
10, fig. 89. Hulst, 1886b, pp. 139-141. Hulst, 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1899a, pp. 310-311 (early
stages); 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Nemoria mimosaria Prout, 1912, p. 111. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p.
22. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Forbes, 1948, p. 113, figs. 116, 120.
Iodis tractaria Walker, 1861, p. 540.
Hipparchiscus venustus Walsh, 1864, p. 301.
Aplodes latiaria Packard, 1873, p. 74; 1876, p. 391. Hulst, 1886b, p. 139.
Aplodes coniferaria Packard, 1884, p. 933.
Synchlora mimosaria and latiaria Gumppenberg, 1895, pp. 497-498.
Diacnosis. A pale green northeastern species entirely without red markings on the wings
and abdomen; in size and lines of the wings very similar to rubrifrontaria; abdomen
marked with a small, pure white dorsal spot at the base which is diagnostic; fringes white;
front rose colored with a white lower border; vertex without a red posterior margin.
Genitalia of both sexes distinctive and readily distinguished from those of all other species.
Mimosaria ranges from N.S. to Sask., about as far north as Kapuskasing, Ont., and The
Pas, Man., and south to Ill. and Va.
Types. Mimosaria was described from one male and two females from “Géorgie
américaine,” and “Canada.” The surviving type is a female in the USNM labeled
“Canada. Ex Musaeo Achille Guenée. Ex typicalibus speciminibus. Oberthur Coll.
Aplodes mimosaria, Guenée, Sp. G. No. 605. Type.” This specimen has lost its original
abdomen and has been repaired with a female abdomen of some altogether different
species, probably bifilata (it has a cream-colored dorsal stripe). A careful comparison
of the specimen with rubrifrontaria and others convinced me that it definitely represents
the species that has generally been called mimosaria. The type is still green and in fair
condition except for the loss of its abdomen. The specimen or specimens from Georgia
included in the species by Guenée must either have had a false locality or have been
something else, as the species herein defined as mimosaria almost certainly does not
reach Georgia. Guenée’s description fits this species exactly, mentioning even the white
dorsal spot at the base of the abdomen.
Tractaria was based on seven specimens in the BM from Trenton Falls, N.Y.,
“Orilla, West Canada” and N.S. Venustus was from Rock Island, IIl., but the present
location of Walsh’s material is unknown to me. Latiaria was described from one male
from Albany, N.Y., and is probably at the New York State Museum, Albany. Conzferaria
was based on six reared specimens from larvae on “fir and hemlock.” The locality was
not stated but the original description mentions that they ‘issued from the chrysalids
in the breeding box, in Providence [Rhode Island], between April 20th and 25th.”
I have found four specimens labeled as types of coniferaria, one in the MCZ (unspread),
one in the AMNH ex Hulst collection, labeled “Me.”, and two in the USNM ex col-
lection C. V. Riley.
114 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
SyNoNyMy. There seem to be no reasons to doubt that the names tractaria, venustus,
latiaria and coniferaria are anything other than mimosaria. However, approximaria
Packard (1873, p. 73), which has been included in the synonymy of mimosaria since
Dyar put it there in 1903, is almost certainly something else, but I am unable to identify
it, even from Packard’s figure. The reddish-brown front and legs, white-striped abdomen,
green fringes and somewhat different wing shape mentioned in the description remove
it from association with mimosaria. The present location of the type of approximaria,
supposedly from Albany, N.Y., is unknown to me. Coniferarta was described mainly on
the basis of having a different host plant, but it has since become apparent that mimo-
saria has an exceedingly wide range of food plants.
FuRTHER Description. Antennae and legs normal for the group; male palpi moderate,
exceeding front by just slightly more than the length of the third segment; third segment
small, rather conical, arising conspicuously from the much wider, truncated end of the
second segment; female palpi a little longer, exceeding front by half the length of the
second segment; third segment elongated, subcylindrical.
Antennal scales pure white; head behind the white fillet entirely green; front
deep rose with a white lower border of variable width and often with small white spots
in the upper corners; palpi white, lightly tinged with rose on the second and third
segments; front coxa and femur greenish anteriorly, tibia red; legs otherwise whitish;
underside of body entirely whitish; upperside of thorax green like the wings; upperside
of abdomen white except for the first three segments which are green; abdomen with
a small but distinct pure white dorsal spot on the first segment, and a suggestion of a
similar spot on the third segment where the green dorsal shading ends.
Upperside of wings a light, delicate shade of green, usually unstriated, paler than
rubrifrontaria but with the lines about the same. Lines narrow but distinct, the ante-
medials occasionally vague; antemedials wavy, especially that of the forewing, evenly
convex, closer to the base on the hindwing in the usual way; postmedial of forewing
almost straight, quite regular, usually bent in slightly near costa; postmedial of hind-
wing bent on vein Cu, almost parallel to outer margin, which tends to be very slightly
angled at M,; costa white, green at the base and with or without a few faintly reddish
scales near the base; fringes pure white, except that very fresh specimens often have a
faint tinge of pink at the extreme apex of the forewing; no discal spots. Underside as
above but considerably paler, darkening gradually towards the costa of the forewing,
the lines indistinct, and the costa sometimes heavily flushed with pink toward the
base. The pink ventral shading of the costa may be present or absent in offspring of the
same parent.
Length of forewing: males, 10.5-14 mm; females 12-14 mm; largest in the southern
portions of the range.
Mate GenirauiA. These are distinguished by the very long, pointed basal costal pro-
cesses, and also by the abrupt 90° curve toward the end of the sclerotized costa, termina-
ting in a very prominent, pointed distal costal process. In the development of the basal
and distal processes of the costa of the valve, mimosaria is the most extreme species of
the bistriaria group.
FEMALE GENITALIA. In mimosaria the sclerotized, funnel-shaped structure connecting
the ductus bursae and ostium is further exaggerated, more so than in any other species,
with its sides marked by coarse folds and striations.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 333 males, 125 females, including types of mimosaria and coni-
feraria. Slides: 8 males, 6 females. Early stages: numerous larvae, alive and in alcohol;
one brood reared ex ovo.
DISTRIBUTION. NOVA scoTIA: Cheticamp, Inverness Co.; Baddeck, Victoria Co.; Pictou;
Amherst and Parrsboro, Cumberland Co.; Waverley, Sackville, Armdale, Purcell’s Cove,
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 115,
and near Big Indian Lake, Halifax Co.; Mount Uniacke, Hants Co.; Centreville, Alder-
shot and near Aylesford, Kings Co.; Isle Haute, Bay of Fundy; Lake Kejimkujik, Queens
Co.; Annapolis Royal, Annapolis Co.; Argyle, Yarmouth Co.; Digby. NEW BRUNSWICK:
Caraquet, Gloucester Co. QUEBEC: Knowlton. ONTARIO: Ottawa; Trenton; Port Colborne;
Miner’s Bay; Lindsay; Stayner; Kearney; Leamington; Mer Bleue; Neebing; Hymers.
MANITOBA: Birtle; Beulah; Transcona; Ninette; McCreary; Aweme; Red Rock Lake,
Whiteshell Provincial Park. MAINE: Sebec Lake; Rangeley; Enfield. NEW HAMPSHIRE:
Franconia; Randolph. vERMontT: West Sandgate, Bennington Co. MASSACHUSETTS: Boston.
CONNECTICUT: Mystic; Storrs; Torrington; Litchfield; Washington; New Canaan; Green-
wich, Fairfield Co. NEw york: West Farms, N.Y. City; Bronx Park; Yaphank, L.L.;
Riverhead, L. I.: Bear Mountain; Big Indian Valley, Catskill Mountains; Albany;
Ithaca; McLean; Buffalo. NEw jrRsEY: Lakehurst; Lake Hopatcong; Paterson; Lee
District; Jerseyville, 3 mi. E. of Freehold. PENNsyLvANIA: New Brighton; Adamstown;
Scranton; Delaware Water Gap. virciniA: Brush Mountain and Blacksburg, Montgom-
ery Co. wisconsin: Lake Katherine, Oneida Co.; Bailey’s Harbour, Door Co, ILLINo!Is:
Palos Park; Decatur. 1owa: Iowa City.
Prentice, 1963, p. 302, gives a distribution map for larval collections in Canada,
indicating the northern and western limits that I mentioned in the diagnosis. Jones
and Kimball, 1943, p. 107, report it from the island of Nantucket, Mass., but not from
Martha’s Vineyard. I have not seen these. There are three specimens in the USNM
labeled “Colo., Bruce,” probably in error.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Specimens from Conn. southward tend to be larger than
northern ones. The three examples taken in Va. (Covell) were all large, with the green
unusually striated.
Fiicut Prertop. May 31-July 9 in N.S.; May 24—July 4 in Man.; May 20-June 24 in New
England, but as early as May 9 at Ithaca, in central N.Y.; May 9-June 17 from New York
City southward. The Virginia specimens were taken May 9 and 17.
It is interesting to note that throughout the entire range there is evidence of only
one generation per season.
Earty Staces. These have been described by Walsh, 1864, pp. 300-302; Packard, 1881,
p. 49, 1844, pp. 933-934, 1890, p. 189; Dyar, 1899a, pp. 310-311, and Forbes, 1948, p. 113.
The larva is exceedingly close to that of rubrifrontaria, with only minor differences in
pattern and coloring, and in the size of some of the setal tubercles. The integument
in general is not quite as rough as that of rwbrifrontaria. Prentice, 1963, p. 306, pro-
vides a long list of host plant species from which larvae have been collected by the
Canadian Forest Insect Survey. I quote this as follows, with the number of records
indicated in each case:
NMevine Vovecclo) Waar edomome sao sco c 31 Speckle dij allcletga ayer oseelonietevetetole chet 2
iReienaay Vibes: meee cel eo dom na OCU Oe 21 RedGoalks ass. teesy-t) pee wiarval sem tetera 2
Bastermnemlockmsaamerrecic cerere 6 Green ashe ack teeta eshaie cela 2
‘TPennkhevel <<) Wa aoa aon cen re ect 6 Nellow Hbinelanryiacies tc cishsic hice 2
\WVAng eyo hee oino 6 ie erect acon eestor 5 IMountaneaShien setae ise snare 1
\WAUILON™ eta coe e Oboe moe co cnmore 5 Ea wth oriiuge fates cio cris ae, aeress 1
Wiinivs “Shortt: Eco conog sensu. 5 Chokerchertymes vecm's ioe js ox 1
BARRO Aino ocieinodae coor oo On 4 SUS At pina Carrie celal eiele eye ater 1
Wantea@ alka str 5 cpars eosiel aiorste rogers dsioeee ‘L Blue beeches. eairaotrobed hi ease 1
ING AhMOOG! “Roan eaqdqacs sApd ool. Z Trembling <aspeni. 2&5. % 1% - eine 1
In Nova Scotia I reared mimosaria from single larvae found on alder, willow and
sweet fern (Comptonia), and reared a large brood ex ovo on white birch (Betula
papyrifera). All of these emerged the following spring, but in the CNC there are eight
specimens reared ex ovo on alder at Parrsboro, N.S. (McDunnough) which apparently
emerged as a second generation the same season, as the dates are Aug. 3-Sept. 17, 1944.
116 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Nemoria glaucomarginaria (Barnes and McDunnough), new combination
Plate 18, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 36, figure 1; plate 46, figures 11, 12.
Racheospila glaucomarginaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917c, p. 224. Prout, 1932, p. 25. Mc-
Dunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Dracnosis. A large, usually light green species, superficially almost exactly like darwiniata
but with larger abdominal spots encircled by a pale, dull shade of red, the discal spots
always wanting, no terminal line and the fringes white or ivory, unmarked or variably
irrorated with red. Male genitalia differing from those of all other North American species
in the large, bifurcate basal costal process of the valve. Female genitalia close to those of
leptalea and the intensaria-festaria complex, but with ostial opening distinctly wider than
in any of these; very different from those of darwiniata. Glaucomarginaria occurs in the
region of the Cascades, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevadas from the Okanagan Valley, B.C.,
to San Diego Co., Calif.
Types. Glaucomarginaria was described from a male from Laguna Beach [Orange Co.]
and a female from Palo Alto, Calif. I hereby designate as lectotype the male, in the
USNM (ex Barnes collection). The left wings are somewhat torn but the specimen is
otherwise intact.
SyNONYMY. None.
FurTHER Description. Antennae, palpi, and legs normal for the group; male palpi
exceeding front by twice the length of the small, rounded third segment; female palpi
longer, exceeding front by a distance equal to about two-thirds the length of the second
segment, the third segment subcylindrical.
Antennal scales whitish near the base, becoming luteous or reddish distally; white
interantennal fillet with a red border behind; front dull to deep red, with or without
a weak yellowish lower margin and small spots of the same shade in the upper corners;
palpi heavily tinged with pale, dull red to deep rose; first pair of legs, and sometimes
tibia of the second pair of legs reddish; legs otherwise ivory; front coxae and underside
of thorax with some green vestiture but underside of body otherwise whitish. Upper-
side of thorax and abdomen green except for the large cream colored or whitish
abdominal spots encircled with dull red on segments 1, 3 and 4. Vestiges of similar
spots may also occur on segments 2 and 5 (that on 2 sometimes fully developed), and
a small dorsal wedge of red is commonly present on the metathorax adjacent to the spot
on segment Al.
Wings light green, sometimes darker, finely and faintly striated, almost exactly
as in darwiniata; lines white, the postmedials usually distinct, the antemedials less so;
antemedials convex, that of the forewing slightly sinuous, that of the hindwing strongly
curved and nearer the base; postmedial of forewing almost straight, parallel to outer
margin or diverging from it toward costa; postmedial of hindwing evenly curved or
angled slightly at Cu,; no discal spots; costa of forewing whitish or ivory, faintly tinged
with red near base and apex; fringes plain ivory or yellowish, or variably marked with
red. Most commonly the fringes have some traces of red rays opposite the veins on the
forewing or both wings, but these markings are sometimes intensified and quite promi-
nent, or (rarely) even confluent, forming a continuous crenulate red outer border on the
fringes. The underside is similar but paler, the lines indistinct, and the costa with more
reddish shading than above.
The white streak along the outer end of the cell on the hindwing, mentioned as a
character by Barnes and McDunnough, is usually present but is unreliable, as dar-
winiata may also have it.
Length of forewing: male, 15-18 mm; female, 13.5-18.5 mm.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 117,
Mate GeniratiA. Although these show a clear relationship to the bistriaria group, they
are unusual in several respects. The valve has a strongly sclerotized, concave costa
with a large and prominent, obtusely pointed distal process, and a heavily sclerotized
elevated median ridge. The large, heavy, basal costal processes are unique in being
bifurcate. The uncus is linear or slightly expanded at the tip. The vinculum is very
wide, with the sides almost parallel, and the juxta has an unusually elongated papil-
liform process.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are less distinctive and indicate a close relationship to other
species of the group. The ductus bursae is much enlarged in the usual funnel-shaped
fashion, terminating in a very wide, quite rigidly sclerotized ostial opening larger than
that of any of the closely related species.
The form of the sclerotized structures associated with the ostium in darwiniata is
altogether different, and hence the genitalia of females as well as males of the two species
are immediately distinguishable.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 51 males, 51 females, including type; 11 male, 6 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Oliver; WASHINGTON: Brewster, Okanagan Co.; Kusshi
Canyon, Yakima Co. orEGon: S. Fork Umpqua River, 14 mi. N. of Tiller, Douglas Co.
CALIFORNIA: Dunsmuir, Siskiyou Co.; Mt. Lassen, Shasta Co.; Orleans, Humboldt Co.;
Mt. San Hedrin and Laytonville, Mendocino Co.; Anderson Springs, Cobb Mountain,
Lake Co.; Spring Mountain and Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co.; Petaluma and Trinity P.O.,
Sonoma Co.; Walnut Creek, Lafayette, foot Shell Ridge and Martinez, Contra Costa
Co.; Palo Alto, San Mateo Co.; Smoky Valley, Tulare Co.; Atascadero, San Luis Obispo
Co.; Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co.; Glendora and Cloudburst Canyon, Angeles Crest,
Los Angeles Co.; Laguna Beach, Orange Co.; Arlington, Idyllwild and Riverside, River-
side Co.; Upper Santa Ana River and Forest Home, San Bernardino Co.; Pine Valley,
Descanso and San Diego, San Diego Co.; Alma; Eldridge.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. No consistent geographical trends apparent in the material
available.
FLicHT PErtop. Mar. 8—July 5, with single records for July 19, Aug. 3 and Sept. 1. The
three specimens from Wash. were taken May 3 and 27; the one from B.C., May 19.
The records indicate that it usually begins flying in April in northern and central Calif.;
in March in southern Calif.
Eary Staces. Unknown.
Remarks. Perhaps the most notable feature of this species is its striking similarity to
darwiniata, while not really being that closely related. The greatest resemblance is to
northern darwiniata; whereas in Calif., where about half of the overlap occurs, the
dark discal spots and more intense abdominal markings that distinguish darwiniata
subspecies punctularia also serve to separate this subspecies from glaucomarginaria.
The specimen from Martinez, Calif., in the USNM, is labeled as a cotype of dar-
wintata, although Dyar’s original description of that species does not mention such
a specimen. The specimen from Oliver, B.C., May 19, 1953, D. F. Hardwick (CNC),
female genitalia slide No. 1051 (D. C. Ferguson), is the only Canadian record.
Nemoria rindgei, new species
Plate 18, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 36, figure 2; plate 46, figures 13, 14.
Dracnosis. A peculiar New Mexican species known from only four specimens. Forewing
of the one male very pointed for Nemoria, with outer margin almost straight; forewing
118 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
of female more rounded. Color an intense shade of green, with hindwings contrastingly
paler, antemedials of both wings obsolete, the postmedial of the forewing weak, arising
at middle of inner margin, and straight, oblique; postmedial of the hindwing, although
indistinct, also oblique, meeting inner margin at or before the middle. Fringes pinkish,
pale at base, front and forelegs reddish, the body solid green, above and below, the
abdomen unmarked. The lines, although less distinct, very reminiscent of Chlorosea,
especially C. margaretaria.
Male genitalia normal for bistriaria group and close to those of glaucomarginaria,
except that the basal costal process is not bifurcate. Aedeagus with a ventral hump not
seen in any other species. Female genitalia unusual only in having a discrete pair of
sclerotized plates in the wall of the funnel-shaped structure that leads to the ostial
opening.
Rindgei and caerulescens are the only species of the bistriaria group in which the
hindwings are distinctly paler than the forewings.
Types. Holotype male, Sitting Bull Falls, 4800’, 42 mi. S.W. of Carlsbad, Eddy Co., N.M.,
June 26, 1964 (F., P., and M. Rindge), DCF slide No. 789. Paratypes, two females, same
locality and collectors, June 26 and June 29, 1964; one female, Lordsburg, N.M., June
8[?], 1940 (Hill), ex Sperry collection. All four specimens of the type series are in the
AMNH.
FurTHER Description. Antennae, palpi and legs essentially normal for the group;
male palpi exceeding front by about twice the length of the small, rounded third
segment; female palpi much longer, rather slender, exceeding front by almost half their
length, third segment subcylindrical, about one-quarter the length of the second. Legs
unusually slender when compared to others of the group (e.g. bistriaria, rubrifronta-
via), but hind tibia of male moderately dilated and bearing the usual two pairs of spurs.
Antennal scales luteous; interantennal fillet whitish mixed with luteous scales,
with a feeble, irregularly delimited buff or dull reddish hind margin; front uniformly
dull red without pale markings; palpi variably tinged with the same or a rosier shade;
coxae and femora of all legs green, except for the front and middle femora having some
red shading distally, just before the point of articulation with the tibiae; front tibia
red anteriorly, the same shade as the front or brighter. The hind tibia of the holotype
is partly green but in the other specimens it is all whitish or luteous. The middle tibia
and all tarsi are luteous. The body above and below is entirely green except for the
very tip of the abdomen, which is whitish; the abdomen is unmarked.
Forewing with apex unusually acute; upperside a rather intense shade of green
but not as dark as intensaria, unstriated; hindwings contrastingly paler except near
outer margin and anal angle, becoming almost white toward costa; antemedial lines
of both wings lacking; postmedial of forewing not strongly defined, straight, oblique,
running from inner margin near middle to costa near apex; postmedial of hindwing
indistinct, visible only in greener portion of wing, also oblique but curved, meeting
inner margin near the middle; no discal spots; costa yellowish, darkening slightly but
not flushed with red until it meets the fringe; fringe of forewing uniformly pink on
outer half, cream colored on basal half; fringe of hindwing cream colored with the pink
outer shading only near anal angle. Underside of forewing paler, hindwing about as
above; the lines less distinct.
Length of forewing: holotype male, 12.5 mm; paratypes females, 12-13.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Closest to those of glaucomarginaria but with the basal costal process
of the valve undivided, the papilliform process of the juxta short and stubby, the sides
of the vinculum more convergent toward the saccus, and a prominent mid-ventral hump
on the aedeagus unlike any other species examined.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These too are of the glaucomarginaria type, and may be distinguished
mainly by the two separated triangular areas of brown sclerotization at the ostial
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE ng
opening. There is also what appears to be a partially sclerotized, tube-like structure
farther down within the ductus bursae.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. One male, 3 females; 1 male, 1 female slide.
DisTRIBUTION. NEW MEXIco: Sitting Bull Falls, 4800’, 42 mi. S.W. of Carlsbad, Eddy
Co.; Lordsburg, Hidalgo Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FLicHT Periop. June 8 [?]-29.
EaArzy STAGES. Unknown.
Remarks. This distinctive species is named for Dr. Frederick H. Rindge of the AMNH
who, with members of his family, collected three of the four specimens, and who kindly
loaned these to me for study.
Unidentified Species
Aplodes approximaria Packard, 1873, p. 73. Hulst, 1886b, p. 140.
Type locality: Albany, N.Y
Previous authors have referred this name to the synonymy of mimosaria, but it
seems to me that Packard’s description neither fits mzmosaria nor any other known
species. Approximaria will have to remain a nomen dubium until the type is located
(see discussion under mimosaria).
PHRUDOCENTRA Warren
Phrudocentra Warren, 1895, p. 90, 1897, p. 429.
Melochlora Warren, 1901, p. 445.
Nesipola Warren, 1909, p. 82.
Type Species. Of Phrudocentra, pupillata Warren, designated by Warren in 1895, p.
90, although the species was not described until 1897, p. 429; of Melochlora, neis Druce,
designated by Warren, 1901, p. 445; of Nestpola, impunctata Warren, 1909 = Phrudo-
centra impunctata (Warren), designated by Warren, 1909, p. 82.
AvULT CuHaracters. Moths medium sized to quite large, length of forewing 11-18 mm;
wings broad, apex of forewing right angled in centrifugaria but usually more acute
and produced; hindwing varying from slightly angulate to almost tailed; color bright
green, scarcely striated, markings variable; antemedials commonly very weak or wanting;
postmedials indistinct and convex (Nesipola), or often, as in Dichorda, almost straight
(Phrudocentra), and well defined in whitish or brown; costa with or without a pale
margin; brown discal spots usually present; terminal line present or absent; fringes
mostly concolorous; abdomen commonly marked with a dorsal row of minute white
spots. Characteristic dark brown shading may occur on both the upperside and under-
side in certain species of the neis group, and the species of the centrifugaria group
120 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
(Nesipola) may be marked by peculiar ocellate spots on each wing, with or without white
filling.
It is doubtful if the venation provides any characters that differ consistently
from those of Nemoria, although in three species examined (pupillata, neis, centri-
fugaria), Cu, of the hindwing always seems to arise before the end of the cell as
in Chlorosea. Also in the hindwing (centrifugaria), Sc and R are separate or just
barely touching, and the third anal is indicated only as a fold. Centrifugaria has a
peculiar character in the cell formed by the second and third anals at the base of the
forewing. This cell is so expanded that it almost forms a fovea. The frenulum of the
male is normal, of the female wanting.
Male antenna bipectinate with longest branches longer than twice thickness of
shaft, antenna tapering gradually from base to apex, becoming simple toward the tip;
female antenna usually simple but in some species bipectinate like that of the male,
or with pectinations even longer (e.g., in neis Druce and eccentrica Prout); palpi of
male with second segment rather wide and compressed, truncate, third segment small
and rounded; female palpi long to very long, in centrifugaria extending well beyond
the head and with the third segment nearly as long as the second, and cylindrical or
clavate; eyes normal, those of the male slightly larger and the front narrower; tongue
normal, well developed; hind tibia of male moderately dilated and with no terminal
process (neis) to fully dilated with a very long terminal process (centrifugaria), always
with all spurs in both sexes; outer spurs less than half the length of inner spurs, and the
distance between the two pairs generally less than the length of the longest spur
Male genitalia closest to those of Dichorda but with highly characteristic differences
in the shape of some components. Tegumen and vinculum more slender and delicate
than in either Nemoria or Dichorda; sides of vinculum much distended laterally so that
the unit comprised of uncus, tegumen and vinculum is pear-shaped; in Dichorda this is
spindle-shaped, in Nemoria variable but never as distinctly pear-shaped; saccus reduced
to a knob or spine, or obsolete; uncus normal and long as in Dichorda, or short and
stout as in the generotype, Phrudocentra pupillata; socii and gnathos essentially of the
Nemoria and Dichorda type; valves basically like those of Dichorda, without a dif-
ferentiated costa or other sclerotized elaborations, but with the coremata, lacking in
Dichorda, enormously developed; aedeagus with a pair of sclerotized internal elements
as in Dichorda; eighth sternite emarginate as in most species of Nemoria.
The female genitalia of the only species examined, centrifugaria, are very simple and
offer little in the way of distinguishing characters. They are mostly membranous, with
the bursa and ductus bursae both elongate, with no signum, and without special
structures associated with the ostium.
Larvat CuHaracters. Larva of Phrudocentra unknown, but that of pigraria Wichers and
Scheller, a species of uncertain identity that Prout first assigned to Phrudocentra (1912)
and later (1932) to the related genus Tachyphyle Butler, was figured by Christian Sepp
in 1848 (Surinaamsche Vlinders, Amsterdam, p. 39, fig. 16). It was “brown, protectively
assimilated to withered leaf, the first five abdominal segments apparently with enor-
mously extended dorsolateral protuberances, forming, from the dorsal view, a con-
tinuous plate” (Prout, 1912, p. 121; 1932, p. 45).
DistrisuTion. Neotropical, with one species entering southern Florida and another
known from a single record from Pharr, Hidalgo Co., Texas. ‘The two or three species
of the centrifugaria group seem to be localized in the Antillean region.
Remarks. This generic definition is unsatisfactory since it has not been possible to
consider all of the Neotropical species. I have examined the male genitalia of centri-
fugaria, neis and pupillata, representing three diverse groups within Phrudocentra, as
understood by Prout, and find that they form a natural group with basically similar
genitalia. The structural differences are mostly those of size and proportion only, and
although there is some diversity in the non-genitalic characters such as antennae and
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 121
male hind tibiae, I have little hesitation in regarding at least the three species examined
as congeneric. Compared to the others, pupillata has a much shortened uncus, a larger
tooth on the gnathos, and one of the two sclerotized elements of the aedeagus replaced
by a cluster of cornuti, but otherwise its genitalia are close to those of nezs and centri-
fugaria.
Phrudocentra centrifugaria (Herrich-Schaeffer)
Plate 3, figure 1; plate 18, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 36, figure 3; plate 46, figures 15-18.
Geometra centrifugaria Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870, p. 182; 1871, p. 46. Gundlach, 1881, p. 385.
Anonymous, 1895, p. 69.
Racheospila centrifugaria Dyar, 1908a, p. 171; 1908b, p. 35.
Nesipola centrifugaria Warren, 1909, p. 82.
Phrudocentra centrifugaria Prout, 1912, p. 123. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout,
1932, p. 49. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Phrudocentra centrifrugaria (sic) Kimball, 1965, p. 163.
Geometra protractaria Herrich-Schaeffer, 1870, p. 182; 1871, p. 47. Gundlach, 1881, p. 386.
Anonymous, 1895, p. 79.
Eucrostis hollandaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 122.
Racheospila hollandaria Hulst, 1896, p. 314. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 300.
Eucrostis jaspidiaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 122.
Racheospila jaspidiaria Hulst, 1896, p. 314. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 300.
Synchlora viridipurpurea Hulst, 1898, pp. 159-160.
Racheospila viridipurpurea Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 300.
Racheospila anomalaria Moeschler, 1890, p. 243.
Nesipola anomalaria Warren, 1909, p. 82.
Phrudocentra anomalaria Prout, 1912, p. 124.
Euchloris heterospila Hampson, 1904, p. 178.
Nesipola heterospila Warren, 1909, p. 82.
Phrudocentra heterospila Prout, 1912, p. 124.
Diacnosis. Within the region covered, this is a distinctive species unlikely to be confused
with any other. It is one of a small group of closely related Antillean species but, of
these, only centrifugaria reaches Florida. It also occurs in Cuba, the Bahamas and
Puerto Rico. Centrifugaria is about the same size as Nemoria lixaria, bright green,
unstriated, with a broken reddish brown terminal line and pinkish fringes; the lines of
the wings, especially the postmedials, are indicated as series of small brown dots. Most
females have large spots which may be whitish with brown borders or solidly brown.
There is one such spot on the forewing near the anal angle, and another on the inner
margin of the hindwing. The palpi are rose colored, extremely long, those of the
female equal in length to the forecoxa; the front is green with a thin white border at
bottom and sides, the body whitish below, green above; the abdomen has a series of
small dorsal spots that are either white or brown and white.
The large spots of the females are extremely variable, ranging from total absence
to conspicuous brown circles filled with white, or even multiple spots (two or three).
Males apparently always lack the spots. The sexual dimorphism and variability has
resulted in an extensive synonymy. Both Herrich-Schaeffer and Hulst described the two
sexes as different species.
Types. Centrifugaria and protractaria were described from Havana, Cuba. I do not
know the present location of the types. Hollandaria was based on one female from
Florida, “Coll. Holland”. It should be in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Jaspi-
diaria was based on two males from Fla., both now in the AMNH, although there is a
third labeled type in the USNM, from Indian River, Fla. One of the specimens in the
AMNH bears a red type label and I designate this as the lectotype. Viridipurpurea
was described from an unstated number of specimens, all females, from Charlotte
122 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Harbor, Indian River, and Lake Worth, Fla. Two of the types, both from Charlotte
Harbor, are in the AMNH, and a third, from Indian River, is in the USNM. I hereby
designate as lectotype the specimen in the AMNH labeled Collection G. D. Hulst.
Anomalaria was from Puerto Rico but its present location is unknown to me. Hetero-
spila was from the Bahamas and I presume that the type is in the BM.
SynonyMy. Dyar (1908a) first referred the Floridian population (hollandaria, jaspi-
diaria, viridipurpurea), to centrifugaria, but did not indicate how he identified Her-
rich-Schaeffer’s Cuban specimens of centrifugaria and protractaria. Anomalaria Moe-
schler was placed in the synonymy by Prout (1932, p. 49). The type material of
heterospila Hampson was undoubtedly available to Prout and he considered that this
form, from the Bahamas, originally described as a species, could perhaps not even be
regarded as a race. Hollandaria was a female with large whitish spots, and jaspidaria,
described at the same time, was based on males. Hulst remarked that they might be male
and female of the same species but named both anyway. He later acquired females
in which the spots were not filled with white but were entirely purplish brown and
exaggerated in size, and named this form as another new species, viridipurpurea. These
forms fall within the normal range of variation. Stellataria Moeschler, from Jamaica,
is very close to centrifugaria but the male genitalia show slight differences in several
characters. There are names for a number of other Antillean populations or forms
(see Prout, 1932, p. 49) but I have not investigated these.
FurTHER Description. Antenna of male broadly bipectinate to near the tip, the length
of the longest branches at least equal to five times the diameter of the shaft; antenna
of female ciliate as in Nemoria; male palpi long, exceeding front by over half their
length, with segment 3 about half the length of segment 2, slender, clavate; female palpi
extremely long, slender, exceeding front by about two-thirds of their length, with seg-
ment 3 equal in length to segment 2, slender, slightly clavate. Other external structural
characters as given for the genus.
Scales of antennal shaft and branches white dorsally near the base, yellowish distally;
interantennal fillet pure white with a few red scales behind; front solidly deep green,
smoothly scaled, with a thin white margin at sides and bottom, and with a few red scales
just above the white ventral margin; palpi heavily tinged with deep rose, segments 2
and 3 white-tipped; legs white or yellowish except that the fore tibia and femur are
tinged with brown; underside of body whitish; upperside of thorax and abdomen green,
concolorous with wings, except that the abdomen has a row of small dorsal spots. These
spots may be pure white or they may be partly encircled with deep reddish brown, and
most of the dorsal surface of segment 7 may be brown.
Upper surface of wings bright green, unstriated; costa thinly edged with white,
turning yellow at base, and with a yellow shade posteriorly for its full length; ante-
medial indicated only by a series of 3 or 4 minute reddish brown dots on the forewing,
wanting on the hindwing; postmedial indicated by a similar series of dots on both wings,
one dot on each vein; discal spots of the same reddish brown color usually present,
that of the hindwing being the larger. Females usually have a large spot toward the anal
angle of the forewing, not quite reaching the margin, and a similar spot toward the
anal angle of the hindwing but touching the inner margin. These spots are commonly
large enough to occupy the space between M, and the second anal on the forewing,
and Cu, and the inner margin on the hindwing, but they may be even larger or reduced
to the point of being vestigial. These large spots may be solidly brown, or purplish
brown, or they may be conspicuously filled with white or pinkish scaling, encircled
with a dark border. The spot on the hindwing is almost centered on the postmedial but
that of the forewing lies just beyond it. Apparently such markings do not occur in the
male. Both sexes have a dark reddish brown terminal line, interrupted at the veins, and
pink fringes with yellow rays opposite the vein endings. The underside is much paler,
quite yellowish, with the markings of the upperside hardly indicated.
Length of forewing: male, 11-13 mm; female, 12-13 mm.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 123
Mate Geniratia. As discussed under the generic heading and figured on pl. 18, fig. 3.
FEMALE GEniTALIA. As discussed under the generic heading and figured on pl. 36, fig. 3.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 41 males, 24 females; 4 male, 3 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Miami; Homestead; Paradise Key; Tavernier; Bradenton; Fort
Meade; Florida City; Royal Palm State Park; Lake Worth; Marco; Vero Beach; Port
Sewall, Martin Co.; Charlotte Harbour; Indian River; Oneco, Manatee Co.; Siesta Key,
Sarasota Co.; St. Petersburg; Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.;
Gainesville. Also in the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles to Puerto Rico, and perhaps the
Virgin Islands.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None within the continental region.
Fricut Periop. The records are distributed through every month of the year, indicating
that the species flies almost continuously.
Earzy Staces. Unknown.
Remarks. Kimball (1965, p. 163), gives numerous additional records that I do not
quote as I have not seen the specimens.
Phrudocentra neis affinis (Warren)
Plate 46, figures 21, 22.
Melochlora affinis Warren, 1906, p. 417.
Phrudocentra affinis Prout, 1912, p. 122.
Phrudocentra neis affinis Prout, 1932, p. 49.
In the AMNH there is a single female (ex Buchholz Collection) from Pharr,
Texas (H. A. Freeman) that seems closer to affinis than to any other known form.
The label does not give the date of capture. A comparison with specimens believed
to be the true affinis from Brazil and French Guiana shows that the wings of the Texas
specimen are less angulate and the underside less heavily marked with brown. Therefore,
the determination is somewhat uncertain and will no doubt remain so until more
material is available. I searched several large Mexican collections (AMNH, USNM,
and a quantity of material from Yucatan in the YPM) looking for additional specimens
but have found none.
A startling peculiarity of this species and some of its near relatives is that the
female antennae are pectinate with branches even longer than those of the male. This was
noted by Prout in Phrudocentra eccentrica Prout and P. neis Druce (1932, p. 48), but
at first I mistook the Texas specimen for a male because of its wide antennae, even
considering that it might have been repaired with the head from a different specimen.
Druce (1892, p. 93) reported neis from Coatepec, Mexico (near Jalapa, Veracruz),
but that is the only Mexican record I have found for any species in this group. Nezs
was described from Chiriqui, Panama (type in BM), and affinis from French Guiana
(type in USNM). Specimens of the former from Columbia, and of the latter from
French Guiana and Brazil (in the USNM, ex Dognin collection) agree with this sug-
gested pattern of distribution, but the single Texas specimen would seem to violate it,
since the reduction in the brown pattern of the underside is even more extreme than in
affinis. Neis has the most extensive brown clouding beneath, with a characteristic
124 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
proximal extension of the brown area on the forewing along the inner margin almost
to the base. The apparent reversal of this geographic trend seen in the Texas specimen
supports the notion that it may represent another species, but it should not be named
until more Mexican material is available.
DICHORDA Warren
Dichorda Warren, 1900, p. 132.
Type Sprcirs. Geometra iridaria Guenée, 1858 = Dichorda iridaria (Guenée), designated
by Warren, 1900, p. 132.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Relatively large species, forewing length 11-22 mm; wings of
characteristic shape, with the apex of the forewing produced, and the hindwing some-
what lengthened from base to anal angle, the latter forming an angle of 90° or less;
color bright green as in most other Nemoriini, often with a bluish cast, with or
without pale clouding but never coarsely striated; costa pale, heavily irrorated with
purplish brown; lines highly characteristic, whitish, almost straight, all usually present
and well defined except the antemedial of the hindwing, which is wanting; ante-
medial of forewing often erect, postmedials oblique, tending to form a continuous
straight line from anal angle of hindwing to near apex of forewing; small dark
discal spots usually present; no terminal line; fringes green or shaded with white;
abdomen unmarked or with minute white dorsal spots; palpi and legs characteristically
spotted with dark brown.
Venation not really different in any significant way from that of Nemoria. M, +
Cu, of hindwing unstalked; third anal of hindwing present; frenulum of male present
but very small, of female completely wanting.
Antennae of male bipectinate, tapering gradually, outer third simple, length of
longest pectinations greater than twice thickness of shaft in the species studied; female
antennae simple or slightly dentate, ciliate beneath; palpi of the sexes similar, quite
long, exceeding front by almost half their total length, third segment twice as long
as wide, or less, rounded; eyes of male slightly larger than those of female, front
narrower and almost square; front flat except for a somewhat raised transverse ridge across
the bottom; tongue normally developed; hind tibia of male almost undilated, with
no terminal process, and with two pairs of spurs separated by a distance less than
the length of the longest spur; hind tibia of female undilated, also with both pairs of
spurs; hind tarsus of both sexes approximately as long as tibia.
Male genitalia characteristic and varying little from species to species. Uncus,
tegumen and vinculum comprise a spindle-shaped unit, with an elongate and some-
what pointed saccus. Uncus, socii and gnathos much as in Nemoria and Phrudocentra;
transtilla well developed; valve simple as in Phrudocentra, with an essentially un-
differentiated costa; coremata obsolete; aedeagus very long and containing a pair of
longitudinal, pointed, sclerotized processes, one terminating apically and the other
subapically; eighth sternite distinctive in having its posterior margin extruded to form
a very convex, rounded process, entire or but feebly emarginate, quite sclerotized
and with a roughened, finely spinulose surface.
A diagnostic character of the female genitalia, at least in the species examined, is
that the bursa copulatrix is twisted about sideways with sufficient rigidity that it cannot
be straightened without rupture or distortion, although it appears membranous.
Ostium simple; ductus bursae elongate and somewhat sclerotized; ductus seminalis
entering just between this sclerotized region and the beginning of the bursa; no
signum.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 125
LarvaL Cuaracters. The larva is quite like that of Nemoria except that the peculiar
lateral protuberances show even more exaggerated development. These are outwardly
truncate, with setae at the corners, and adjoin the body in such a way as to form
large quadrate dorsal segmental plates on the thoracic and first five abdominal seg-
ments. ‘The thoracic plates are smallest, that of abdominal segment 3 widest, forming
a transverse rectangle about three times as wide as long. Abdominal segments 6 to
8 have the lateral processes reduced to small humps, but segment 8 bears a pair of
erect, dorsal, horn-like processes. The head, like that of Nemoria, is rounded and
unadorned, without specialized lobes or processes. The three species that have been
reared all fed on species of Rhus (Sumach).
DistRiBUTION. Mainly southern Nearctic, northern Neotropical. There are four species in
the United States, and supposedly four others in South or Central America and one in
Jamaica.
Remarks. Dichorda is a small, compact and quite distinctive genus of which the
North American members are closely related and mostly allopatric. Of the taxa treated
here, four are clearly good species, with subtle but consistent genitalic differences.
Subspecies latipennis does not differ structurally from iridaria, and they appear to
intergrade in a narrow blend zone. Otherwise latipennis looks distinct enough
to be regarded as a species, its Floridian distribution following the pattern of mutual
exclusion commonly found among closely related species in the Geometrinae.
In relationship, Dichorda is well isolated from Nemoria and Chlorosea, but
probably close to Phrudocentra. Some of the Neotropical species that Prout assigned
to Phrudocentra have lines like those of Dichorda, but I have not examined their
genitalia.
Key to the Species of Dichorda
1. Antemedial of forewing and postmedial of hindwing slightly convex; eastern .......... 2
Alplinesmnearlyestraightawestern sy iNnGluGing Mex. eslriy-ieteitieiiieie elec ceiieaicine seers 3
2. White lines wide, green areas more or less clouded with white, veins in postmedial
space usually outlined with white; eastern except where replaced by latipennis
ppodogbadaodusbogntcadoudaDacdoooDsOoGdonUTAencdo Goree Ooo bEUO DGD bOODnOuS iridaria iridaria
White lines rather narrow, green areas only faintly clouded with white, veins in post-
medial space faintly outlined with bluish but not white; peninsular Fla., coastal
Ce reer ate ahead suas eat a aia © op Aya Mabey cheep aiote SSS) a ayoeaRo oss eich 9 ofa suakels Mvs-axeyc ne eeetlevs iridaria latipennis
8. Coloring similar to iridaria, postmedials somewhat diffuse outwardly (as in iridaria),
green areas with or without whitish clouding, including veins of postmedial space;
De eAkizn eV exico., Central GAMERA © ./,2)4clac. 0.3: istdore Et osstele fe cctonclioxeeseNtha oy Tskeyele reise consequaria
Coloring more bluish than iridaria, postmedials thin, sharply defined, no white cloud-
Ait Pav ELINS Ot OUNCE: WHEE WIRE: fave. « cfe ace orate jes ese) el clas hate a1 lafors.a)u sera © 6)5ic)5]0 @(olo oye awe +s 4
4. Shade usually only faintly bluish, almost pure green, discal spots distinct, small patch
of dark scales on underside of hindwing between discal spot and inner margin (as in
the preceding species), a larger species than iridaria; Calif. ..............066. illustraria
Shade distinctly bluer than any of the preceding, discal spots weak or wanting, patch of
dark scales on underside of hindwing between discal spot and inner margin nearly
ERs Nonetarst Nel epepotanel «/cieis! s ate, chet onemacstexererete 5
always lacking, a species the size of iridaria or smaller
126 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
ba Size1of snidarias Mex..andsAgiz- tol N-Dtand Monte... << acmeine cee ecleicle rectaria rectaria
Smaller than widara. desert aleas Of 9:, Galite secs sie aie bebe leeisteneiere ce cio rectaria cockerelli
Dichorda iridaria iridaria (Guenée)
Plate 3, figure 2; plate 18, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 19, figures 1, la, 1b, lc; plate 36, figure 5;
plate 46, figures 23, 24.
Geometra iridaria Guenée, 1858, p. 344. Walker, 1861, p. 508. Packard, 1876, p. 394 (partim).
Oberthiir, 1916, p. 77.
Holothalassis iridaria Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 510.
Anaplodes iridaria Hulst, 1896, p. 316.
Dichorda iridaria Warren, 1900, p. 132. Prout, 1912, p. 127. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a,
p- 100. Prout, 1932, p. 51. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Forbes, 1948, p. 114.
Geometra remotaria Walker, 1861, p. 530. Hulst, 1895, p. 71.
Anaplodes remotaria Hulst, 1896, p. 316. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Dracnosis. This is the only named Dichorda in the eastern half of North America
except for latipennis in Fla. and Ga. and rectaria in Tex. Iridaria ranges from
the Gulf states to southern Canada. It differs from consequaria and rectaria in (1)
the more rounded shape of the wings, with more convex outer margins, (2) the
tendency to have much more white in the lines, as shading in the median space
and outwardly along the veins, and (3) in having almost always a slight convexity
in the postmedial of the hindwing. Latipennis is similar in wing-shape but is smaller,
more intensely green and with the amount of white much reduced; it lacks the white
shading on the veins beyond the postmedial line. True consequaria has wide lines
and sometimes well developed white shading but is mostly Mexican. Genitalic differ-
ences are slight but iridaria tends to have a narrower valve and more produced saccus
than most other species.
Types. Iridaria was described from “un ex{emplaire] mutilé. Coll. Bdv.,” from
“Amérique septentrionale.”” According to Oberthiir, 1916, p. 77, the type is lost.
Remotaria was described from one male without locality, but stated by Walker to be
from Mr. Milne’s collection. In a letter to T. W. Harris, dated June 4, 1839, Edward
Doubleday remarked “the late Mr. Milne’s collection will soon be for sale, and he
purchased many things of Abbot” (Entomological Correspondence of Thaddeus Wil-
liam Harris, M.D., edited by Samuel H. Scudder, Occasional Papers of the Boston
Society of Natural History 1:123. 1869). It would therefore seem quite likely that
the type of remotaria is an Abbot specimen and came from Georgia (but see below).
Synonymy. There is still some uncertainty as to the identity of iridaria. Being one
of Boisduval’s specimens, it could have come from almost anywhere—perhaps Califor-
nia, in which case it could be the same as either illustraria or rectaria. Hulst stated
that iridaria was the same species as rectaria, and that remotaria should be used for
the well known species of the eastern states (1895, p. 71). Prout (1912, p. 127) dis-
regarded Hulst’s identification and reassigned the name iridaria to the eastern
species, without giving any reason or any indication of whether he had seen Guenée’s
type. The original description, based on one poor specimen, mentions none of the
more obvious distinguishing characters of the eastern species, but does contain two
fragments of evidence that indeed suggest that this is what Guenée had. These are
as follows: “les lignes ordinaires trés-distinctes, . . . précédées de vert plus jaunatre,
fondu, suivies d’un vert plus bleu,” and “Un petit point cellulaire noir, un peu
cerclé de blanchatre.”” The bluish shade following the postmedials and the faint
whitish ring around the discal spots are diagnostic for distinguishing iridaria from
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 127
latipennis, rectaria and illustraria, but not from consequaria. However, since the
place of origin was stated to be North America, it seems much less likely that
Guenée would have been describing consequaria.
Remotaria is possibly the same as iridaria, and appears to have the same rounded
wing shape. I have a colored photograph of the type in the BM and, although the
specimen is still green and in fair condition (no abdomen), the crucial characters
are just not clear. The outer third of the forewing is so worn that the white shading
on the veins, if it was present, does not show. The white shading on the antemedial
and postmedial lines is not very wide, and the postmedial of the hindwing is perfectly
straight. The antemedial of the forewing is also straight, and the postmedial of the
forewing is bent in slightly on approaching the costa. These are characters of la-
tipennis, from Florida, and I have a strong suspicion that this is what remotaria
might be. It also much resembles consequaria except for the more convex outer
margins.
FURTHER DEscrIPTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs as given for the genus.
Antennal shaft white, sometimes with an admixture of brown scales; interantennal
space and vertex white, usually with some pale brownish scales mixed in; front
white, traversed by an irregular band of light brown; palpi heavily tinged with smoky
brown; legs whitish, contrastingly ringed or spotted with dark gray-brown, mostly at
the apices of the tibiae; underside of body whitish; upperside of body whitish; upper-
side of thorax and abdomen green, concolorous with wings; abdomen unmarked.
Wings above deep, pure green, often heavily shaded with white; costa partly
white, broadly and heavily dusted with chocolate brown before antemedial, narrowly
and faintly so beyond; antemedial of forewing evenly convex, white, narrower than
postmedial, usually with yellowish outer edging; hindwing with antemedial wanting;
postmedials broad, white, preceded by a cream colored or olivaceous edging, and
outwardly diffuse, giving the appearance of bluishness along the outer side; postmedial
of forewing almost straight, just slightly concave in lower half; postmedial of hindwing
usually somewhat convex but occasionally straight; veins diffusely shaded with white
beyond the postmedials on both wings, but especially the forewing, forming character-
istic whitish rays between the postmedials and the outer margins that distinguish
iridaria from all the other species discussed except consequaria. Median space,
especially of forewing, variably shaded with bluish-white; discal spots on both wings
small, blackish, often thinly encircled with whitish, that on the forewing situated
closer to the antemedial than in the other species; fringes green, but varying from
almost white to a shade nearly concolorous with wings. Underside paler except
toward costal area of forewing, which is all green; lines faint and diffuse; shading of
veins and median space not repeated below; discal spots stronger than above; hindwing
with an irregular blackish patch between discal spot and inner margin, this being
part of a diffuse and mostly obsolescent blackish band occupying approximately the
position of an antemedial line.
Length of forewing: male, 11.2-15 mm; female, 15-16 mm.
Mate GeEniTALiA. Uncus more slender than in consequaria, illustraria or rectaria,
about as in latipennis; valve slightly narrower than is usual in the western species;
saccus with an extruded process, rounded or knob-like at the tip. The characters
are variable in all the species and perhaps not consistent.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Doubtfully distinguishable from those of the other species. The
ductus bursae seems shorter and stouter and the bursa copulatrix more rounded
than in rectarta, but similar to those of the other species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 190 males, 71 females; 8 male, 5 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. NOVA scoTIA: Green Bay, near Petite Riviere, Lunenburg Co. QUEBEC:
Norway Bay; Montreal. onrario: Marmora; Port Colborne; Point Pelee; Barry’s
128 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Bay. MASSACHUSETTS: Cohasset; Weston; Melrose; Martha’s Vineyard. coNNECTICUT: Put-
nam, Windham Co.; Washington, Litchfield Co.; Greenwich, Fairfield Co.; West Rock
Park, New Haven; East River; Mystic; New Canaan; Middletown. NEw york: Clayton,
Picton Island; Katonah; New Windsor; Catskill Mountains; Bear Mountain; Valley
Cottage, Rockland Co.; West Farms, New York City; South Shore, Long Island; Orient,
Long Island. NEw jEeRsEY: Mendham; Chester; Mt. Holly; Bayonne; Plainfield; Oak-
land; Lakehurst; Jerseyville, 3 miles east of Freehold. PENNsYLVANIA: New Brighton;
Adamstown; Delaware Water Gap; Sinking Spring, Berks Co. onto: Granville; Good-
hope Tp., Hocking Co. mMicnicAN: Oakland Co.; Branch Co.; Gull Lake Biological
Station, Kalamazoo Co. INDIANA: Fremont. ILLINOIS: Putnam Co.; Carbondale. DELA-
WARE: Wilmington, New Castle Co. MARYLAND: Plummer’s Island, Cabin John. vir-
GINIA: Arlington; Blacksburg; Luray. NORTH CAROLINA: Maxton; Raleigh; Southern
Pines. SOUTH CAROLINA: Beaufort; McClellanville. TENNEssEE: Monteagle; Burrville.
MISSOURI: St. Louis Co.; Warsaw; Williamsville. GrorGIA: Screven Co.; Burton. ALA-
BAMA: Ozark. Mississippi: Jackson, Hinds Co.; Agricultural College. Texas: Town Bluff,
Tyler Co. Fiorina: Tallahassee; Torreya State Park, Liberty Co. uTAH: Logan, one
male taken July 12, 1955 by S. L. Wood (CNC); determination checked by genitalic
dissection but locality should be verified.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Specimens from Screven Co., Ga., Tallahassee, Fla. (AMNH),
and from Ala. and Miss. have heavy white markings and are normal iridaria; a
male from Torreya State Park, Fla., is the color and size of iridaria but does have
the white shading reduced, suggesting a transition to latipennis; 5 specimens from
The Wedge plantation, near McClellanville, S.C. (YPM) appear intermediate be-
tween iridaria and latipennis; two specimens examined from the Okefenokee
Swamp, Ga. (AMNH) are definitely latipennis and show no sign of intergradation.
The single specimen from Texas (AMNH) has the lines a little narrowed, but is
probably within the normal range of variation for iridaria. The specimen from Utah
has the white lines and rays reduced but is otherwise quite normal.
FLIGHT PERIop. Two well defined generations are indicated throughout the range.
In Ont. and Que., June 3—-July 9, and July 31l-Aug. 11 (the single N.S. record
taken by me June 30, 1955); northern states to Del., Md. and Mo., May 7-July 2,
and July 12-Aug. 27 (one N.J. record for Sept. 15); Va., N.C. and Tenn., Apr.
16-June 5 and July 19-Aug. 31; S.C., Ga., Ala., Miss., Mar. 29-Apr. 16, and June
9-Aug. 7. The Texas record was taken Mar. 27.
Earty Staces. Dichorda iridaria was reared by Dimmock on Rhus (sumach). His
reared adults and empty pupal shells are in the USNM, and his manuscript notes
are supposed to be there although I could not find them. There is also a drawing
by F. Knab, presumably of one of Dimmock’s larvae. In 1967 I reared iridaria
from a female taken at Hamden, Conn. in June, and this brood produced adults
as a second generation in late July. I fed the larvae on Rhus typhina. The larva is
much like that of illustraria except that the paired caudal processes are longer and
not bifurcate at the tips.
Dichorda iridaria latipennis (Hulst)
Plate 19, figs. 2, 2a, 2b; plate 46, figures 25, 26.
Slossonia latipennis Hulst, 1898, p. 217. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 335.
Anaplodes remotaria Grossbeck, 1909, p. 354.
Dichorda iridaria (partim) Prout, 1912, p. 127. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout
1932, p. 51. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Dichorda iridaria consequaria Forbes, 1948, p. 114.
Dichorda iridaria latipennis Kimball, 1965, p. 164.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 129
Dracnosis. Latipennis is a smaller, greener form that replaces nominate iridaria in the
Floridian fauna. In peninsular Fla. it looks almost distinct enough to be regarded
as a species, but there appears to be a narrow clinal zone through Ga. and S.C. The
postmedials of latipennis are discrete lines with almost no outward diffusion, and there
are no boldly contrasting white rays in the outer area. The postmedial of the fore-
wing is quite straight except for a slight inward bend at Rs, so that it tends to meet
the costa a little farther from the apex than in iridaria. The postmedial of the
hindwing and antemedial of the forewing are straighter than in iridaria. The oli-
vaceous inner shade along the lines is often more evident than in tridaria, and there
is almost no whitish overlay in the median space or near the costa. The fringes are
entirely deep blue-green in latipennis, almost concolorous with the wings and with
no pale basal line; they are mostly whitish in ¢ridaria.
Types. Described from one specimen from “Cocoanut Grove, S. Fla.” [Dade Co.],
type No. 3956 in the USNM. The type is a completely discolored, yellowish specimen,
which probably explains why Hulst did not recognize it as belonging in the Geomet-
rinae.
SynonyMy. None. The names consequaria Hy. Edw. and perpendiculata Warr., in-
cluded here by some authors (e.g. Forbes, 1948), refer to a different species. The
name remotaria Wlk., discussed under iridaria, possibly refers to latipennis, and
would have priority.
FurTHER DescrirTION. Subspecies latipennis resembles iridaria except for the differ-
ences mentioned in the diagnosis. The larger gap on the costa between the postmedial
and the apex is perhaps more apparent than real because of the thinness of the
line and the green color of the fringes. However, the outer margin of the hindwing
in latipennis looks even more convex, and the straighter postmedial bisects the hind-
wing into basal and distal portions of almost equal area. In iridaria, the basal
portion almost always looks the larger. Latipennis seems to average distinctly smaller
than nominate iridaria.
Length of forewing: males, 12-14 mm; females, 14-15.5 mm.
MAte GENITALIA. Like those of nominate iridaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of nominate iridaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 62 males, 26 females; 3 male, 1 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Biscayne Bay; St. Petersburg; Charlotte Harbour; Florida City;
Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Orlando; Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; Oneco, Manatee Co.;
Miami; Vero Beach; Punta Gorda; Archbold Biological Station, near Lake Placid,
Highlands Co. crorciA: Chesser’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co. souTH
CAROLINA: McClellanville, Charleston Co. (This record also listed under iridaria to
draw attention to the existence of specimens that are intermediate).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. See comments above on intergradation to nominate iridaria.
FiicHT Prriop. Jan. 8, 30; Feb. 5, 12, 16; Mar. 1-30; Apr. 1, 4, 18; May 8-29; July 5,
21, 295, sept. 17.
Earty Sraces. After this paper was written, I reared a brood on Rhus copallina from
a female taken at the Wedge Plantation, McClellanville, S.C. in Aug., 1968. The 46
resulting offspring, which emerged between Sept. 16 and 21, are closer to latipennis
than to the nominate subspecies.
130 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Dichorda consequaria (Henry Edwards), new status
Plate 20, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 36, figure 7; plate 46, figures 19, 20.
Geometra iridaria var. consequaria Henry Edwards, 1884, p. 19.
Geometra iridaria Druce, 1900, p. 83, pl. 49, fig. 5.
Anaplodes remotaria consequaria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 302.
Dichorda perpendiculata Warren, 1904b, p. 503. New synonymy.
Dichorda iridaria perpendiculata Prout, 1932, [Ob Bille
D1acnosis. Consequaria is a handsome species of Central America, Mexico, and ex-
treme southern Arizona, closely resembling iridaria but distinguished by several good
characters, as follows: outer margins less convex, resulting in the fore- and hindwing
appearing more pointed towards the apex and anal angle respectively; all lines,
including the antemedial of the forewing, almost perfectly straight and not quite
as wide as in iridaria; postmedial on underside of forewing usually double in
consequaria, single in iridaria. The veins beyond the postmedial lines are often marked
by white rays as in iridaria but these tend to be less developed.
Despite the close superficial resemblance to iridaria, consequaria is more closely
related to the Californian illustraria. This view is supported by the genitalia, which
in consequaria and illustraria are almost identical, but in iridaria (and latipennis)
clearly differ in several characters.
Types. The type of consequaria is a male in the USNM labeled Jalapa [Veracruz],
Mexico, “Coll. Brkln. Mus.” In the original description, no precise locality was des-
ignated, but in the introduction to his paper (1884, p. 11) Edwards mentioned that
the material of this and other species he was describing was “captured chiefly in the
State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, by Mr. William Schaus, Jr.” The type is good enough to
be easily recognized and looks exactly like specimens from Madera Canyon, Santa
Cruz Co., Ariz.
The type of perpendiculata is a male in the BM from Huatuxco, Veracruz, Mexico.
Synonymy. I have not seen the type of perpendiculata, but the original description,
together with Prout’s association of the name with iridaria, would seem to leave
little doubt as to its identity. The zridaria that Druce reported from Mexico was of
course also consequarta, or almost certainly so. In the original description of con-
sequaria, Henry Edwards mentioned having also received this from Georgia and
Fiorida, thus initiating an erroneous identification that has been passed on from
author to author up to Forbes (1948). The Florida Dichorda is latipennis, probably
conspecific with iridaria but certainly not with consequaria. Prout (1932, p. 51), in
using the junior synonym perpendiculata for the Mexican form, seems to have over-
looked the fact that Edwards’ type of consequaria also came from Veracruz.
FurTHER DEscripTION. Structure and coloring of antennae, front, palpi, and legs as
in iridaria; thorax and abdomen whitish below, green above; no dorsal abdominal
markings; wings above deep green, about the same shade as iridaria, but usually with
less white shading. The median space of the forewing may be faintly frosted with
white or pale bluish, or it may be pure green. Beyond the postmedials the veins are
often unmarked, or they may be outlined with white as in iridaria. If so, this white
shading is rarely as extreme as in well marked examples of iridaria. Lines white,
distinctly narrower than those of iridaria and the postmedials less diffuse outwardly;
usually narrowly shaded on the side of the median space with solid green, which may
be faintly olivaceous; antemedial of forewing almost straight and erect, inclined just
slightly inward from the inner margin; antemedial of hindwing wanting; postmedials
of both wings straight, well defined right to costa; costa speckled with purplish brown
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 131
in the usual way but with less white than in iridaria; discal spots small, blackish,
sometimes feebly encircled with whitish; fringes quite uniformly green, concolorous
with the wings or paler, with a pale line at the base. Underside paler, especially
the hindwing, thinly dusted with blackish scales; lines showing faintly, antemedial of
forewing usually double (single in iridaria); discal spots larger than above, and
hindwing, between base and discal spot, marked by the usual diffuse, incomplete
blackish band occupying approximately the position of the antemedial.
Length of forewing: males, 13-17 mm; females, 17-18.5 mm.
Mate GENITALIA. Uncus rather slender, only slightly dilated toward tip as in tridaria;
valve moderately slender but variable; saccus rather obtusely pointed, not ending in
a knob-like process as is common in iridaria; rounded process of eighth sternite
conspicuously longer, darker in color and more chitinous than that of tridaria, weakly
notched.
FEMALE GENITALIA. About the same as in other species of Dichorda.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 62 males, 17 females, including type of consequaria; 3 male,
1 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Hereford and Palmerlee, Cochise Co.; Sierra Vista and Ramsey
Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co.; S.W. Research Station of AMNH, Chiri-
cahua Mts., near Portal, Cochise Co.; Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mountains,
Santa Cruz Co.; Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.; Baboquivari Mountains, Pima
Co. MExico: Jalapa, Veracruz; Orizaba; S. Angel, D.F.; Tehuacan, Puebla; Puebla,
Pue.
Druce (1900, pl. 49, fig. 5) figured a male from Duenas, without further data,
and in the USNM collection there are specimens from Guatemala and Honduras.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Not apparent in the material available, but there is some
seasonal variation. Forty-six males and seven females taken by Dr. Franclemont at
Madera Canyon and Pena Blanca, Ariz., show that spring specimens, taken Apr. 12 to
May 21, average larger and greener than those taken in summer and fall.
FiicHT Periop. Material taken throughout the season in Santa Cruz Co. (JGF) in-
dicates a discrete spring generation and a prolonged, fairly continuous flight
through the summer and fall, probably representing at least two additional generations.
The few other records available also fit this pattern. Apr. 12 to May 31; June
Zoto Oct. 12.
Eariy Staces. Unknown.
Dichorda illustraria (Hulst)
Plate 19, figures 3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d; plate 36, figure 6; plate 46, figures 27, 28.
Geometra iridaria Packard, 1876, p. 394 (partim).
Geometra illustraria Hulst, 1886a, p. 121.
Anaplodes illustraria Hulst, 1896, p. 316. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 303.
Dichorda illustraria Prout, 1912, p. 128. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932,
p. 51. Comstock, 1960, pp. 426-430, figs. 4-6 (early stages).
Dracnosis. This is the common Dichorda of California, distinguished from rectaria
and cockerelli by its larger size and greener coloring, and also by good larval characters.
Illustraria does not normally have the distinctive blue-green hue of rectaria but there do
132 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
occur occasional bluish individuals that may be misdetermined in collections. Con-
versely, many examples of rectaria from Texas and Arizona could be mistaken for
it (see discussion of genus). J/lustraria lacks the broader white lines and rays of Dichorda
iridaria and consequaria, and the wing shape is like that of consequaria and rectaria,
without the strongly convex outer margins of iridaria. The male genitalia average
larger than those of rectaria or cockerelli, the aedeagus longer, the saccus usually
more produced, the tip of the uncus more dilated, and the rounded posterior process
of the eighth sternite is consistently much wider and but feebly emarginate. The
shape of the eighth sternite is perhaps the most reliable character for distinguishing
this species from rectaria. As far as is known, rectaria is represented in California
only by the dwarfed southern race, cockerelli, which is rather easily distinguished
from illustraria.
Types. Illustraria was described from two specimens, a male and female, from Calif.,
without further locality data. They are in the AMNH. Both specimens are intact,
with abdomens, but the male is completely discolored. The female, which is in
fairly good condition and quite unmistakable, I hereby designate as the lectotype.
It is labeled California, No. 12632 Collection Hy. Edwards, Geometra illustraria
Type Hulst.
Synonymy. None.
FURTHER DEscRIPTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs as in iridaria. Antennal
shaft and fillet white; head behind fillet green; front dark brown with white dorsal
and ventral borders; palpi marked with dark brown laterally and distally, but with
a sharply defined white area ventrally; legs whitish, spotted with dark brown as in
tridaria but with the markings darker and more contrasting; underside of body
whitish; upperside of thorax green; abdomen with a green dorsal shade that narrows
posteriorly, often leaving the last three or four segments entirely white in males, almost
so in females; segments 2 and 3 with small white dorsal spots, a character shared with
rectaria and consequaria, but not iridaria.
Upperside of wings bright green, usually becoming bluish only in worn or faded
specimens, but occasional bluish specimens occur that appear fresh. Green areas finely
striated with olive; white lines distinct but not wide, variable, usually as narrow as
in rectaria but wider in some females; antemedial of forewing straight or slightly
convex, almost erect but inclined inward slightly toward costa; antemedial of hindwing
wanting; postmedials straight, that of forewing tending to fade out on approach-
ing costa. The antemedial is followed, and the postmedials preceded by a thin olivaceous
shade that may encroach halfway across the white lines and make them appear
yellowish, much as in the other species. The postmedial transects the hindwing
near the middle as in iridaria and rectaria. Costa white, heavily mottled with
dark purplish brown in the usual way; discal spots small, blackish, usually not en-
circled with whitish; fringes green, concolorous with wings. Underside with hind-
wing almost white, forewing greener, both sparsely dusted with black scales; lines as
on upperside but less distinct; postmedials single, not preceded by a parallel ghost
line as in consequaria; patch of black scales on hindwing midway between discal
spot and inner margin reduced but commonly present (normally lacking in rectaria,
present in consequaria and iridaria).
The wing shape in illustraria and rectaria is about the same; iridaria differs in
having the outer margins more conyex, that of the forewing almost angulate; con-
sequaria differs in having the outer margins, especially that of the hindwing, con-
siderably less convex.
Length of forewing: males, 14-18 mm; females, 18-22 mm.
Mate GeniraiA. Uncus broadly dilated at the tip; saccus moderately extended, the
sides of the vinculum converging quite evenly to a bluntly pointed apex; saccus
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 133
longer than in rectarta or consequaria, and without the narrowed apical extension
of tridaria; valves a little wider and less tapered than those of rectaria; aedeagus ap-
pears disproportionately longer than that of rectaria but this largely coincides with
the larger overall genitalic size; aedeagus with a slightly better developed hook at the
tip than in the other species; posterior process of the eighth sternite broad, evenly
rounded, with or without a slight marginal notch or depression, extensively chitinous
and brown in color,
FEMALE GENITALIA. Indistinguishable from those of rectaria. These two species differ
from iridaria and consequaria in having a more slender bursa copulatrix.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 191 males, 81 females; 10 male, 3 female slides; 7 preserved larvae.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co.; Mendocino and Laytonville,
Mendocino Co.; Anderson Springs, Lake Co.; Petaluma, The Geysers, Cazadero, and
San Antonio Creek, Sonoma Co.; Mill Valley, Marin Co.; Berkeley; Oakland; Palo
Alto; Mission San Jose; San Jose; San Francisco; Los Gatos, Santa Clara Co.; Santa
Cruz Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.; Santa Barbara; Wheeler Hot Springs, Ventura Co.;
Newhall, Sunland, Burbank, Glendale, Azusa, Alhambra, Claremont, Santa Monica
and Glendora, Los Angeles Co.; Singing Spring, Angeles Crest, Los Angeles Co.;
Avalon, Santa Catalina Island, Los Angeles Co.; Laguna Beach and San Clemente,
Orange Co.; Loma Linda and Wrightwood, San Bernardino Co.; Riverside, Arlington,
Idyllwild, Palm Springs and Rancho La Sierra, Riverside Co.; Mt. Palomar State
Park, San Diego Co.; Julian, Descanso, Pine Valley, San Diego, Borrego, and La
Mesa, San Diego Co.; Boquet Canyon; Hayward; Glen Ivy; La Puerta; Padua Hills.
BAJA CALIFORNIA: Santo Tomas, 11 mi. E. of Ensenada.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. No apparent geographical variation. The specimens from
Baja California, in the AMNH, are normal illustraria.
FLicHT Preriop. Mar. 6—-Nov. 28, with a few records for Dec., Jan. and Feb. from
the vicinity of Los Angeles. The records for the southern half of Calif. suggest
two peaks of abundance in July and Sept. In the northern counties the records
mostly fall within the period from June to Sept., but the specimen from Anderson
Springs, Lake Co. was taken Oct. 25, 1947 (W. R. Bauer).
Earty Sraces. These have been elegantly described and figured by Comstock (1960,
pp. 426-430, figs. 4-6). I have some larvae in alcohol from Burbank, Los Angeles
Co.; and these confirm Constock’s description in most details. However, the tips of the
horn-like processes on the eighth abdominal segment are very noticeably bifurcate
in these; whereas Comstock described them as being blunted at the tips. Those of
rectaria, and probably iridaria, are more pointed. The quadrate dorsal plates are
wider from front to back in itllustraria than in rectaria, and that of the third thoracic
segment is not toothed on the outer margin as in the latter species. The larva of
illustraria is entirely brown, apparently quite dark. The preserved larvae of rectaria
look as though they had originally been a shade of brown much paler than illustraria,
perhaps with some green. It would seem that these two species are more distinct as
larvae than they are as adults. The only reported food plant for illustraria is Rhus
laurina Nuttall.
Dichorda rectaria rectaria (Grote)
Plate 20, figures 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b, 3c; plate 36, figure 4; plate 47, figures 1-4.
Geometra rectaria Grote, 1877, p. 157. Hulst, 1886b, p. 139.
Geometra iridaria (partim) Packard, 1876, p. 394 (nec Guenée). Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (nec Guenée).
134 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Anaplodes iridaria Hulst, 1896, p. 316. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 303 (nec Guenée).
Dichorda rectaria Prout, 1912, p. 127. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932, p.
51, pl. 6e. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Diacnosis. Dichorda rectaria is a western species, occurring in the nominate form
from Texas and Arizona north to Montana and North Dakota, superficially almost
exactly like illustraria but generally of a more bluish coloring and averaging smaller
in size. The shade of green is variable in both species and not always reliable.
However, there are other characters, as follows: discal spots smaller (sometimes lack-
ing); brown-mottled, whitish costal border usually narrower; brown markings of
front and palpi paler; on the underside, hindwing almost as green as forewing,
not as whitish as in illustraria; patch of blackish scales on underside of hindwing
between discal spot and inner margin commonly wanting in rectaria, nearly always
present in illustraria; the saccus less produced, and the process of the eighth sternite
consistently narrower and with its sides more convergent. There also appear to be
good larval characters.
Types. Described from a male collected in Texas by Belfrage and now in the BM.
No exact locality was specified, but Belfrage did get material of this species at
Waco (see Packard’s records under zridaria, 1876, p. 394), and the type may have
come from there. There is a very badly stained male, without locality data, labeled
Type 2235 in the MCZ (ex Peabody Academy Collection).
SyNonyMy. Packard had three species, including rectaria, confused under the name
ividaria, and Hulst incorrectly synonymized iridaria and rectaria, using the name
remotaria for the eastern species now known as iridaria.
FURTHER DEscCRIPTION. Structure of antennae, palpi and legs as in the other species
of Dichorda. Brown markings of front, palpi and legs about as in iridaria, paler
than in illustraria; underside of body whitish; upperside of thorax blue-green, con-
colorous with wings; upperside of abdomen shaded with blue-green almost to its
extremity, and with the same minute white dorsal spots on segments two and three
as in illustraria and consequaria. Wings above usually a bright blue-green, but variable
from a pure green like illustraria almost to a real pale blue; fringes concolorous.
Markings of upperside exactly as in zllustraria except for the following minor differ-
ences: discal spots smaller, often absent; pale, brown-speckled costal border usually
narrower. On the underside, the hindwing, although slightly paler, is more nearly
the same shade of green as the forewing, not as whitish as that of illustraria, and
there is scarcely any of the thin dusting of black scales characteristic of ¢llustraria;
also, the patch of blackish scales midway between the discal spot and inner margin is
only rarely present in rectaria. In illustraria, the latter marking is commonly present,
although not as well developed as in consequaria and iridaria. The lines are rather
faintly reproduced beneath and are single; only rarely is there a suggestion of an
inner “ghost line” paralleling the postmedials. Such a line is even more unusual in
illustraria but quite characteristic of consequaria.
Length of forewing: males, 11.5-15.5 mm. (average about 14 mm); females, 14-17 mm.
MALE GeEniTALIA. Closest to those of illustraria but distinguished by the following
characters: Uncus less abruptly dilated at tip, moderately spatulate or often just
clavate; saccus produced to a blunt point in the same way but usually less extended;
valve usually of somewhat stubbier form, wide at the base, then tapering; brown,
chitinous posterior lobe of eighth sternite distinctly narrower with the sides inclined
toward each other and the outer end emarginate. The shape of the eighth sternite
readily distinguishes rectaria and its race cockerelli from illustraria and iridaria. In
this character consequaria is closest, but still different.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 135
FEMALE GENITALIA. Indistinguishable from those of illustraria, having the same rela-
tively slender bursa. In consequaria and iridaria the corpus bursae is almost globular.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 201 males, 108 females; 8 male, 7 female slides; 3 preserved
larvae.
DIsTRIBUTION. TEXAS: New Braunfels, Comal Co.; Forestburg, Montague Co.; Palo
Pinto Co.; Burnett Co.; Blanco Co.; Lake Brownwood State Park, Brown Co.; Kerr-
ville, Kerr Co.; Alpine, Brewster Co.; Big Bend National Park, 6000’; Pine Canyon
and the Basin, Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co.; Fort Davis, Jeff Davis Co.;
Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co. NEw MExico: Sitting Bull Falls, 42 mi. S.W. of Carlsbad,
Eddy Co.; Frijoles Canyon, 6050’, Bandelier National Monument; Jemez Springs,
Sandoval Co. arizona: 3 mi. W. of Eagar, 7100’, Apache Co. (Pifion-Juniper life
zone); Vernon, Apache Co.; Paradise, Cochise Co.; Portal and Cave Creek Canyon,
Portal, Cochise Co.; S.W. Research Station of AMNH, 5 mi. W. of Portal, Cochise
Co.; Redington; Tucson; Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co.; Santa Catalina Moun-
tains, Pinal Co.; Oracle, Pinal Co.; Pinal Mountains; Miami and Globe, Gila Co.;
Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, 6 mi. E. of Flagstaff, Coconino Co.;
West Fork, 6500’, 16 mi. S.W. of Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; Todd’s Lodge, Oak Creek
Canyon, Coconino Co.; Sedona, Coconino Co.; Prescott, Yavapai Co.; Mayer, Yavapai
Co.; Yuma Co.; Wheeler Canyon. coLtorapo: Durango; Glenwood Springs; Chimney
Gulch, Golden; Rock Creek Park and Rock Creek Canyon, near Colorado Springs,
El Paso Co. urAH: American Fork; Richfield and Sevier, Sevier Co.; Salamander Lake,
Timpanogos; Red Canyon Camp, 11 mi. S.E. of Panguitch, Garfield Co.; Trout Creek,
Juab Co. wano: “R’dale.”’ MontANA: Big Timber Creek, 7 mi. N. of Big Timber,
Sweetgrass Co. NORTH DAKOTA: Badlands, Slope Co. KANsAs: Franklin Co. CALIFORNIA:
Truckee, Nevada Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Variation is slight but Ariz. and Utah specimens show a
tendency to be more bluish than Texas ones. The geographical pattern of such
variation is difficult to ascertain since the color also varies with age (flown specimens
are bluer, fresh ones greener). Some small Utah specimens look like cockerelli. The
single Calif. record is a female in the USNM (ex McGlashan and Barnes collection),
without date. It is small (12.5 mm.) somewhat faded, and with the discal spots
well developed for rectaria. It looks like, and could be a dwarfed example of
illustraria, but there are no other records from east of the Sierras.
FuicHT Periop. In Tex., May 19-Sept. 4; in Ariz, Mar. 7-Aug. 29, with apparent
peaks in Apr. and July; in N.M., Colo., Utah, May 29 (Utah), June 11 (Colo.),
July 21-Aug. 22. The single Idaho record is a male taken Sept. 1, 1934 (C. F. Smith),
and is in the USNM. The N.D. record is based on two males in the AMNH taken
July 29, 1959 (J. Oberfoell). The Mont. record was a single male taken July 4,
1966 (DCF); the Kans. record one male taken May 21, 1961 (AMNH).
Earty Staces. Rectaria has been reared by Mr. Robert W. Poole from a female
taken at Walnut Canyon, Coconino Co., Ariz., on June 20, 1965. Three last instar
larvae and the parent, as well as colored photographs, were kindly made available
to me for examination. The larva differs from that of illustraria in several characters
and it would seem that these might provide more positive means of identification
than any characters found in the adult. It is pale in color, light brown with a
greenish tinge, and with a thin dark mid-dorsal line; the larvae of illustraria are a
much darker brown. The quadrate dorsal plates in rectaria are not quite as large, and
both the anterior and posterior corners of each plate are angled and bear a slight
tooth; in illustraria the hind corner tends to be acutely angled, the front corner
rounded off. The pair of dorsal horn-like processes on abdominal segment 8 are
136 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
sharply pointed in rectaria, blunted or with the tips cleft in illustraria. The food
plant of rectaria was Rhus trilobata. Eighteen adults of this brood emerged Sept.
15-Nov. 13, 1965.
Dichorda rectaria cockerelli (Sperry), new status
Plate 20, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 47, figures 5, 6.
Dichorda cockerelli Sperry, 1939b, p. 262.
Dracnosis. This is a very small, light blue-green form of doubtful status, mostly from
San Bernardino Co., Calif. Although described as a species, cockerelli may be distin-
guished from rectaria by little more than the difference in size, which is considerable.
The color is even bluer than that of normal rectaria, and the discal spots are
further reduced, usually to the point of obsolescence. Most of the material examined
came from the Ivanpah and the New York Mts.
Types. The holotype is a male in the CNC (Type No. 4554) from Mexican Wells,
San Bernardino Co., Calif., collected July 12, 1938 by J. L. Sperry. The allotype,
same locality, July 7, 1937, is in the AMNH. There are single paratypes in the
AMNH, USNM and Los Angeles County Museum.
SyNONYMY. None.
FuRTHER Description. In pattern and coloring cockerelli differs from rectaria only
as already noted in the diagnosis.
Length of forewing: males, 11-13 mm. (average about 12 mm); females, 13.5-
15 mm.
Mate Geniratia. Exactly like those of rectaria but smaller, in proportion to the
smaller size of the moth, and with the brown, chitinous posterior lobe of the eighth
sternite not emarginate or but feebly so.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of rectaria,
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 31 males, 7 females, including holotype and allotype; 8 male,
2 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Mexican Wells and Granite Wells, San Bernardino Co.:
Essex, San Bernardino Co.; Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert; Keystone Canyon, 5500’,
New York Mountains, San Bernardino Co.; Mountain Pass Station; Ivanpah Moun-
tains, San Bernardino Co.; Tub Canyon, Borrego [San Diego Co.].
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Not apparent in the material available.
Fuicnr PEeriop: Apr. 18, 21; May 21,24; July 7, 27; Aug. 25; Sept. 3, '8, 2257 ec™
I have a series of 11 taken by Mr. Frank P. Sala in Keystone Canyon on Aug. 25, and
9 on Sept. 3, 1959.
EARLY STAGES. Unknown.
Remarks. Rectaria from Utah comes closest in appearance to cockerelli and in some
collections has been determined as such.
4. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE DICHORDOPHORINI
Since only the one genus and two very closely related species are known, the
generic characters serve also as the tribal characters. ‘The unique genitalia and
complete loss of the frenulum in both sexes provide the most important dis-
tinguishing features.
DICHORDOPHORA Prout
Dichordophora Prout, 1913b, p. 437.
Type Species. Dichorda (?) phoenix Prout, 1912, p. 128 = Dichordophora phoenix
Prout, 1913b, p. 437, monobasic.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Size like that of a small Dichorda, length of forewing 10.5 to
16.5 mm; wings hardly produced, shape nearly as in Nemoria; color bright green
with the pale costa heavily irrorated with purplish brown as in Dichorda; antemedial
of hindwing wanting but other lines normal, whitish, well defined, almost straight but
postmedials not as oblique as in Dichorda, that of forewing almost parallel with outer
margin; antemedial of forewing almost erect; discal spots blackish, weak, or wanting;
terminal line wanting; fringes green, unmarked; palpi and legs tinged with pink
only, not spotted with dark brown as in Dichorda.
Venation as in the Nemoriini, almost exactly matching Dichorda, but frenulum
completely wanting in both sexes.
Male antennae like those of Dichorda, bipectinate, tapering gradually, outer
third simple, length of longest pectinations more than three times thickness of shaft;
female antennae also pectinate, with branches one half to two thirds as long as
those of the male; palpi of the sexes similar in form but those of the male only
slightly exceeding the front, those of the female exceeding it by almost half their
length; third palpal segment small, slender, rounded or conical, in the female a little
more elongated; eyes of the sexes similar; front flat, wider than high; tongue de-
veloped but a little smaller than in the Nemoriini; hind tibia of male undilated,
slender, with no terminal process and with either one pair of spurs (phoenix),
or both pairs (aplagaria); hind tibia of female similar, also with one pair of spurs
in phoenix and both pairs in aplagaria.
Male genitalia peculiar and unique among the North American Geometrinae.
Uncus divided into two separate prongs, flanked by the similarly sclerotized and
rigid socii; gnathos forming a complete ring with its distal edge much extended to
form a large, recurved, flattened plate that is notched at the end; saccus extremely
elongated; valve with simple costa but a complex of sclerotized structures basally
towards the sacculus; ventral margin of valve with a U-shaped emargination; aedeagus
as in Dichorda; eighth sternite with posterior margin almost straight, simple.
Female genitalia with bursa copulatrix membranous, simple, elongate but dis-
137
138 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
proportionately small; no signum; ductus bursae leading into a peculiar, heavily
sclerotized, tubular genital plate that extends the ostial opening well back in the
eighth segment near the papillae anales. In no other North American genus of this
subfamily does the ostium occur farther back than the anterior margin of the eighth
sternite. There is a characteristic bend in the ductus bursae just before it meets the
tubular genital plate. The latter structure is almost certainly derived from the
preostial fold, or pouch, of less specialized forms, since an almost complete sequence
of intermediate stages may be seen in the genus Nemoria.
LARVAL CHARACTERS. Unknown.
DisTRIBUTION. Southwestern United States and Mexico.
Remarks. Apart from the species discussed here, only one other is known, aplagaria
Dyar from Mexico. For the characters distinguishing these two species, see the paper
by Todd, 1955. The two are very similar except for differences in the genitalia,
and aplagaria has two pairs of spurs on the hind tibia in both sexes.
Looking at the superficial characters of this genus, including even the venation,
it is easy to see how Prout was led to associate it closely with Dichorda, but the
bizarre genitalia at once belie such a relationship. The similarity in appearance must
be due to convergence. The male genitalia of the Neotropical genus Oospila have
two pairs of processes corresponding in position to the socii and divided uncus of
Dichordophora, but they are of different homology. The mesial pair are the socii
and the outer pair are horn-like processes derived from the gnathos; Oospila has
lost the uncus and the distal part of the gnathos that ordinarily completes the ring.
The larva, when it is known, may help in clarifying the relationships of Di-
chordophora, but at present I know of no other forms that could be considered
closely related.
Dichordophora phoenix (Prout)
Plate 3, figure 3; plate 21, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 37, figure 1; plate 47, figures 7, 8
Dichorda (?) phoenix Prout, 1912, p. 128.
Dichordophora phoenix Prout, 1913b, p. 437. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 101. Prout,
1933, p. 70, McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Todd, 1955, p. 118-120; figs. 1, 5.
Dracnosis. See the discussion of the genus. There is only one other species, aplagaria
Dyar, which occurs in Mexico and Guatemala. Phoenix and aplagaria are very close
both in facies and genitalia, but aplagaria, like the species of Dichorda, has two
pairs of spurs on the hind tibia in both sexes. Phoenix lacks the terminal spurs on
the hind tibia and may always be distinguished by this character. Also, it is the only
species of Dichordophora known to occur in the United States, ranging from the
Mexican border at least to Colorado and Nevada.
Types. Phoenix was described from two females taken at Phoenix, Ariz., Sept. 13,
1904 (R. E. Kunze). Prout designated these type and cotype. Both are in the BM.
FurtTHER Description. Male antenna broadly bipectinate for basal two-thirds, narrow-
ing abruptly toward tip, longest branches 4 to 6 times diameter of shaft; female
antenna also bipectinate but with much shorter branches, the longest being only
about twice the diameter of the shaft; male palpi moderate, exceeding front by a
distance equal to one half the length of the second segment, obtusely pointed, with
the small third segment so concealed by the terminal scales of the second that only
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 139
the tip is evident; female palpi slightly longer, more slender, not so evenly tapered,
with the third segment arising more obviously from the somewhat truncated apex
of the second; legs rather slender, third pair with terminal spurs only in both sexes,
spurs variable in length.
Scales of antennal shaft white, branches yellowish; interantennal fillet white
with a small patch of pink scales next to the inner side of the scape; head behind
fillet green; front rose, with white spots in the four corners which may be confluent,
especially the lower pair, limiting the rose color to a transverse band across the
middle of the front; palpi with outer two segments heavily tinged with rose; legs
with coxae green, femora and tibiae partly rose colored, especially those of the
first pair which are solidly rose colored inwardly; tarsi whitish or cream colored;
thorax green above and below; abdomen green above and below in fresh males;
mostly whitish in females except for some green on basal half of dorsum.
Wings above bright green, not especially bluish, almost unstriated, hindwing
slightly paler towards costa; markings almost exactly like those of Dichorda; lines
cream colored to white, even, almost as wide as the fringe, sharply defined. Antemedial
of forewing erect or leaning inward, straight or slightly convex, often feebly excurved
near inner margin; antemedial of hindwing lacking; postmedial of forewing straight
or evenly convex (tending to parallel outer margin) for most of its length, usually
bending inward on approaching costa; postmedial of hindwing sometimes straight
but more commonly with a slight convexity; costa white, heavily speckled with
pinkish or purplish brown; fringes with basal half green, outer half white; dark
discal spots usually present but minute. Underside as above but paler.
Length of forewing: male, 12.5-14.5 mm, but occasionally as small as 10.5 mm;
female, 12-16.5 mm.
MALE GenirauiA. The very peculiar genitalia have already been described in the dis-
cussion of the genus Dichordophora. Genitalic figures for both species were published
by Todd (1955, p. 119). In phoenix the socii are smaller, the saccus more pointed,
and the semi-circular excavations on the ventral margin of the valve larger than in
aplagaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The females of both species were also figured by Todd. These are
very similar but the sclerotized portions of the ductus bursae and ostium are of more
delicate structure in phoenix than in aplagaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 121 males, 98 females; 7 male, 5 female slides
DIsTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Chisos Basin, Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co. (4 speci-
mens); ARIZONA: Portal, Cochise Co.; Guadelupe Canyon, 4200’, Cochise Co.; Reding-
ton; Aguila; Tucson; Phoenix; Wickenburg; Waterman Mountains; Madera Canyon
(4880’) and Pefia Blanca (3950’), Santa Cruz Co.; Kits Peak Rincon, Brown’s Canyon
and Sabino Canyon, Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co.; Organ Pipe National Monu-
ment, and Mt. Lemmon, Pima Co.; between Dewey and Salome; Kingman; New
River, Maricopa Co.; Montezuma Well, Rimrock; Prescott and Mayer (4300’), Yavapai
Co.; Mojave Co. CALIFORNIA: Borrego; Morongo Valley; Providence Mountains, San
Bernardino Co.; Vidal; Riverside; Palm Springs and Palm Desert, Riverside Co.;
Perris, Riverside Co.; Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert; Yermo and 12 mi. S.E.
of Ivanpah, San Bernardino Co.; Joshua; Hidden Valley; Julian. Nevapa: Valley of
Fire. cotorapo: Glenwood Springs (see remarks under flight period below). WASHING-
TON: Brewster, Okanagan Co.
There are two specimens that I have seen from Nev., both taken by J. L. Sperry
(CNC and AMNH), and one each from Colo. (in CNC) and Wash. (YPM). The
last record is a female from Brewster, Wash., received with material from John C.
Hopfinger, and although it represents a surprising range extension there seems to be
no other reason to doubt its authenticity.
140 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FLicHT PeEriop. In Tex. and Ariz., Apr. 22—Nov. 7; in Calif., Dec. 21-May 19, very
few in June and July, none in Sept., but more Oct. 1-Nov. 8. The Nev. specimens
were taken May 27, 1938; the Wash. specimen May 30, 1956; the Colo. record is an
old Oslar specimen without date and the locality should be verified (see similar re-
marks regarding certain Oslar specimens under Synchlora frondaria and Cheteoscelis
pectinaria).
Earty Staces. Unknown.
5. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE SYNCHLORINI
Small to medium sized species; wings broad and rounded (Synchlora), or some-
what lengthened, with forewing bluntly pointed and costa almost straight (Chete-
oscelis, Merochlora); green pigment bright, apparently the same as in the
Nemoriini, unlike that of the Hemitheini. Venation of costal area of forewing
unusually well spaced for the following reasons: 1) Sc and R,, or R, and R,
often unite so that only four instead of five veins are left to meet costa, 2)
Sc—R, bend toward costa sooner than they do in other tribes, 3) space separating
C from R slightly wider than usual. Hindwing with Sc and R fused where they
come together (joined for at least half length of cell in Cheteoscelis and
Merochlora); third anal of hindwing nearly always entirely wanting; frenulum
present in male, replaced by a tuft of bristles or wanting in female.
In male genitalia, uncus without the usual long process, having only the
small basal portion to which are articulated the pointed, sclerotized but usually
moveable socii; gnathos a normal, toothed ring in most species but sometimes
incomplete (e.g., in S. cupedinaria); valve simple; aedeagus sclerotized in a
manner diagnostic for the tribe: viewed dorsally or ventrally, it is seen to
consist of two slender, rigid prongs arising from a short proximal stem, the
shape suggesting that of a musician’s tuning fork; prongs commonly simple,
sometimes dentate; eighth sternite simple, shallowly emarginate. Female genitalia
very simple, with or without slight sclerotization of ductus bursae; signum
present or wanting.
Larva characteristic in structure and habits, with little variation among
the three genera. The dorsolateral protuberances, so highly developed in the
Nemoriini, are present, but are half the size or less, forming only rounded or
pointed humps. They are also adapted for a different purpose. In the Synchlorini
each protuberance ends in an enlarged, spine-like tubercle that bears small
hooks. To these the larva attaches fragments of plant material from the host as a
means of concealment. The Synchlorini, like some Hemitheini, tend to be
flower feeders on Compositae.
KEY TO THE GENERA OF SYNCHLORINI
1. Wings with brown or reddish markings, at least a red terminal line, abdomen brown
above with white spots; small, tropical .............-..e. sees eee eens Synchlora, in part
142 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Wings without such markings, abdomen green and white only; small to medium sized,
HERI PETALE AOL (ELOPGAN coe wicjeic Wiss wieseiciereis = ome aielere tio aiotelnlnleetelels winimn olore rimi= ini Simei nies 2
2. Hind tibia of male dilated and with a terminal process, hindwings like forewings, all
lines present, Sc and R of hindwing fused for a short distance only ..Synchlora (aerata group)
Hind tibia of male undilated and without terminal process, hindwings paler than
forewings, at least antemedial of hindwing wanting, Sc and R of hindwing fused for
ateleastwnalithemlensthmofecellery. esmoe = ceisialeiate eine ke cet eisieke i= eielaie ete eee ee 3S
3. Hind tibia with all spurs in both sexes, antemedial of forewing wanting ...... Merochlora
Hind tibia with distal pair of spurs only in both sexes, antemedial of forewing
ECS eter ye cia oieiate boys lore x (ate el oie tl creroe mbgneiraione erdatatatas stake ci stctevels /eiidiet ais dietele erate Cheteoscelis
SYNCHLORA Guenée
Synchlora Guenée, 1858, p. 375.
Eunemoria Packard, 1873, p. 76.
Type Species. Of Synchlora, Synchlora liquoraria Guenée, 1858, designated by Hulst, 1896, p.
314. Of Eunemoria, Eunemoria gracilaria Packard, 1873 = Synchlora aerata (Fabricius), mono-
basic.
ApuLT Cuaracters. Small moths, length of forewing 6 to 13 mm; wings rounded,
never produced or angulate; color bright green, with various reddish or purplish
brown marginal patterns in some tropical species; antemedial and _postmedial
lines white or pale, normal, complete if present, but all lines sometimes obsolete;
costa of forewing margined with white or reddish brown; discal spots present or
absent; terminal line and fringes marked or unmarked; abdomen with a white dorsal
Stripe in the typical group, commonly with white, raised segmental spots in the
tropical species.
The main venational character distinguishing Synchlora from Cheteoscelis and
Merochlora is that Sc and of R the hindwing are fused for a short distance only.
Although there is some minor variation within Synchlora, as may be seen in the
illustrations, the venation is otherwise essentially similar to that of the other genera.
Antenna of male broadly bipectinate for basal two thirds, tapering rather abruptly
to outer third which is simple, length of longest pectinations 4 to 8 times width of
shaft; female antenna simple, slender, ciliate beneath; palpi of male moderate, about
as in Nemoria; palpi of female variable, like those of the male, or just slightly
longer, to very long with a cylindrical third segment equal in length to the second;
eyes of the sexes similar; front flat, about as wide across the top as high, the sides
convergent ventrally in the usual way; tongue well developed; hind tibia of male
moderately dilated, prismatic, with a long terminal process in all but herbaria and
cupedinaria, always with both pairs of spurs; hind tibia of female undilated, also
with both pairs of spurs.
Male genitalia with uncus reduced to a rounded basal sclerite, or obsolete;
socii rigidly sclerotized, pointed, somewhat moveable, articulating with the vestigial
uncus, if present, or fused to it and immoveable (as in noel); gnathos normally a
toothed ring as in the Nemoriini but sometimes aberrant (divided into two arms in
cupedinaria); transtilla well developed as a plate or band (also divided in cupedinaria);
juxta a flat or concave plate, variable in shape, but without a papilliform process;
saccus also variable—rounded, tapered, or with a distinct process that may be pointed
(cupedinaria), rounded (irregularia), or truncate (noel); vestigial uncus, tegumen and
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 1453
vinculum generally forming a unit that is more ovate than spindleshaped; valve
simple, rather slender, commonly without specialized structures but with a protruding
triangular costa in hulstiana; coremata nearly always present; aedeagus of the two-
pronged type characteristic of the tribe, the prongs usually smooth, but toothed in
gerularia and cupedinaria; eighth sternite with a median notch or depression on its
posterior margin.
Female genitalia of basically the same form as in Cheteoscelis and Merochlora,
but with considerable variation. Bursa copulatrix with ductus bursae adjoining either
terminally or subterminally, moderately elongate, membranous, with or without a
signum; ductus bursae well differentiated from bursa, slightly to heavily sclerotized,
and almost as variable in length and width as in the genus Nemoria; postostial
plate triangular, finely scobinate, distinctive, evidently derived from the ventral mem-
brane of the eighth segment and not homologous with the usual postostial plate. In
the character of the postostial plate, cupedinaria is again aberrant. Apart from the
more normal two-piece genital plate, irregularia and noel have a circular accessory
postostial plate that may have had the same derivation as the triangular plate of
cupedinaria. Synchlora aerata and its near relatives do not have a sclerotized genital
plate.
LarvaL Cuaracters. The larvae of the three genera included in the tribe Synchlorini
all appear to be much alike in structure and habits, and the description given in the
discussion of tribal characters would also apply here. The protuberances that bear
the fragments of plant material seem to be a little less developed in the Synchlora
aerata group than in Cheteoscelis or Merochlora, but I have not seen larvae of the
more divergent southern species of Synchlora.
DistriBuTION. Mostly Neotropical and extreme southern Nearctic, but one or two
species of the aerata complex reach southern Canada.
Remarks. I am including in Synchlora a diverse and possibly heterogeneous array
of species formerly divided between Racheospila and Synchlora. I recognize eight as
occurring in this region but there are probably many more in the Neotropics. Al-
though these have much in common and form a compact tribe, future study of the
South American fauna may well indicate that some are better placed in separate
genera. On the other hand, it may also reveal connecting forms that will add support
to the present arrangement. Of the species studied, cupedinaria is the most aberrant,
with several quite odd characters having developed in the genitalia, but it does have
Neotropical relatives. Gerularia is more normal, despite its distinctive wing pattern.
The aerata group represents a widely distributed complex of closely related
North American forms and perhaps some Neotropical ones. The interrelationships
within this complex remain somewhat obscure. The concept presented here developed
gradually during my study of over 2,000 specimens, but it is still rather arbitrary.
Aerata, liquoraria, albolineata, frondaria and denticularia are so close that there would
be considerable justification for regarding all as a single species.
Key to the Species of the Genus Synchlora
1. Abdomen shaded with brown and usually with white dorsal spots; wings with brown
or reddish markings, at least a red terminal line; southern ..............--..e2seeeeees 2
Abdomen without brown shading, with or without a white dorsal stripe on a green
background; wings without brown markings; no red terminal line; widespread, Canada
0) LVR) (CLICHE: (KONTO \y Spe obomco ce oe Ge cude aD o5 on OU OU Ge ced Sonus Homer oon oOo sGUCn 6
2. Wings with zreddish brown subterminal markings ..............600ssceecseerceese econ 3
144 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Wings with red terminal line only
3. Forewing with complete reddish costal margin; discal spots minute, obsolescent .. cupedinaria
Forewing without complete reddish costal margin; discal spots very large, same color
BS SH BLCUIUEAD sata KATIE © 17 screioiclo.ca sioitic als 8) se ere /lay ais alee ate Cc ss ora 6.2 hoe’ 6 cake gerularia
4. Hind tibia of male without terminal process; a very small species of Fla. and the
PURE ABLES so feter esc Ya Pete otc sete eae te tek ahete ates «cis ined eterchaysie eye or Ce a teteah arc mictarsoerolatevche clare herbaria hulstiana
Hind tibia of male with a terminal process; somewhat larger species, Tex., Calif. ........ 5
5. Fringes pure white in basal half, checkered with reddish in distal half; discal spots
MINCE 2 Dla Ckishess LER earache hee Slore weve te (ove ener aie ate Fevewea De Rae ie chet eins ee ee irregularia
Fringes checkered with full length dull reddish rays, not leaving a clear white proxi
mal band; discal spots quite large, light brown; ‘s. Calif. <.. 5... 02. .<cccs osunaeaeee noel
G. Lines sharply dentate and somewhat offset; southern «....66.00.00000000000ehe ee eeeeeene 7
Lines regular or waved, not sharply dentate, not offset; widespread ...............e0008 8
i PTOMUEUStally heels (GUE SEAEES. 6 oats eels = eye nie os 6» #14 srejnaye lc eS a eiseie leis frondaria denticularia
Front ausuallysred; jextremie SOnthwest of. crcl. a\sjot se. eee ne 0's © eielvercvese oer lon frondaria avidaria
8. Lines waved or slightly irregular; front red; Rocky Mt. region and west ...........
liquoraria liquoraria
Lines sepular;) front: red, brownish, or -preen; eastern: 0. <.. . <<%1506.ac0inais's 0 oe 2 9
9. Large; white lines wide; front green or red; univoltine; Canada and adjacent northern
SEALS Peeteterrtete cc lever tolohe oi aiekeee si cTonedee ck =p state toro otere te inyone tote secre cies ters tone ave or nets liquoraria albolineata
Smaller; white lines usually narrow; front usually green, sometimes brown; multi
VOLEITIEaIMOSt Ol CA SECT WOE Ss cisco 53e tole exste'es 4 Sahih aS/Sce (a 6 Sekoyev nets) 6 G ieee cualieln eatery aerata
Note: The aerata group is extremely confusing and many specimens will not key satisfactorily;
species descriptions should be consulted.
Synchlora liquoraria liquoraria Guenée
Plate 21, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 37, figure 3; plate 47, figures 9-13.
Synchlora liquoraria Guenée, 1857, p. 375. Packard, 1876, p. 383 (reproduces original descrip-
tion). Hulst, 1886b, p. 141; 1895, p. 71; 1896, pp. 314-315. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301. Prout,
1912, p. 115. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932, p. 41, pl. 4k. Comstock
and Dammers, 1937, pp. 71-74 (early stages). McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Eunemoria tricoloraria Packard, 1874, p. 30.
Synchlora tricoloraria Packard, 1876, p. 381, pl. 10, fig. 83. Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (synonymizes it
with liquoraria).
Synchlora rubrifrontaria Dyar, 1904a, p. 903 (nec Packard) (corrected by Taylor, Canad. Ent.
40: 100, 1908).
Synchlora glaucaria Dod, 1906, p. 257 (nec Guenée).
Dracnosis. This is the common Synchlora of the west, occurring in the typical mul-
tivoltine form from southern Calif. and Ariz. to Vancouver Island. Northward and
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 145
eastward in the Rocky Mt. region it becomes univoltine and larger, and across the
plains of western Canada and the Dakotas forms a gradual cline with the northeastern
albolineata. The existence of a clinal connection between liquoraria and aerata
has not been established.
Liquoraria apparently always has a red front, and the basal half of the pale
costal margin is characteristically tinged with pink. The wings are slightly bluer
than those of aerata or albolineata, but as a character this color difference is subtle
and intangible because of fading and discoloration. The postmedials tend to be
quite evenly dentate, or at least waved and the lines are characteristically thinner
and more delicate than those of either aerata or albolineata. The bluish shade of green
and pinkish costa are lost in the intergradation to albolineata; the dentate lines and
red front are partly so. In the southwest, where liquoraria becomes very small, there
is some difficulty distinguishing it from avidaria, but I believe they are distinct
species. Avidaria has the denticulate lines more offset as in denticularia, and ap-
parently lacks the pink costal shading, both above and below
Types. Liquoraria was described from one female from Calif. (Boisduval collection),
the exact locality not specified. The present location of the type is unknown to me.
It is neither at the USNM, the BM nor, according to Viette (1950), in the National
Museum of Natural History at Paris. Tricoloraria was described from one male
from Calif. collected by Henry Edwards, but Packard later acquired a female and
included this in his description in the Geometrid Monograph (1876, p. 381, pl. 10,
fig. 83). He figured the female. In the MCZ there are two specimens that are probably
the ones Packard discussed in 1876. The female is a large specimen, still intact but
without an abdomen, labeled “Type 2223” on red paper. Unfortunately this specimen
cannot be made a lectotype since it was not mentioned in the original description.
The second specimen, labeled California, “Synchlora tricoloraria Pack. Type,’ but
without a red type label, has one hind wing only and the head glued on paper.
It is probably the true type.
SynonyMy. Even with the type unavailable, one can be quite certain about the
identity of liquoraria from Guenée’s description. The same is true of tricoloraria.
It is unlikely that there is any other species in that region to which such a description
might apply
FurTHER DescrIPTION. It is not necessary to add much to what has already been
said in the diagnosis. Liquoraria looks very much like aerata except for the differences
noted. Californian examples look most like aerata and northern ones from B.C.,
Alta. and Sask. look more like albolineata. This is further discussed under geographic
variation.
Length of forewing: males, 8-12.5 mm; females, 10-13 mm. The smallest speci-
mens are from the southern half of Calif.; more northern ones are generally larger.
MALE GENITALIA. Like those of aerata.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of aerata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 437 males including type of tricoloraria, 289 females; 2 male,
3 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Hornbrook, Siskiyou Co.; Childs Meadows, Mt. Lassen; Lay-
tonville and Ukiah, Mendocino Co.; Anderson Springs and Kelseyville, Lake Co.;
Petaluma, Sebastopol, and the Geysers, Sonoma Co.; Napa; Coleville, Mono Co.;
4 mi. W. of Pinecrest, Tuolumne Co.; El Portal and Miami Ranger Station, Mariposa
Co.; San Leandro, Alameda Co.; Palo Alto; San Jose; Walnut Creek and Lafayette,
146 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Contra Costa Co.; Santa Cruz; Big Sur, Monterey Co.; Morro Bay, San Luis Obispo
Co.; Walker Pass and near Lebec, Kern Co; Santa Barbara; Wheeler Hot Springs and
Oxnard, Ventura Co.; Burbank, Newhall, Glendale, Pasadena, Temple City, Malibou,
Glendora, Long Beach, Mint Canyon, and Acton Junction, Los Angeles Co.; Clear
Creek Camp, Los Angeles Co.; Angeles Crest Highway, Los Angeles Co.; Avalon, Santa
Catalina Island; Laguna Beach and San Clemente, Orange Co.; Lytle Creek, Loma
Linda, Vidal, Needles, Calico Mountains, and Providence Mountains, San Bernardino
Co.; Camp Baldy, San Bernardino Mountains; Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert; River-
side, Arlington, Palm Springs, Palm Village, La Quinta, Hemet, and Rancho La Sierra,
Riverside Co.; San Diego, Julian, Descanso, La Mesa and Borrego, San Diego Co.;
Boquet Canyon; Glen Ivy; Sunland; Cajon Valley; Ft. Yuma; Gavilon; Phelan; Apple
Valley; Castro Valley; Tujunga; Sausalito. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Santo Tomas; 11 mi. E. of
Ensenada (4 specimens in poor condition, identification somewhat doubtful). ARIZONA:
Gila Co. (O. C. Poling); Flagstaff; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Coconino
Co.; Prescott; Lake Mountain, Apache Co.; White Mountains, Apache Res[fervation].
NEW MExico: Albuquerque; Frijoles; 6 mi. N.E. of Sante Fe, 8000’, Santa Fe Co.; Jemez
Springs; McGaffey, Zuni Mountains, McKinley Co. NEVADA: Kyle Canyon, Mt. Charleston,
Clark Co., Pyramid, Washoe Co.; Kingston Camp, 7300’, 30 mi S. of Austin, Lander
Co.; Lye Creek Camp, 7500’, 18 mi. N. of Paradise Valley, Humboldt Co. uran: Eureka;
Stockton; South of Tropic; Beaver River, Beaver; near Service; Timpanagos Cave;
Vineyard; Red Canyon Camp. 11 mi. S.E. of Panguitch, 7200’, Garfield Co. coLorapbo:
Estes Park; Denver; Colorado Springs; Hall Valley; Clear Creek; Platte Canyon;
Maysville; Valley View Lodge, 7600’, 10 mi. S. of Steamboat Springs, Routt Co.;
Harding; Glenwood Springs; Boulder; Como, Park Co.; Saguache; Great Sand Dunes
National Moument, Alamosa Co. wyominc: Moran; Jenny Lake. OREGON: Baker; Biggs;
Warmsprings, Jefferson Co.; Cold Springs Junction, Umatilla Co. wAsHINcTon: Walla
Walla; Pullman; Wallula; Trout Lodge, Tieton River, 2200’, Yakima Co.; Satus Creek
and Kusshi Canyon, Yakima Co.; Leavenworth; Brewster, 900’, Okanagan Co.; Omak;
Orcas Island. 1aHo: Pocatello; ‘Twin Falls; Wallace; near mouth of Wildhorse River;
Adams Co. MONTANA: Big Timber Creek, 7 mi. N. of Big Timber, Sweetgrass Co.
NEBRASKA: Thedford. souTH DoKATA: Hill City, Pennington Co.; Joe Dollar Gulch, near
Hill City; Slate Creek, 6000’, 9 mi. N.W. of Hill City. NorTH DAKOTA: Ransom Co.;
Dunn Co.; Bowman, Slope Co. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Robson; Kaslo; Rolla; Princeton;
Vernon; Goldstream; Oliver; Keremeos; Peachland; Summerland; Lillooet; Diamond
Head Trail, 3200’, Garibaldi Park, near Squamish; New Westminster; Wellington,
V.I. ALBERTA: Crowsnest Pass, ca. 4500’; Head of Pine Creek, Calgary; Edmonton;
Dominion Range Station, Manyberries. sAskKATCHEWAN: Lloydminster; Attons Lake, Cut
Knife; Swift Current; Waskesiu Lake.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There are geographic changes in several characters eastward
and northward until ultimately, across Alta., Sask., Man. and the Dakotas, the gap is
bridged between liquoraria of the west and albolineata of the northeast. The characters
that change are as follows: 1) Size. Smallest in southern Calif., larger in the Rocky Mt.
region from Colo. northward, and in B.C. For example, specimens from Glenwood
Springs, Colo., the Black Hills, $.D., Idaho and B.C. look about the same and are con-
sistently large (average wing length, males, about 11.5 mm.). Some Californian material,
even from as far south as Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties also looks like this
but the size is inconsistent; most are smaller (average wing length for Californian
males, about 9.5 mm.). The size variation in Calif. might be seasonal, with the spring
brood being larger. 2) Number of broods. Liquoraria is multivoltine from Calif. to
Vancouver Is. and the Okanagan Valley, B.C. It is probably univoltine through most of
the Rocky Mt. region, and certainly occurs only as a single mid-summer generation in
the Black Hills, $.D. and northward. 3) General coloring. When good series of alboline-
ata from eastern Canada and of liquoraria from west of the continental divide are com-
pared, a difference in color is quite apparent; liquoraria is bluish, albolineata a pure
green. The bluish shade persists northward into B.C. and eastward to the Black Hills,
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 147
although in my sample of 32 S.D. specimens it does appear to be slightly diminished. A
change from bluish to pure green occurs somewhere between B.C. and Sask., as examples
from the latter area are just as green as eastern ones. 4) Costa. The pink tinge on the
costa disappears in about the same region. In Vancouver Is. specimens it is quite well
marked but appears much reduced in examples from the interior of B.C. Sask. specimens
have the pink reduced to the minimum, and specimens from the Black Hills, $.D. are
intemediate. 5) Lines. Typical liquoraria has antemedial and postmedial lines that are
rather delicate and not strongly contrasting. ‘The thickness and contrast of these lines
increases in the cline towards albolineata, coincident with the transition from dentate
to the more regular lines. The dentate character of the lines diminishes across Alta. and
Sask. but is never entirely lost, as occasional specimens of albolineata even from as far
east as N.S. still show dentate lines. Specimens from Sask. show almost the full range of
variation from one extreme to the other, although dentate lines in the majority of speci-
mens persist into Man. In the thickness and contrast of the lines, Sask. specimens are
already quite like eastern ones, and Man. specimens even more so. In these characters,
my material from the Black Hills, $.D., is more like true liquoraria, with the lines more
delicate and more consistently dentate.
In summary, concordance in the characters that one might use to separate liquor-
arta and albolineata is approximate, not precise, and any sharp line drawn between
them has to be a somewhat arbitrary one. Partly for convenience I have treated the line
between Sask. and Man. (presumably extending southward through the middle of N.D.)
as such a boundary, but exphasize that some liquoraria characters are lost well to the
west of this and others persist eastward of it. West to east, the characters seem to change
in the following order: 1) multivoltine to univolitne, 2) small average size to larger,
3) general coloring from bluish green to green, with reduction of pink costa, 4) white
lines become wider, and 5) lines change from distinctly dentate to regular.
FiicuT Prrrop. The dates from Calif. appear so continuous that it is difficult to recognize
discrete generations. However, for Ore., Wash. and southern B.C., two generations are
clearly indicated. The same is probably true for Ariz. and Utah, although the data for
those areas are less adequate. Unusually late dates for other localities, such as the two
specimens from Thedford, Nebr., Aug. 31, 1960 (both quite fresh), and one from Swift
Current, Sask., Sept. 11, 1940, suggest that partial second generations may occur farther
north in the plains region.
The flight periods for various regions, based on the material available, are as follows:
Calif., Mar. 20-Nov. 21; Ore., Wash., Vancouver Is. and the Okanagan Valley, B.C.,
Apr. 5-July 4 and July 21-Sept. 15; Ariz., “1-15-VI,” July 6-Aug. 28, Sept. 5; N.M., July
30, Aug. 2; Utah, July 4-Sept. 6; Colo., Wyo., Idaho, June 7—Aug. 28; Neb., Aug. 31,
1960; S.D., N.D., June 14—Aug. 14; Alta., Sask., July 4-Aug. 30, Sept. 11.
Earty Sraces: These were described by Comstock and Dammers (1937, pp. 71-74), with
figures of larvae and pupae. In gross morphology the larva appears to be similar to that
of aerata, but since I do not have specimens available for detailed examination it is
not possible to say whether there are subtle characters that would distinguish the two
species. Comstock and Dammers described it as follows:
This larva, when mature, measures approximately 14 mm. It ranges in color from
a pale buff with various areas laved with maroon, to a deep buff heavily marked
and striped with reddish brown. The pale type may be briefly described as follows:
Body, pale buff. A thin mid-dorsal maroon band showing on the segmental junc-
tures, and center of each segment (this band occasionally continuous and con-
spicuous). A line of maroon spots on the segmental junctures in line with the
spiracle. A third line of similar spots midway between these and the mid-dorsal
area. The segmental joints show a maroon shading. The dorsal surface of each
segment is irregularly flattened and bears a number of spiculiferous white processes.
Similar processes occur laterally and also are numerous along the lower edge of the
148 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
body. Under magnification, the body is seen to be completely covered with numer-
ous minute raised pale buff punctae. Abdomen, legs and prolegs concolorous with
body. Spiracles brown. Head, pale buff. Mouth parts brown. In every case it
feeds only on the flower. Small parts of the blossoms are bitten off and placed over
its back, each particle being very carefully attached to a spiculiferous process. If
this covering is removed the larva immediately begins again to complete its camou-
flage. While resting the larva holds only by its caudal prolegs, and arches its body.
. . . Thus its posture and covering both tend to heighten the illusion that it is a
part of the plant.
The locality and season of the brood described were not given, nor was it stated
whether the pupae went into diapause.
The food plants listed by Comstock and Dammers (1937, p. 72) and Comstock
(1960, p. 436) were: Artemisia californica Lessing; buds and flowers of Chilopsis line-
aris DeCandolle; Coreopsis sp.; Eriogonum fasciculatum Bentham. Goldenrod was also
mentioned in the earlier paper but omitted in the later one. It is interesting to note
that among these plants there are two departures from the common synchlorine habit
of feeding on Compositae. Chilopsis (Desert Willow) is in the Bignoniaceae; Eriogo-
num is in the Polygonaceae.
Synchlora liquoraria albolineata (Packard), new status
Plate 3, figure 5; plate 21, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 37, figure 4; plate 47, figures 14-18.
Synchlora albolineata Packard, 1873, p. 75 (partim)
Synchlora albolinearia Packard, 1876, pl. 10, fig. 84.
Synchlora rubrifrontaria Auct. (partim) including Forbes, 1948, p. 115, and Ferguson, 1954, p.
289; nec Packard, 1873.
Dracnosis. This is a large single brooded northern form of the Hudsonian and Canadian
zones in eastern Canada and adjacent states from Nfld. to Man., intergrading westward
with liqguoraria in a cline across the northern plains. In addition to being larger than
aerata, it is greener and more opaque, with white lines that are consequently more con-
trasting and more inclined to be sinuous or even dentate. An average of about half have
a red front like liquoraria, the shade varying from dull brick red to rose red; the re-
mainder have the front green like aerata, except for a few intermediates (6%) in which
the front shows a mosaic of red and green scales. It should be emphasized that some
aerata have a dull brownish front, and this has caused much confusion. The boundary
between albolineata and the more southern aerata is relatively abrupt and seems to
coincide with the change from a univoltine to a multivoltine population.
Types. Albolineata was described from four females from Me., and Boston and Natick,
Mass. A female from Me. in the MCZ, labeled Type 2224 is hereby designated the lecto-
type. It is in poor condition with the abdomen gone and only the front wings and one
detached hindwing surviving. The other three types are presumed to have been aerata,
but now appear to be lost. All four were stated to have green fronts.
SyNonyMy. None. Rubrifrontaria of Packard, a name that has been commonly used for
red-fronted specimens, mainly of albolineata, is here referred to the synonymy of aerata.
FURTHER DeEscRIPTION. Very similar to aerata except for the differences noted in the
diagnosis. From liquoraria it differs in having the white lines wider and not so distinctly
dentate, the pale costa without a pink flush near the base, and the general coloration
pure green without a bluish tint. Also, the true western liquoraria always has a red
front.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 149
Length of forewing: male, 9-12 mm; average (104 specimens), 10.38 mm; female,
12-13.5 mm; average (26 specimens), 12.67 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Like those of aerata.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of aerata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 224 males, 65 females; 3 male, 2 female slides.
DisTRIBUTION. ALBERTA: Edmonton; Lloydminster. MANITOBA: Beulah; Miniota; Aweme;
Brandon; Winnipeg; McCreary; Cartwright; Riding Mountain National Park; Red
Rock Lake, Whiteshell Provincial Park. onTARIO: Nipigon; Geraldton; Batchawana Bay,
Lake Superior; Larsson’s Camp, One Sided Lake; Simcoe; Hymers; Sudbury; Constance
Bay; Lake Constance, 17 mi. W. of Ottawa; Chaffey’s Locks [near Kingston]. QUEBEC:
Chelsea; Meach Lake, near Ottawa; Kazubazua; Norway Bay; Alcove. NEW BRUNSWICK:
Bathurst, Caraquet and Inkerman, Gloucester Co.; Dorchester, Westmoreland Co.
NovA scoTiA: Glenville, Cumberland Co.; Debert, Colchester Co.; Three Brooks, Pictou
Co.; Baddeck, Victoria Co.; St. Paul Island, Cabot Strait, Victoria Co.; Mount Uniacke,
Hants Co.; Halifax, Armdale, Purcell’s Cove, West Dover and Echo Lake, Halifax Co.;
Auburn, Kings Co.; South Milford, Annapolis Co.; Petite Rivere, Green Bay, Broad
Cove and Dublin Shore, Lunenburg Co.; Caledonia, Lake Kejimkujik and White Point
Beach, Queens Co. NEWFOUNDLAND: Doyles and Millville, Codroy River Valley. MINNE-
soTaA: Long Prairie, Todd Co. wisconsin: Lake Katherine, Oneida Co. MICHIGAN: Ice
Lake, Iron Co. NEw york: McLean Bogs Reserve, Tompkins Co.; Boreas River. MAINE:
Lincoln; Sebec Lake; Rangeley; Dennysville; Bar Harbor. NEw HAMPSHIRE: Jefferson;
Franconia; Concord. MAssACHUSETTsS: Newton Highlands. connecticut: Lakeside; Put-
nam, Windham Co.; Washington and Pleasant Valley, Litchfield Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Variation is slight except for a gradual development of the
more dentate lines and pinkish costa of liquoraria westward across the plains region of
western Canada. Most Man. specimens are still like eastern albolineata, but most seen
from southern Sask. and Alta. are clearly of the liquoraria type. Specimens seen from
Lloydminster and Edmonton, farther to the north, still retain the appearance of the
eastern form. Virtually all specimens examined from Man. westward had red fronts,
but in most of eastern Canada the incidence of green fronts approaches 50%. This
tendency appears to reach its maximum in Nfld. where, in a sample of 52 specimens, the
green front occurs in 30, or 57.7%.
Fuicut Periop. June 29 to Aug. 7, but single records for June 9 at Simcoe, Ont. (possibly
aerata), June 16 in Conn., and June 23 at Aweme, Man.
Eary Staces. Apparently similar to those of aerata, but albolineata is always univoltine,
overwintering as a partly grown larva. I have attempted to rear it on raspberry and
Rudbeckia, but the larvae cease feeding and go into diapause when about half grown. At
Halifax, N.S., Dr. J. McDunnough found a larva in the spring of 1950 feeding on Gay-
lussacia baccata, and reared from it an adult female on July 20.
Remarks. It now seems clear that iquoraria and albolineata are connected in an east-
west clinal relationship; a corresponding north-south connection between albolineata
and aerata in the east is not so clear. The change from one to two annual generations
seems to coincide with a rather abrupt boundary, but not without some geographical
overlap. Among the several records that indicate a zone of overlap, there is a single
example from the McLean Bogs, ‘Tompkins Co., N.Y. and five from Litchfield Co., Conn.,
that appear to be good albolineata. These are rather cool areas with strong Canadian
zone faunal and floral elements, but the more abundant multivoltine aerata occurs in
150 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
apparent contact with albolineata in both places, flying from May to late September. If
albolineata were to be regarded as a northern univoltine population of aerata, one
would expect that the earliest spring specimens of aerata would most resemble it. Al-
though early aerata are somewhat larger than the late summer ones, the very large
examples determined as albolineata from N.Y. and Conn. are summer specimens, taken
within the normal flight period of albolineata (Washington, Conn., July 1, 3, 1958;
Pleasant Valley, Conn., Aug. 1; McLean Bogs, N.Y., July 19, 1946).
The green front, an aerata character, is common in albolineata from the Atlantic
Provinces (exceeding 50% in Nfld.). The red front, a liquoraria character, occurs much
less frequently in aerata south at least to Mass. and perhaps very rarely throughout the
range of this species. A pale brownish front is not unusual in aerata, but this is not the
same as the true red or brick red coloring found in liquoraria and albolineata. There
has thus been some exchange of characters, at least in the Atlantic coastal region. A
plausible explanation that seems to account for this is provided by the supposition that
introgressive hybridization has occurred, or perhaps is still going on, in the zone where the
two species come together.
Synchlora aerata (Fabricius)
Plate 21, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 37, figure 2; plate 47, figures 19-21.
Phalaena aerata Fabricius, 1798, p. 456. Aurivillius, 1897 [1898], p. 166.
Synchlora aerata Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301. Prout, 1912, p. 115. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a,
p- 100. Prout, 1932, p. 41, pl. 4, row K. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Forbes, 1948, p. 115.
Aplodes glaucaria Guenée, 1857, p. 377. Packard, 1876, p. 392 (reproduces original description).
Hulst, 1895, p. 71.
Synchlora glaucaria Hulst, 1886b, p. 141; 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1900, p. 93 (early stages).
Geometra mimicata Walker, 1866, p. 1600. Packard, 1876, p. 395 (reproduces original descrip-
tion). Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (refers it to synonymy of glauwcaria).
Aplodes rubivora Riley, 1869, p. 139, pl. 2, fig. 25. Anonymous, 1890, p. 352 (food plant and
parasite).
Synchlora rubivora Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (refers it to synonymy of glaucaria and mimicata)
Synchlora rubivoraria Packard, 1876, p. 382, pl. 10, fig. 86. Saunders, 1883, p. 316
Synchlora rubrifrontaria Packard, 1873, p. 75, 1876, p. 383. Hulst, 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1902
[1903], p. 301. Prout, 1912, p. 115. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932,
p- 41, pl. 4, row 1. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Aplodes rubrifrontaria Anonymous, 1890, p. 352 (food plant and parasite)
Synchlora rubivoraria var. rufofrontaria Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 500 (in error for var. rubri-
frontaria).
Eunemoria gracilaria Packard, 1873, p. 77.
Dracnosis. This is the only species of Synchlora in most of the eastern United States,
but it is replaced northward in Maine and eastern Canada by albolineata, southward
in the Gulf strip by denticularia, and west of the great plains by liquoraria, all of which
are doubtfully distinct except as races. The coloring of the front is usually green but
may also be light brown or reddish, apparently not as a result of discoloration; hence
this is useful as a statistical rather than as a key character. The red front is very rare
south of Mass. but the pale brown front is widespread in about 15% of the population.
Aerata has at least two and perhaps three generations annually and is highly variable
in size, late summer specimens being smaller than the earlier ones. The larva is a flower
feeder on various Compositae, and on raspberry.
Typrs. The type of aerata is at Copenhagen, Denmark. The only locality information
given by Fabricius was: “Habitat in America boreali Dom. v. Rohr.’ However, Auri-
villius (1896 [1898], p. 166) stated that it came from Boston according to the label
on the specimen (“Das Stiick stammt nach dem Zettel aus Boston”). Glaucaria was
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 15a
based on two males from “Géorgie américaine. . . . Coll. Mus. et Lefebvre.” In the
USNM I found a male of aerata (without abdomen) labeled as follows: Georgie; Ex
Musaeo Ach. Guenée; Ex Typicalibus Speciminibus; Aplodes glaucaria Guenée, Sp. G.
No. 606 type; Oberthiir Collection; Glaucaria Gn., Am. bor; Barnes Collection. It
seems certain that this specimen is one of the two types, although the original description
did not indicate that they were in Guenée’s collection. Viette (1950, pp. 201-206) did
not include this name in his list of Guenée types now in the Muséum National d’His-
toire Naturelle. The type of mzmicata was one female stated to be from “North America.
From Mr. Carter’s collection.” It should be in the BM but now appears to be lost (D.
S. Fletcher, in litt. Dec. 18, 1964). Riley described rubivora from one reared female
from South Pass, Illinois. He reared it on raspberry and the original description includes
his account of the life history. I have not found this specimen, although in the USNM
there are several “bred” specimens of aerata from the Riley collection; also an inflated
larva and some pupal shells labeled Aplodes rubivora or rubworaria. There is one
adult labeled: C. Mo. [Central Missouri]; Sep; Synchlora rubivoraria (Riley); ‘Type
No. 330, U.S.N.M. This cannot be regarded as the true type since the original specimen
was stated to have come from Illinois. In the MCZ, there is a male of aerata labeled
“Synchlora rubivoraria Type (Riley) Pack.,” but this cannot be the type either, since
it is a male. Rubrifrontaria was described from two females from West Farms in the
vicinity of New York City. I did not find these at the MCZ and their present location is
unknown. The name gracilaria was based on a male from “Mass., Aug. 5 (Harris Coll.
Bost. Soc. N. H.).” It should be in the MCZ, but I could not find it there.
SynonyMy. The doubtful type of glaucaria in the USNM has the lines fairly even and
is normal aerata, not denticularia, even although it is from Georgia. Guenée’s comment
that the lines were almost dentate also suggests aerata, since the lines in denticularia
are nearly always decidedly dentate. In identifying Walker’s mimicata, which is lost,
I have little evidence other than the opinion of Hulst (1895, p. 71), who probably saw
it. He said that it was the same as rubivora Riley and also a synonym of glaucaria Gn.
Prout (1912, p. 115), who placed mimicata in the synonymy of aerata, may also have had
the opportunity of studying the type although he gives no indication of this. The
identification of rubivora, also apparently lost, is reasonably certain because the type
locality is known, the description included an account of the life history that at once
eliminates all other possibilities for that area, and several specimens, reared and deter-
mined by Riley, still survive. The spelling rwbivoraria was just an emendation by
Packard. My listing of the rubrifrontarta of various authors in the synonymy of aerata
records the long standing misconception that specimens with red fronts and those with
green fronts were always different species, an error that was prevalent at least up to the
time of the McDunnough check list (1938). Forbes (1948) first correctly segregated the
larger, single brooded northern population as a different taxon and applied the name
rubrifrontaria to it, perhaps because a higher proportion of these northern specimens
do indeed have a red front. However, Packard’s types of rubrifrontaria came from New
York City, somewhat south of the range of the large northern form, and must be regarded
as representing those occasional individuals of aerata with reddish fronts. Actually
the front was stated to be ochreous brown, not red, and this is more in agreement with
aerata. For the northern form, the name albolineata Packard is available, based on an
unambiguous specimen from Maine. The types of rubrifrontaria evidently were very
large females (wing length given as .50 inch), but smaller than albolineata (.54 inch).
Packard’s half inch measurement exceeds my largest female aerata by .5 mm., and my
supposition is that he measured from the center of the thorax. The type of gracilaria
Packard, which I have been unable to find, was almost certainly a male of aerata
(“Front dull green; palpi pale, tips slightly fuscus. Length of forewing .36 inch’’), and
the name was soon synonymized by Packard himself (1876, p. 382).
FurTHER Description. Male antennae bipectinate, broad near the base and tapering
towards the outer third, which is simple; longest branches equal to 4-5 times the width
152 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
of the shaft; female antennae slender, ciliate beneath; male palpi moderate, exceeding
front by a distance about equal to the width of front at lower margin; third segment
short, rounded, about one third the length of the second; female palpi much longer,
third segment slender, cylindrical, about equal in length to the second; hind tibia of
male quite dilated, with an apical extension reaching to the end of the first tarsal segment,
and bearing two pairs of spurs and a well developed, recessed hair pencil; hind tibia
of female hardly dilated, with two pairs of spurs but no apical extension or hair pencil.
Scales of antennal shaft white, branches luteous; interantennal fillet white, some-
times with a trace of reddish or luteous scales along its hind margin; head behind fillet
green; front commonly green (about 85%), with or without an irregular white lower
border; front in some specimens pale brown or, very rarely, reddish. From about the
latitude of Massachusetts northward the red front becomes more frequent. Palpi mostly
whitish, lightly tinged with green, luteous or reddish dorsally and towards the end;
front legs with coxae and often also the femora greenish, tibiae and first two or three
tarsal joints pale reddish dorsally; legs otherwise whitish or cream colored; underside of
body whitish; upperside of thorax green; upperside of abdomen shaded with green
which diminishes posteriorly, and marked for most of its length with a fairly well defined
mid-dorsal white stripe that actually begins on the mesothorax.
Upperside of wings light green, fore and hindwings colored alike; antemedials and
postmedials white, not wide but quite well defined on both wings, commonly quite
regular and evenly convex, sometimes slightly sinuous or almost dentate; postmedials
subparallel with outer margins, antemedials more convex; space beyond postmedials
often lightly clouded with whitish between the veins; discal spots obsolete but replaced
by vague white streaks marking distal ends of cells; costa white with a dull yellowish
hind border of similar width separating it from the green area of the wing; fringes
green like the wings, with a paler distal half and a thin white line at the base marking
the end of each vein with a small white point. Underside much paler with the lines
indistinct; greenest just behind costa of forewing, palest on hindwing, which is uniformly
almost white, including fringes.
Length of forewing: males, 7-10.5 mm; females, 8.5-12 mm. Mean wing length of
61 males (excluding reared specimens, which tend to be dwarfed): 8.67 mm; mean wing
length of 37 females: 10.51 mm.
Mate Genirauia. Apparently indistinguishable in aerata, albolineata, liquoraria and
denticularia, as reference to the figures will show. In this group the socii and gnathos
are normal, the latter bearing a sharp tooth. The sides of the vinculum meet in an
evenly rounded loop that virtually eliminates the saccus as a distinct structure. The
aedeagus is typical of the Synchlorini and simple, without accessory spines or teeth.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The several forms mentioned above are also similar in the female
genitalia. ‘The bursa copulatrix is elongated and somewhat vaguely S-shaped. The
signum is quite large and subcircular, with a pair of wing-like processes projecting
towards the interior of the bursa. The ductus bursae is somewhat stout but well dif-
ferentiated from the bursa, with a slightly thickened wall, and is finely scobinate.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 309 males, 171 females; 4 male, 4 female slides; several larvae, alive
and preserved.
DisTRIBUTION. ONTARIO: Simcoe; Point Pelee; Port Colborne. VERMONT: Swanton. MASSA-
cHusETTs: Amherst; Cohasset; Framingham; Lee; Newton Highlands; Norton; Spring-
field; West Barnstable; Martha’s Vineyard. RHODE ISLAND: Kingston. CONNECTICUT: Green-
wich, Fairfield Co.; Litchfield; Mystic; New Canaan; New Haven; North Haven; Put-
nam; Washington; Willimantic. NEw york: Lake George; Monroe Co.; Ithaca and Mc-
Lean, Tompkins Co.; Katonah; Bear Mountain; Bardonia and Valley Cottage, Rockland
Co.; New York; Yonkers, Westchester Co.; Montauk; near Amityville, Suffolk Co.;
South Shore, L.I.; Babylon, Port Washington, East Hampton, Riverhead, Oyster Bay,
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 153
Bellport and Orient, L.I. NEw jrrsEy: Newark; Elizabeth; West Englewood, Bergen
Co.; Ramsey; Dayton; Freehold; Jerseyville, 3 mi. E. of Freehold; Lower Squankum,
Monmouth Co.; Oakland; Cranford; Anglesea; Irvington; Mendham; New Brunswick;
Lakehurst; Cape May. PENNSYLVANIA: Scranton; Delaware Water Gap; Adamstown;
Jeanette; Oak Station, Allegheny Co.; New Brighton; Washington Co. DELAWARE:
Wilmington; New Castle Co. MARYLAND: Cecil Co.; Silver Spring; Plummer’s Island,
Cabin John. pistricr oF coLUMBIA: Washington. vircinia: Arlington; Fairfax; Suffolk;
Blacksburg; Brush Mountain; Eggleston. NORTH CAROLINA: Vade Mecum; Niagara, Moore
Co.; Southern Pines; Tryon; Valley of Black Mountains; Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co.
outo: Green Twp., Adams Co.; Granville; Hocking Co.; Marion; Ft. Ancient, Warren
Co. KENTUCKY: Harrod’s Creek. TENNESSEE: Chattenooga. MICHIGAN: Detroit; Highland
Park; Sturgis; South Haven; Port Huron; George Reserve, Livingston Co.; East Lansing;
Gull Lake Biological Station, Kalamazoo Co.; Midland Co. wisconsIN: Sayner. ILLINOIs:
Lacon; Decatur; Carbondale. InpIANA: Terre Haute, Vigo Co. Missouri: St. Louis; St.
James; Warsaw; Independence; Barnhart, Jefferson Co.; Springfield, Green Co. KANSAs:
Lawrence; Ottawa. ARKANSAS: Sulphur City, Washington Co, OKLAHOMA: Norman.
GEORGIA: “Géorgie.”” ALABAMA: Birmingham, Jefferson Co.; Elmora. MIssIssIPPl: Hatties-
burg; Clinton, Hinds Co.; Jackson, Hinds Co.; Pearl, Rankin Co. TEXAs: Kerrville;
Forestburg, Montague Co.; Menard, Menard Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Although there is some seasonal variation (spring specimens
large, summer ones smaller), there appears to be very little geographical variation.
Although it seems that there should be blend zones where aerata meets albolineata
to the north, denticularia to the south, and liquoraria to the west, there is not enough
material from most of the crucial areas to permit any sort of analysis. Nearly all
the material of aerata in collections is from the central portions of its range. The
boundary between aerata and albolineata runs through southern Wis., central Mich.
and the Niagara Peninsula of Ont. Farther east it is confused by the local topography
of the Appalachians. I have seen normal looking albolineata from the McLean Bogs
Reserve, Tompkins Co., N.Y. and from Washington, Litchfield Co. Conn., but a
specimen from Swanton, Vt., on Lake Champlain near the Quebec border, appears to
be aerata. Such records suggest an extensive overlap zone in N.Y. and New England.
Similarly, the southern boundary seems to cover a wide zone and here there is
considerably more evidence of introgression. I have seen normal looking aerata from
Ga., Ala. Miss. and Tex., yet denticularia extends northward to N.C. and Tenn.
Of 5 specimens collected by Dr. J. G. Franclemont at Highlands, N.C., Aug. 6-21,
1958, three are normal aerata, one looks quite normal for denticularia, and the fifth
appears to be intermediate. A female from Suffolk, Va. also clearly shows the strongly
dentate lines of denticularia. ‘The best evidence of a blend zone is a series of 49
males and 78 females from Miss. in the AMNH. Variation in this large sample
is extreme; the specimens range from very small to very large, and from those with
the even lines of aerata to those that are seemingly pure denticularia. Only about
5% of the Miss. sample look like pure aerata, but every degree of intergradation is
present. The specimens from Tex. represent the most westerly records seen for aerata,
and it was my impression when I examined those from Forestburg and Menard (AMNH)
that they were normal. Two specimens from Kerrville, Tex. (USNM) have more
dentate lines but fall within the expected range of variation. A female from Norman,
Okla., is also normal aerata, with green front and only slightly irregular lines.
The exact location of the boundary where aerata and liquoraria meet is not
known, but it must be somewhere in the plains region. Aerata reaches eastern Kans.,
but the form that is present at the western edge of the plains is liquoraria, or at
least not aerata. A series of 32 that I collected in the Black Hills, $.D., in 1964 are
liquoraria of the large northwestern type.
FiicHt Periop. Northern states south to the latitude of New York City: May 17-
Sept. 30 (earliest record of many taken at Ithaca, N.Y. is June 3); central states
154 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
from N.J. and Ill. to N.C. and Tenn.: May 11-Oct. 14; Ala., Miss.: Mar. 29-Oct. 15.
The Texas records were taken May 12, July 5 and Sept. 18. Most records, at least
for the northern and central regions, are for July and Aug. There are also many
for Sept., but spring records are relatively few. There are probably two or three
generations per year in the north, and four or more farther south. The large series
in the Franclemont collection from the vicinity of Ithaca, N.Y. shows peaks of abun-
dance for June and Aug., suggesting two broods in that area.
Earty Staces. The early stages of aerata are relatively well known and have been
described in varying detail by several authors (Saunders, French, Riley, Dyar). The
larva seems to have been figured only by Saunders (1883, p. 316). In the last instar
it is light brown or greenish, with thin stripes and mottled markings of a darker
shade, including a thin and somewhat interrupted mid-dorsal line. With magnification,
the surface of the head and the integument of the body appears finely and densely
granulated. ‘The conspicuous lateral processes characteristic of Nemoria and Dichorda
are undeveloped, appearing only as low dorso-lateral humps, each bearing a slender
setose tubercle that terminates in the usual long seta. These spinelike tubercles,
with their numerous accessory setae, are in effect barbed, although the small setae on
the sides are not recurved. It is to these specialized tubercles that the larva attaches
bits of plant debris to cover itself in the manner characteristic of the tribe Synchlorini.
Only the abdominal tubercles are specialized in this way and the larva does not
attach plant fragments to the thoracic segments. The dorso-lateral humps on the
thorax are smaller and bear only the usual low setiferous tubercles. Moderately large
abdominal setiferous tubercles also occur subventrally.
The reported host plants are as follows: Rubus (raspberry) (Riley, 1869; Saun-
ders, 1883; a specimen in the AMNH reared from raspberry at Englewood, N.J.);
Rudbeckia (reared specimen in AMNH, from Bardonia, N.Y., which also fed on
Chrysanthemum); Rudbeckia hirta (reared specimen in USNM, and also reared by
me on this plant at New Haven in 1964); Aster (Dyar, 1900); Aster ericoides
(reared specimens in USNM); Ambrosia (reared specimen in USNM); Coreopsis
(series in USNM, including two inflated larvae, reared by McDunnough at Decatur,
Ill.); Erigeron canadensis (an inflated larva, without locality, and one reared adult
from “D.C.,” in USNM); Eupatorium (Anonymous, 1890, as rubrifrontaria, at St.
Louis, Mo. in 1871); Ageratum (Anonymous, 1890, as rubivora, at St. Louis, Mo.
in 1881).
Riley stated that the larva fed on the “fruit of the raspberry,’ and the species
has even been treated in the literature as a potential pest of raspberry (Saunders).
It is interesting to note that Dyar’s larvae, reared from eggs obtained at Washington,
D.C., Sept. 21, hibernated in the fourth instar. Similarly, my unsuccessful attempt to
rear the single brooded albolineata suggested that the larvae of that form are hibernators.
The annual number of generations of aerata from north to south probably varies
from two to about four. A braconid parasite identified as Rhogas melleus Cresson,
was reared from aerata larvae feeding on Eupatorium and Ageratum at St. Louis,
Mo., in 1871 and 1881 (Anonymous, 1890, p. 352).
Synchlora frondaria Guenée
Synchlora frondaria Guenée, 1858, p. 376. Prout, 1912, p. 115. Prout, 1932, p. 41
Geometra frondaria Hampson, 1895, p. 332.
Aplodes frondaria Prout, 1910, p. 210.
Thalera minuata Walker, 1866, p. 1613.
Dracnosis. A very small species, common and supposedly widespread in the American
tropics from Mexico and the West Indies to Argentina, entering the United States
in the extreme southwest (avidaria) and in the southeast (denticularia). Specimens
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 155
I have examined from Brazil, French Guiana, Puerto Rico, Haiti, Cuba and Florida
all look so much alike that it seems doubtful at this stage if the name denticularia
should be retained even in a subspecific sense. The green front, prevalent in the
Florida population, may have been derived through introgression with aerata, as has
apparently happened in the case of liquoraria albolineata. Specimens from the south-
western United States differ slightly and for these the name avidaria is available.
A form occurs in Central America (Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala) with wider
and more prominent white lines and white shading between the veins beyond the
postmedial. This has a distinctly different appearance and may not be the same
species.
Types. Frondaria was based on one male and one female in the Guenée collection
from Cayenne, French Guiana. These are now in the BM. Minuata was described
from one female from Santa Marta [Colombia?], “from Mr. Bouchard’s collection.”
Tt is also in the BM.
SynonyMy. I have not seen the type of minuata Walker, and I am accepting Prout’s
assignment of this name to the synonymy of frondaria. In the USNM there is a
specimen from Brazil (ex Dognin collection) identified by Warren as minuata, and
this specimen looks the same as what I determine as frondaria. Also, the original
description of minuata seems to fit this species. It is not improbable that two other
names, albicostaria Herrich-Schaffer (Cuba) and pallida Warren (Bonaire, Nether-
lands Antilles) also belong in this synonymy.
Synchlora frondaria avidaria Pearsall
Plate 21, figures 6, 6a, 6b; plate 37, figure 6; plate 47, figures 26, 27.
Synchlora avidaria Pearsall, 1917, p. 34.
Synchlora frondaria avidaria Prout, 1932, p. 41. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Diacnosis. Avidaria is a very small form of the desert areas in southern Calif., Ariz.,
and extreme southern Texas. It usually has a reddish front and is otherwise also
similar to liquoraria except for its smaller size, more strongly dentate and offset lines,
and somewhat more intense green coloring. There are no significant differences in
the genitalia.
Types. The type of avidaria is a male from Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Ariz., (June) in
the AMNH. This collection also contains the allotype female, an Oslar specimen from
Oracle, Ariz. (June 30, 1904).
SYNONYMY. None.
FurTHER DEscripTION. Male antenna bipectinate, broad near the base and tapering
toward the outer third, which becomes simple; longest branches equal to 4-5 times
the diameter of the shaft; female antenna slender, ciliate beneath; male palpi moderate,
exceeding front by a distance subequal to the width of front at lower margin; third
segment short, rounded, about one third the length of the second; female palpi much
longer, third segment slender, subcylindrical, almost as long as the second; hind
tibia of male slightly dilated, with the apical extension extending as far as the
end of the first tarsal segment, and bearing two pairs of spurs and a recessed hair
pencil; hind tibia of female undilated, with the usual two pairs of spurs but no
apical extension or hair pencil.
Scales of antennal shaft white, branches luteous; interantennal fillet white; head
156 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
behind fillet green; front brown or reddish (rarely green) with an irregular white
band along its lower margin, the white scales often heavily interspersed with rose
colored ones; palpi of both sexes whitish, outwardly tinged with pink; front legs
with coxae and sometimes the inner sides of the femora greenish, tibiae and tarsi
faintly shaded with pink or brownish; legs otherwise whitish; underside of body
whitish; upperside of thorax green; upperside of abdomen green almost to the end;
middorsal abdominal white stripe present but weak, usually broken into a series of
segmental spots.
Upperside bright green, in fresh specimens evidently a little more intense than
in liquoraria; fore- and hindwings colored alike; antemedials and postmedials white,
thin, delicate, ill-defined except in very good specimens, denticulate, often prominently
offset outwardly in the space between M, and Cu, on both wings; general course of
postmedials subparallel with outer margins; antemedials more convex; postmedial
space sometimes faintly clouded with white between the veins; a single broken row
of white scales marking the outer end of the cell on both wings, and single white
scales occurring here and there on the veins; forewing costa white, sometimes weakly
tinted with pinkish at the base, and with the usual luteous hind border separating
it from the green portion of the wing; fringes green, concolorous with wings in basal
half but with a paler distal half, and a vague whitish line at the base (actually at the
termen), dilated to form small wedge-shaped spots at the veins. Underside much
paler, almost white on the hindwing, with all lines indistinct.
Length of forewing: males, 6-8 mm; females, 7-11 mm. Mean wing length:
males (25 specimens), 6.90 mm; females (25 specimens), 9.22 mm
Mate GeniratiA. These are apparently indistinguishable from the genitalia of nomi-
nate frondaria, frondaria denticularia, liquoraria and aerata.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The above remarks also apply here.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 248 males, 164 females, including types; 2 male, 2 female slides;
4 preserved larvae.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Ft. Yuma; Borrego; Needles, San Bernardino Co, ARIZONA:
Yuma; Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument; Hualapai Mountains, Mojave Co.;
New River, Maricopa Co.; Mayer, Yavapai Co.; Tucson, Pima Co.; Santa Cruz Village,
ca. 3100’, Cobabi Mountains, Pima Co.; Coyote Mountains, ca. 3500’; Baboquivari
Mountains, Pima Co.; Kits Peak Rincon, Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co.; Saguaro
National Monument, Pima Co.; Madera Canyon, 3800’ and 4400’, Santa Rita Moun-
tains; Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.; Phoenix; Oracle, Pinal Co.; Globe, Gila
Co.; S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co.; Para-
dise, Palmerlee, Sierra Vista, and Chiricahua Monument, Cochise Co.; Silver Creek
Wash, 4880’, near Portal, Cochise Co.; Ramsey Canyon and Miller Canyon, Huachuca
Mountains; Redington; Tempe; Aguila; Superior; Fairview; Apache. TExAs: Santa Elena
Canyon, Brewster Co.; Mercedes and Pharr, Hidalgo Co.; Brownsville and San Benito,
Cameron Co.
All records from north and east of the Edwards Plateau and the arid plain
south of the Nueces River in Texas I refer, somewhat arbitrarily, to subspecies
denticularia. I have seen no material from New Mexico. In the CNC there are four
specimens labeled “Platte Canon, Col. Oslar”’ that appear to be this, but as with
some other Oslar specimens (see Cheteoscelis pectinaria), the locality is suspect.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There is no obvious geographical variation except in the
coloring of the front. In Ariz. a reddish front prevails and only two specimens of
approximately 200 examined for this character had a green front, or 1%. In the
vicinity of Brownsville, Tex., the proportion seems close to 50%, and of the three
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 157
specimens seen from Santa Elena Canyon in the Big Bend Region, two have green
fronts. Subspecies denticularia normally has a green front but the reddish front,
with an incidence of over 6% in Fla., occurs with greater frequency there than does
the green front in Ariz. The available evidence suggests that the Texas form is
intermediate between these two extremes.
Fiicht Prerrop. The data for all localities in Ariz. and Calif. combined gives the
impression of a continuous flight period from Apr. to Oct., but the Franclemont
material collected during several seasons in the Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co.,
Ariz. (mostly in Madera Canyon) seems to fall into two separate periods, suggesting
two discrete generations: May 14 to July 9, and Aug. 9 to Sept. 9. There are Texas
records for Jan., Mar., May, July, Aug., Oct., and Dec.
Earty Stacrs. This form was reared by Mr. Robert W. Poole from a female taken
in Madera Canyon in 1965. The larvae fed on Senecio flowers. I have examined pre-
served specimens from this brood, and the larva is apparently very similar in both
structure and habits to that of aerata. It has the lateral protuberances a little better
developed on the thoracic segments, with three or four lateral tubercles on each
segment unified to form a single, more prominent hump. However, this difference
is very subtle and may prove not to be consistent when more material is studied.
Synchlora frondaria denticularia (Walker), new status
Plate 21, figures 5, 5a, 5b; plate 37, figure 5; plate 47, figures 22-25.
Nemoria? denticularia Walker, 1861, p. 536. Hulst, 1895, p. 71.
Synchlora denticulata Hulst, 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301.
Synchlora denticularia Prout, 1912, p. 115. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932,
p. 41. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Forbes, 1948, p. 115. Kimball, 1965, p. 163
Synchlora excurvaria Packard, 1873, p. 76; 1876, pp. 380, 381, pl. 10, fig. 85. Dyar, 1894, p. 62.
Dracnosis. This is a form found in the southeastern United States, Cuba, the Ba-
hamas and Bermuda, differing from frondaria in little other than the coloring of the
front, which is nearly always green as in aerata. Denticularia differs from aerata
mainly in its smaller size and in its strongly dentate and offset lines. Most material in
collections is from Florida but the range extends from there to central Texas and
north to Arkansas and North Carolina. There is some evidence of introgression
between denticularia and aerata, especially in Mississippi, but elsewhere in the contact
zone they seem to remain more distinct.
Types. Denticularia was described from two females from the Milne collection
and I designate as lectotype one of these specimens now in the BM. It is so labeled.
I have a colored photograph of this specimen and its identity seems reasonably
certain. The type locality was not given by Walker (“Country unknown”), but it
is not unlikely that the specimens came from John Abbott in Georgia, from whom
Milne purchased material (Doubleday, in Scudder, 1869, p. 123). In the AMNH
there are specimens collected by the late Otto Buchholz in Screven Co., Ga., where
Abbot lived.
The types of excurvaria were two females from “Waco, Texas, Oct. 10 (Bel-
frage)’. One of these specimens, labeled Type 2225, still survives in the MCZ, and
I designate this the lectotype.
Synonymy. The lectotype of excurvaria is a rather large specimen and on examining
it about a year ago I thought that it might be liquoraria. However, subsequent study
has indicated that liquoraria does not occur in Texas.
158 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FuRTHER Description. The description of avidaria applies equally well here except
that denticularia averages slightly larger (although individual size variation covers a
wide range), and normally has a green front. In a sample of 79 Florida specimens of
denticularia examined for the latter character, 6 individuals, or 7.6%, have a reddish
front. On that basis this character difference is reliable for only 92.4% of the popu-
lation. There is also a minor difference in the coloring of the forewing costa. In
avidaria, as in liquoraria, there is commonly a rosy flush at the base of the costa;
in denticularia this appears much less frequently.
Length of forewing: males, 6.5-10 mm; females, 8-11.5 mm. Mean wing length:
males, 8.03 mm. (42 specimens); females, 9.94 mm. (35 specimens).
Mate GeniTatia. Like those of avidaria, liquoraria and aerata.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of avidaria, liquoraria and aerata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 197 males, 265 females; 2 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Corpus Christi; Victoria; Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge,
San Patricio Co.; Bexar Co.; Blanco Co.; Cold Spring, San Jacinto Co.; Waco;
Dallas; Forestburg, Montague Co.; Town Bluff, Tyler Co. LourstaNna: Schriever;
Covington; Shreveport; Lafayette; Cypremont; Weeks Island, Iberia Parish. ARKANSAS:
Hope. Mississippi1: Biloxi, Harrison Co.; Greenville; University; Pascagoula, Jackson
Co.; Pearl and Camp Wahi, Rankin Co.; Bolton, Clinton, and Jackson, Hinds Co.;
Hattiesburg and Camp Shelby, near Hattiesburg. ALABAMA: Ozark; Anniston. TEN-
NESSEE: East Ridge; Gatlinburg, Sevier Co. NORTH CAROLINA: Raleigh, Wake Co.; New
Bern, Craven Co.; Leland; Vade Mecum. souTH CAROLINA: Charleston; The Wedge
Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co.; Myrtle Beach; Ocean Drive. GEORGIA:
Screven Co.; Clark Co.; Savannah; Okefenokee Swamp. FLORIDA: Fernandina; St. Johns
Bluff, Duval Co.; De Funiac Springs, Walton Co.; Gainesville; Welaka, Putnam Co.;
Old Town, Dixie Co.; DeLand; New Smyrna; Leesburg, Lake Co.; Orlando; Winter
Park, Orange Co.; Anclote River, Elfers, Pasco Co.; Tampa; St. Petersburg; Oneco,
Manatee Co.; Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid,
Highlands Co.; Hicoria, Highlands Co.; Charlotte Harbour; Vero Beach; Port Sewall,
Martin Co.; Bonita Springs, Lake Co.; Fort Lauderdale; Miami; Homestead, Dade
Co.; Florida City; Biscayne Bay; Everglades; Tavernier, Monroe Co.; Big Pine Key,
South Florida Keys; Key West; Dry Tortugas; Stemper; Modello.
I have also seen normal looking denticularia from North and South Bimini
Islands in the Bahamas, Havana, Cuba, and Bermuda.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. It is to be expected that westward, in eastern Texas, there
will be a decrease in average size and increasing frequency of the red-fronted character
in clinal fashion, forming a blend zone between denticularia and frondaria. The
few specimens I have been able to examine do suggest that this situation occurs.
A reverse trend with respect to size occurs in Fla., where the specimens tend to be
smaller than those from farther north in Ga., Ala., Miss. and the Carolinas. Nearly
all of the extremely small specimens are from Fla.
A large sample of 49 males and 78 females from Miss. (Bryant Mather) in the
AMNH provides the only good evidence of intergradation between this species and
aerata. Variation in this series is extreme; size varies from very small to very large,
and pattern varies from the even lines of aerata to the highly dentate and offset lines
of true denticularia. Only about 5% have lines as regular as normal aerata, but
intergradation seems to be complete. The single specimen from Gatlinburg, Tenn.,
and two from Highlands, N.C. (under aerata) also look intermediate. Those from
S.C. are pure denticularia.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 159
Fuicut Preriop. There are Fla. records covering every month of the year but northward
there is a break during the winter. The records for Miss. indicate a continuous
flight period from Mar. 24 to Oct. 15, and those for S.C. suggest a similar pattern.
Earty SraceEs. Dyar (1894, p. 62) described a larva from Lake Worth, Fla., as
follows: “Head pale brown, minutely pilose. Body with the segments projecting
laterally in points, the dorsum roughened. On these lateral processes the larva attaches
various objects, which gives it a strange appearance. Body light brown with black
shades and an interrupted dorsal line. Two reddish points anteriorly on joints 3-9
and 13; other elevated reddish spots laterally and fine hairs; the skin granular. On
joints 5-9 are curious structures composed of pieces of dead leaves, etc. After moulting
the larva applied several pieces of green leaf to itself, which subsequently withered,
and also some pieces of paper from its label. Length about 12 mm.; width of head
1 mm.” This reads very much like a description of the larva of aerata, as would
be expected.
Dyar neglected to mention the food plant, but in the USNM I found three reared
specimens with host plant data; one from Stzllingia sp. (Euphorbiaceae) at Ocean
Drive, S.C.; one from Pluchea odorata (Compositae) at Key West, Fla.; and one
from Bidens (Compositae) at Everglade, Fla. Kimball (1965, p. 163) mentions also
Chrysanthemum and blackberry.
Synchlora gerularia (Hiibner), new combination
Plate 3, figure 4; plate 22, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 37, figure 7; plate 47, figures 28, 29.
Phalaena Geometra ocellata Stoll, 1791, pp. 156, 184, pl. 34, fig. 9 (nec Linnaeus, 1758, p. 258).
Primary homonym
Comibaena ocellata Walker, 1861, p. 570.
Phorodesma ocellata Méschler, 1881, p. 402.
Geometra ocellata Méschler, 1890, p. 244.
Comibaena gerularia Hiibner, 1823, p. 284.
Racheospila gerularia Prout, 1912, p. 109. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932,
p. 38, pl. 4d. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Bourquin, 1945, pp. 29-30. Kimball, 1965, p. 162,
pl. 5, fig. 31.
Phorodesma stollaria Guenée, 1858, p. 370.
Geometra stollaria Herrich-Schiffer, 1870, p. 182. Gundlach, 1881, p. 384.
Racheospila marginiplaga Walker, 1861, p. 583.
Racheospila rufidorsaria Snellen, 1874, p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 4.
Racheospila jucunda Felder, 1875, pl. 127, fig. 18.
Racheospila xysteraria Hulst, 1886a, p. 121; 1896, p. 314.
Synchlora xysteraria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301.
Diacnosis. This is an ornate little species of a delicate, pale yellowish-green color,
with the usual lines indistinct and with brown-checkered fringes, large brown discal
spots and distinctive purplish brown patches in the terminal area—two on the forewing
and three on the hindwing. The abdomen is brown on the dorsum with white,
raised spots. The genitalia are very close to those of the aerata group, much more so
than are the genitalia of herbaria, irregularia, noel or cupedinaria. About the only
distinctive features are the hook-like processes on the aedeagus in the male and large
U-shaped signum and large ostium in the female.
Gerularia is supposed to be widely distributed through the American tropics from
Florida to Argentina, and although specimens from widely scattered localities within
this vast area appear to be similar, it remains for future investigation to determine
how many species are actually involved. If it is all one species, this would represent the
widest geographical distribution known for any American species of the subfamily
with the exception of Synchlora frondaria.
160 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Types. Ocellata Stoll was based on material from Netherlands Guiana (“On la trouve
a Suriname’’). I have not determined whether a type now exists but it was figured.
Hiibner realized that ocellata was preoccupied and proposed the substitute name
gerularia, which would have the same type and type locality. The same is true with
respect to stollaria Guenée. Marginiplaga Walker was described from one female from
Brazil (ex Saunders collection). ‘The specimen that is supposed to be the type, now in
the University Museum at Oxford, England, is a male. Rufidorsaria Snellen was based
on a specimen (the figure is that of a male) taken Jan. 18, 1871, by Baron Von
Nolcken on the Rio Magdalena, presumably in northern Colombia. Jucunda
Felder was a female from Brazil. I have made no effort to locate the types of
rufidorsaria and jucunda. Xysteraria Hulst was described from one female from
Florida (exact locality not specified), and the type is in the AMNH.
SyNonyMyY. Final decisions on synonymy must await detailed investigation of the
Neotropical fauna. All that I can say at present is that the specimens examined
from Surinam (ocellata Stoll, gerularia Hiibner, stollaria Guenée) appeared to be
extremely close to the form that occurs in Florida (xysteraria Hulst). A colored
photograph of the supposed type of marginiplaga (a male, not a female as Walker
stated), kindly made available to me by the authorities at the BM, shows that it is
the same sort of thing, although the discal spots are much smaller than is usual in
Floridian examples. The figure of rufidorsaria (Snellen, 1874, pl. 3, fig. 4) is un-
colored but the markings appear to be exactly right for gerularia. The figure of
jucunda (Felder, 1875, pl. 127, fig. 18), colored in the Cornell copy but not in the
Yale one, is not very good but obviously represents the same or a similar species. I
have examined the type of xysteraria and there is no doubt about its identity. This
is the only synonym based on North American material.
FurTHER Description. (based on Florida specimens). Antennae typical of Synchlora;
those of the male broadly bipectinate for basal two-thirds, tapering and becoming
simple in outer third, longest branches equal to 4-5 times diameter of shaft; female
antennae slender, ciliate beneath; male palpi moderate, exceeding front by about
half the length of the second segment, third segment short, rounded, one quarter
the length of the second; female palpi very long, second and third segments of similar
length, each subequal to width of eye; hind tibia of male only slightly dilated but
with a long terminal extension three quarters the length of the first tarsal joint;
hind tibia of female compressed but hardly dilated, truncate at the end, without an
extension.
Antennal shaft white, branches yellowish; head behind white fillet broadly reddish
or brown, forming a collar; front red with an irregular luteous lower margin and
small lateral maculae of a similar shade near upper corners; palpi red with the
second segment whitish beneath; legs whitish with red anterior shading on the
first pair, especially on the tibia; underside of body whitish; thorax above with the
front quarter and the patagia green, the remainder brown with some deep red scales
anteriorly and a large, circular light brown dorsal spot occupying the posterior lobe
of the mesothorax; upperside of abdomen brown with pure white raised spots
somewhat variable in size and number, usually one or two in male, three in female,
each narrowly encircled with reddish.
Upper surface of wings yellowish green with the antemedials and postmedials
very faintly indicated as sinuous lines of a paler shade; discal spots, costal and marginal
markings all of a prominent and contrasting purplish brown; discal spots large, round
or slightly compressed, with a cluster of white scales at the center; costa margined
with white, followed by a cream colored band, becoming red towards the apex,
and expanding at the base to form a well defined reddish brown patch at the humeral
angle. There is a somewhat crenulate reddish or purplish brown terminal
line which expands inward to form two prominent, submarginal lobes of the same
color on the forewing and three on the hindwing. On the forewing these are
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 161
rounded; one lies just beyond the middle of the outer margin and the other in the
tornus. There is often a much smaller wedge of the same brown coloring between
them. On the hindwing, the median submarginal patch is a lobe, those in the
anterior and anal angles somewhat flattened; that of the anal angle extends more
than halfway up the inner margin as a thin border. These brown submarginal
markings each enclose one or two greenish yellow marginal spots, and the brown
areas have a dusting of white scales, visible only under magnification. The green
scaling of the wings changes to yellow where it meets the brown marginal markings.
The fringes are pale brown to yellowish, with a weak and interrupted white line at
the base and diffuse reddish brown rays opposite the veins. Underside much paler,
almost white, with the brown markings repeated less distinctly.
Length of forewing: males, 8.5-10 mm; females, 10-12 mm.
MAteE GENITALIA. Similar to those of the Synchlora aerata group but with the following
differences: socii and gnathos more heavily developed, the latter with a rather large
tooth; valve more slender with the sides parallel and with the elevated mesial ridge
overlapping the costa; transtilla forming a wider band; juxta much wider laterally;
saccus terminating in a knob-like process. The aedeagus is especially distinctive,
with the two chitinous prongs each bearing one or two large, hook-like lateral teeth.
Cupedinaria is the only other Synchlora in this region with teeth on the aedeagus but
they are smaller, more numerous and different in shape.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are quite distinctive, with a relatively large bursa, a large
U-shaped signum with its ends divergent, and with the ductus bursae shortened,
thickened, somewhat sclerotized and opening into a much larger ostium than is
usual at least in the North American Synchlorini.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 42 males, 57 females, including type of xysteraria; 5 male, 4
female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Key Largo; Florida City and Homestead, Dade Co.; Biscayne
Bay; Miami; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Vero Beach, Indian River Co.; Bonita Springs,
Lee Co.; Fort Myers; Marco; Sarasota; Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; Oneco, Manatee
Co.; St. Petersburg; Hicoria, Highlands Co.; Winter Park, Orange Co.; Titusville,
Brevard Co.; Welaka, Putnam Co. Texas: Brownsville, Cameron Co., one male in
the USNM taken November 10, 1928, by F. H. Benjamin.
A female that I collected at the University of Florida Conservation Reserve,
Welaka, Putnam Co. on March 11, 1962, is the most northerly record examined, but
Kimball (1965, p. 162) reports gerularia from Warrington (near Pensacola, Escambia
Co.). South of the United States, gerularia has been reported from numerous localities
through Central America, the West Indies and South America to the estuary of the Rio
de la Plata between Uruguay and Argentina. In the Cornell University collection
there are series from British and Dutch Guiana, and the USNM has two of Bourquin’s
specimens labeled Tigre, Argentina [mouth of the La Plata]. The extent of its dis-
tribution through the Antilles is unknown.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION: Not studied.
Fiicut Periop: There are Florida records for every month of the year
Earty Straces: Kimball (1965, p. 162) mentions as food plants mango and lychee,
on the authority of the Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture.
An interesting account of the larva and its habits has been published (Bourquin,
1945, pp. 29-30), based on observations made in Argentina. Although there is no
certainty that this is the same species that occurs in North America, the adults certainly
162 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
look alike, and the larvae would be similar. Bourquin’s description and figures reveal
that the larva is typically Synchlorine in structure and habits. It fed on Baccharis
salicifolia (Compositae). The following is my translation (from Spanish) of the
major portion of his description:
At my country house, “La Tacuarita” (Islas del Tigre, F.C.C.A.) in January,
1936, I noticed a curious irregular clump of the remains of flowers and fruit on a
leaf of the milk tree, Sapium aucuparium Jacq. More careful examination
revealed a caterpillar underneath, completely concealed. A month later there
emerged a Racheospila gerularia, which I kept for my collection. In March of
the following year I caught another example of the same species at the light of a
lantern. It had suffered considerable deterioration. I put it in a jar and, for-
tunately, during the night, it laid ten eggs. These were of ovoid form, agate-like,
and appeared as if they had been embossed on their surfaces. ‘They measured
0.65 mm. by 0.55 mm., and were of a yellowish white color gilded with metallic
reflections. In five days the first catepillars hatched and were 1.44 mm. in length.
Three hours later they tasted the leaves of the milk tree that I gave them to eat,
but quickly ceased feeding and from then on refused this food. I therefore
concluded that the caterpillar of the previous year, discovered on a leaf of the
milk tree, had just by chance pupated on it, and that one would be able to
find its foodplant in the area. I obtained various herbs that grew around this
tree and from among these they chose Baccharis salicifolia Pers. At first they
skeletonized a leaf but then fed ravenously upon the flowers, especially the
bases of the pistils and stamens. ‘The next day, upon looking for my little
caterpillars, I found them changed into little lumps, and with surprise admired
the skill with which they could hide themselves. They covered the body with
plant fragments in a genuine “camouflage.” With suitable forceps I carefully
removed these adherences from one larva 1.50 mm. in length. Uncovered, it
chewed again on the stamens and pistils. With its mouth it took hold of the
pieces, attached them over some little finger-like horns it has on its dorsum
and, turning its head to the rear, covered them with silken filaments from silk
glands beneath the head. After several hours the caterpillar was found to be
covered again by the protective mantle. During growth it changed its food.
After the stamens it ate the corolla of the flowers, then the leaves; thus, with
the change of food, the “camouflage” changed. They could be seen covered
successively with flower petals, full-blown flowers, dry flowers, remains of the
capitulum and pieces of leaves. At maximum development the caterpillar is
16.25 mm. long; its color varies from true yellow to reddish brown, striated
with white lines. The skin is granulated like that of a toad, distinctly angulate,
and wrinkled as though it were too large.
In order to pupate it spins a platform on a leaf with crossed threads of silk.
It weaves an irregular fleecy net over which it attaches pieces of the capitulum of
the flower and remains of fruit. Thus protected under this final “camouflage”
the chrysalis, which is brownish colored with darker lines and spots, can peace-
fully pass its pupal period of about ten days.
Synchlora herbaria (Fabricius)
Phalaena herbaria Fabricius, 1794, p. 162.
Microloxia herbaria Warren, 1906b, p. 82.
Synchlora herbaria Prout, 1912, p. 115.
Racheospila herbaria Prout, 1932, p. 39.
Racheospila sitellaria Guenée, 1858, p. 374.
Geometra congruata Walker, 1861, p. 511.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 163
Type Locatities. Herbaria, “Habitat in Americae meridionalis Insulis Dr. Pflug”
(presumably the West Indies); s¢tellaria, Haiti; congruata, “St. Domingo.”
Remarks. There are also a number of other names for this species or complex (see
Prout, 1932, pp. 39-40), based on material from various islands. It would not be
surprising if some of these proved to be distinct. Until the Antillean fauna has
been properly studied I am in no position to say whether the names equal hulstiana
or whether they equal one another. In the present revision I treat only the Florida
population, which seems homogeneous and for which the name hulstiana is available,
if needed.
Synchlora herbaria hulstiana (Dyar)
Plate 3, figure 6; plate 21, figures 7, 7a, 7b; plate 38, figure 4; plate 47, figures 30, 31.
Synchlora louisa Hulst, 1898, p. 159, partim.
Synchlora louisa var (?) hulstiana Dyar, 1901b, p. 457.
Synchlora hulstiana Dyar, 1902, [1903], p. 300.
Racheospila sitellaria Dyar, 1908a, p. 171 (nec Guenée, 1858). Prout, 1912, p. 109. Barnes and
McDunnough, 1917a, p. 99.
Racheospila herbaria hulstiana Prout, 1932, p. 39. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Comstock, 1960,
pp. 436, 438. Kimball, 1965, p. 162, pl. 5, fig. 32.
Eucrostis dominicaria Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (nec Guenée, 1858, p. 367).
Racheospila tenuimargo Guedet, 1939, p. 29 (nec Warren, 1905, p. 319).
Dracnosis. Herbaria is a very small, plain, bright green species of the Caribbean
region that enters our area as subspecies hulstiana in southern Florida. It probably
has many close Neotropical relatives but none within the United States. Synchlora
irregularia of ‘Texas is superficially similar but has distinctly different genitalia. Hul-
stiana has a whitish costa, a red terminal line, red and white checkered fringes, small
blackish discal spots, and it has the lines of the wings indicated only as series of
faint white dots. There are no other markings on the wings. Both gerularia and
cupedinaria have obvious lobes of color encroaching inward from the reddish brown
outer margin, and cupedinaria has a red costa. All three have conspicuous white
dorsal abdominal spots. In hulstiana these are best developed in the female, much
reduced or lacking in the male, and the brown dorsal shade surrounding them is
much paler and less extensive than in the other species.
Types. The description was evidently based on one male reared from a larva on a
flower head of Lantana camara at Palm Beach, Fla. The type should be in the
USNM but there is nothing labeled as such. There is one of Dyar’s specimens from
Palm Beach, Fla., crudely labeled as Synchlora louisa var. hulstiana and bearing the
number 15499.
SynonyMy. The type material of Synchlora louisa consisted of a male cupedinaria
and a female hulstiana, but the name was restricted to the male type by Barnes
and McDunnough (1916b, p. 170).
Hulst’s report of the occurrence of Eucrostes dominicaria (Gn.) in the United
States was based on a misdetermination of specimens collected at Key West, Fla.
by C. V. Riley. One of these still survives in the USNM and a careful examination
discloses that it is nothing other than hulstiana. This specimen bears a note by
Foster Benjamin correcting the determination to sitellaria Gn., but the original
report of dominicaria in Fla. has continued to be passed on from author to author.
Guedet’s published record of the occurrence of “Racheospila” tenuimargo Warren
in Fla. was the result of another complete misidentification. His original specimens
164 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
from Florida City were kindly sent to me by Dr. C. Don MacNeill, on loan from
the California Academy of Sciences, and I was thus able to confirm that they are
perfectly normal examples of S. herbaria hulstiana.
FurTHER DescripTION. Male antennae bipectinate with long branches on basal half,
then tapering so that the distal third is ciliate only; longest branches equal to about
6 times the diameter of the shaft; female antennae simple, ciliate beneath; male
palpi moderate, exceeding front by a distance equal to width of front at lower edge;
female palpi very long, the joints almost cylindrical, exceeding front by about one-
quarter the length of the antennae; third palpal joint of female three times longer
than that of the male; hind tibia of both sexes with the usual two pairs of spurs and
no terminal process; hind tibia of male but slightly dilated, that of female, undilated
and longer.
Shaft of antenna white, branches luteous; interantennal fillet white with a red
band behind, front red with a filling of green scales and a pair of white spots or
lobes at the bottom; palpi red; legs mostly whitish but with the femur and tibia of
the first pair tinged with red; underside of thorax and abdomen whitish; upperside
of thorax green, of abdomen green near the base but otherwise variably shaded with
reddish brown, and with or without two or three pure white, raised dorsal spots;
such spots usually prominent on segments 2, 3 and 5 in females, with the first two
confluent, sometimes much reduced or obsolete in males.
Upperside of wings bright green with the lines only faintly indicated as series
of small white dots; small dark brown discal spots present; costa of forewing narrowly
edged with white and margined behind with luteous, shading to reddish near base
and apex; both wings with a well developed red terminal line, interrupted at the
veins; fringes white at the base but with pink rays opposite the vein endings that
expand and become confluent outwardly. Underside paler with the costa more gener-
ally reddish.
Length of forewing: males, 6-8 mm; females, 8-9.5 mm.
Mate Geniratia. Essentially characteristic of the genus but distinguished from all
other species in this region by a large triangular expansion on the costa of the valve.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Normal for the genus but with a distinctive genital plate con-
sisting of a thin, even, sclerotized ring encircling the ostium; no signum.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 84 males, 33 females; 4 male, 1 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION: FLORIDA: Key West; Big Pine Key; Paradise Key; W. Summerland Key;
Key Largo; Tavernier, Monroe Co.; Everglade; Cocoanut Grove [Dade Co.]; Florida
City; Homestead; Miami; Biscayne Bay; Palm Beach; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Vero
Beach; Chokoloskee; Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent within this region.
FiicntT Periop. ‘There are records for every month of the year but the data indicate a
peak in Oct. and Nov. Otherwise there are quite numerous records for Sept. and
Mar., but relatively few for the remaining months.
Earty Sraces. Dyar (1901b, p. 457) described the larva, which he found on the
flower head of Lantana camara L. at Palm Beach, Fla. His description indicates a
larva that conforms closely in structure and habits to all known species in the tribe
Synchlorini.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 165
Synchlora irregularia (Barnes and McDunnough), new combination
Plate 22, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 38, figure 1; plate 47, figures 32, 33
Racheospila irregularia Barnes and McDunnough, 1918, p. 134. Prout, 1932, p. 38. McDun-
nough, 1938, p. 140.
Dracnosis. Irregularia is similar in appearance to hulstiana but distinctly larger, with
the white lines of the wings complete and irregularly sinuous. The general coloring,
costa, terminal line, fringes, discal spots and abdominal markings are as in hulstiana,
but the male genitalia are very distinct in several characters. The exaggerated costal
expansion on the valve of hulstiana is lacking, the socii are slender and the saccus
is developed as an almost bulbous process. Jrregularia is still extremely rare in
collections. It is known from only four specimens, all from Cameron and Hidalgo
Counties, Texas.
Types. Described from two females from Brownsville, Texas (Geo. Dorner), without
published holotype designation but the specimens, both in the USNM, are labeled type
g and Paratype @ in McDunnough’s handwriting. These are labeled with the dates
5-11 and 6-11 respectively, which I would interpret either as November or as February
5 and 6, but not May and June as McDunnough stated in the description. The
paratype looks as though it may have been repaired with an abdomen that does
not belong to it. I hereby designate the specimen labeled type ¢ as the lectotype.
SYNONYMY. None.
FURTHER DeEscripTION. Male antennae bipectinate with very long branches for basal
two-thirds, outer third simple; longest branches equal to 6-8 times the diameter of
the shaft. Female antennae simple, rough-scaled, ciliate beneath; male palpi moderate,
exceeding front by at least one-third their length, a little stouter than those of
hulstiana, tapering evenly from the second to the rounded third segment which is
one-third the length of the second; hind tibia of male slightly dilated, with the usual
two pairs of spurs; terminal process present and about the same length as the
smaller of the two distal spurs; hind tibia of female less dilated and without the ter-
minal process.
Antennal shaft white, branches luteous; fillet white with a red band behind;
front red, solid in the female, filled with green in the male, and with spots or lobes
of white in the lower corners in both sexes; palpi reddish, tipped with white; fore
coxa greenish; fore tibia red inwardly; legs otherwise whitish; entire body whitish
below; upperside of thorax green with a minute white spot on the metathorax; ab-
domen shaded with brown dorsally and marked with pure white, slightly raised spots
on segments 2 and 3 in the male, and 2, 3 and 4 in the female. In the female the
three spots are nearly equal in size and equidistant, not confluent. The abdominal
markings of the single male were discolored and indistinct, although spots were
visible.
Upperside of wings green, about the same shade as in hulstiana; antemedials
and postmedials present on both wings, white, very thin but distinct, almost continuous,
irregularly sinuous, undulating between the veins, postmedials approaching outer
margin more closely on veins M,;, Cu, and Cu, than elsewhere; discal spots dark
brown, distinct; costa white, bordered behind with yellowish or pink, the white
edging becoming suffused with red at the very base; terminal line strong, deep red,
interrupted with white at the veins; fringes white with rays of pink opposite the
vein endings. Underside much paler with costa more generally pinkish.
Length of forewing: male, 7.5 mm.; females, 9 mm.
166 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
MALE GENITALIA. Socii rather long and slender, curved ventrally toward tips; gnathos
ribbon-like with a long, straight tooth; saccus a well developed clavate process, almost
bulbous; valve narrowing abruptly near base, thence long and slender, without a large
costal expansion as in hulstiana; aedeagus normal for the group, prongs not toothed.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Bursa, ductus bursae, ductus seminalis normal for the genus; no
signum; genital plate comprised of a shallow, membranous, preostial pouch-like fold,
and two separate but overlapping, sclerotized postostial plates; first postostial plate
elongated laterally, almost as wide as preostial fold, rounded; second postostial plate
much smaller, circular.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. | male, 3 females, including the two types; 1 male, 2 female slides.
The male is in the USNM;; the third female in the AMNH.
DIsTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Brownsville, Cameron Co.; Mercedes, Hidalgo Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
Fright Prriop. Types probably taken November 5 and 6; the Brownsville male
taken November 10, 1928 by F. H. Benjamin; the Mercedes female taken December
13, 1958 by H. Schmalzried.
EarzLy STAGES. Unknown.
Remarks. The relationship of the single known male to the three females is of
course only a guess, but this specimen is so obviously similar that the guess seems
a reasonable one.
Synchlora noel (Sperry), new combination
Plate 22, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 38, figures 2 (indecora), 3; plate 47, figure 34.
Racheospila diaphana Coolidge, 1923, p. 16 (nec Warren). McDunnough, 1938, p. 140.
Racheospila noel Sperry, 1949, p. 42.
Dracnosis. This species may be recognized by its synchlorine male antennae (broadly
pectinate for basal two thirds, then tapering and becoming simple towards the tip),
long female palpi, light yellowish green coloring, sharply dentate postmedial lines,
reddish brown discal spots, red terminal line interrupted at the veins, checkered
fringes, and abdominal markings consisting of three or more round white dorsal
spots on a brown background. The size is large for a Synchlora: wing expanse of
males about 18 mm., of females 20-24 mm. I have seen specimens only from the
vicinity of Palm Springs, Riverside Co. and Borrego [San Diego Co.], Calif., and
it is the only species in Calif. that will fit the above description. Noel is extremely
close to Synchlora indecora (Prout) from near Mexico City and the state of Veracruz,
but differs in some minor genitalic details in both sexes.
Types. The holotype male and allotype female are from Borrego [San Diego Co.],
Calif., May 6, 1946, and now in the AMNH (ex Sperry Collection). There were also
15 paratypes which were distributed to various collections as indicated in the
original description.
SyNonyMy. None.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 167
FurTHER Description. Male antennae broadly bipectinate for the basal two thirds,
tapering towards the outer third, which is simple; longest branches equal to about
8 times the width of the shaft; female antennae slender, ciliate and slightly dentate
beneath; male palpi moderate, exceeding front by a distance about equal to the
width of front at lower margin; third segment short, rounded, about one third the
length of the second; female palpi much longer, third segment slender, cylindrical,
almost as long as the second; hind tibia of male somewhat dilated, with an apical
process extending as far as the middle of the first tarsal segment, and bearing the
usual two pairs of spurs; hind tibia of female with the same two pairs of spurs but
undilated and without the apical process.
Scales of antennal shaft white, branches brownish; interantennal fillet white;
head behind fillet reddish; front with lower third white, upper two thirds dull red;
palpi rose colored, often intermixed with a few white scales, and with segments two
and three in the female and three in the male tipped with white; legs whitish except
for some green on the fore coxae and dull red on the fore tibiae; underside of
body whitish; upperside of thorax green with a small white spot surrounded by
brown on the metathorax; abdomen with some dorsolateral green shading scarcely
extending beyond segment one, otherwise shaded with pale brown or dull reddish
brown dorsally, and bearing round white dorsal spots on the first two or three
segments.
Upperside of wings a rather light yellowish shade of green, unstriated, the fore
and hindwings colored alike except that the hindwing has a paler area immediately
behind the costa; lines thin, white, delicate but usually distinct except in worn
specimens; antemedial waved; postmedial strongly dentate with teeth on M, and
Cu, being the longest, approximately parallel to outer margin; discal spots reddish
brown, distinct on both wings but not as large as in Synchlora indecora; costa
white with a rosy flush at the base, and with a pinkish to luteous border behind
exceeding in width the white costal margin; terminal line deep to dull red shading
to paler reddish inwardly, and interrupted by white at the veins; fringes pale pinkish
but with prominent white semicircular basal patches between the ends of the veins,
giving them a checkered appearance. Underside much paler with lines obsolete and
with more prominent reddish shading behind the costa of the forewing.
Length of forewing: males, 10-11.5 mm; females, 11.5-12.5 mm.
Mate GeEniratia. These are very close to those of indecora, but differ in the somewhat
longer valve, more curved toward the end, and in the form of the costal margin of
the valve. In indecora the costa is prominently convex; in noel it appears concave
except for a triangular costal flange just before the middle. This flange may be
folded under in some preparations so that it is not apparent; this is the case in the
example illustrated. The recurved teeth on the prongs of the aedeagus are not as
large as in indecora, nor is the eighth sternite as deeply notched. Noel and indecora
are peculiar in having the strongly chitinous socii and the basal sclerite of the uncus
fused together as a solid unit.
FEMALE GENITALIA. In these noel and indecora seem to differ only in the form of a
subquadrate, sclerotized postgenital plate on the eighth sternite, lying just caudad of
the ostium or perhaps actually forming a specialized dorsal element of the ostial
opening. In noel this plate is almost rectangular; in indecora its sides are convergent
towards the ostial end resulting in a rounded cone shape.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 33 males, 7 females, including holotype; 3 male, 1 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Borrego and Tub Canyon, Borrego [San Diego Co.]; Palm
Springs, Riverside Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
168 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Fiicnt Preriop. This species seems to have an almost year round flight as there are
records for every month except June, Aug., and Sept. Most specimens have been
taken in the period from Dec. to May.
EAr.Ly STAGES. Unknown.
Remarks. Noel and indecora are so very closely related that they could belong to one
continuous population, but evidence in the form of specimens from the intervening
region in northern Mexico is as yet unavailable.
Synchlora cupedinaria (Grote)
Plate 3, figure 7; plate 22, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 37, figure 8; plate 47, figures 35, 36.
Racheospila cupedinaria Grote, 1880, p. 218. Prout, 1912, p. 109. Barnes and McDunnough,
1917a, p. 99. Prout, 1932, p. 39, pl. 5£. McDunnough, 1938, p. 140. Kimball 1965, p. 162,
pl. 5, fig. 33.
Geometra cupedinaria Hampson, 1904, p. 178.
Racheospila cupidenaria (sic) Dyar, 1908a, p. 171.
Synchlora cupidenaria (sic) Dyar, 1908b, p. 34.
Synchlora louisa Hulst, 1898, p. 159 (partim). Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301. Rindge, 1955, p. 147.
Racheospila louisa Barnes and McDunnough, 1916b, p. 169.
Racheospila atripes (sic) Haimbach, 1916, p. 143 (nec atrapes Druce, 1900, p. 91).
Dracnosis. Cupedinaria is another small Floridian species, about the same size as
hulstiana, but of the same yellowish green coloring as gerularia. The purplish brown
outer margins on both wings, with thickenings near apex and anal angles, also suggest
gerularia, but the thickenings are not developed into prominent spots. Also, the
discal spots are minute, not large as in gerularia. The superficial character that
best distinguishes cupedinaria from all other Geometrinae in the southeast, however,
is the solid purplish brown costa that forms an uninterrupted continuation of the
outer border of the forewing.
The genitalia of both sexes are distinctive and unlike those of any other species
within the region covered by this revision. Beyond Florida, cupedinaria has been
reported from the Bahamas, but the full extent of its range in the Antilles is not
known. Judging from material seen from elsewhere in the West Indies and from the
mainland of South America, I would guess that cupedinaria is one of a group of
several closely related Neotropical species.
Typrs. The type of cuwpedinaria is a male from Enterprise, Fla., “May 24 (Schwarz).”
It went with the Grote collection to the BM. The type of louisa is a male from
“Cocoanut Grove, S. Florida,” labeled Type No. 3918 in the USNM.
Synonymy. Although I have not been able to examine the type of cupedinaria,
various authors since Dyar have consistently associated the name with the present
species. The type was undoubtedly available to Prout and his colored figure, if
based on a Fla. specimen, is unmistakable (1932, pl. 5f). Hulst (1895, p. 71) con-
sidered that it equaled lixaria Guenée, but even after seeing the types, he included
no less than five different species in the synonymy of lixaria. I have examined the
type of lowisa and feel that there is no doubt about its identity. Hulst based louisa
on two specimens, the other being a female of hulstiana, but the name was restricted
to the male by Barnes and McDunnough (1916, pp. 169-170).
FurTHER DescripTion: Male antennae broadly bipectinate, tapering, outer third simple;
longest branches about five times diameter of shaft; female antennae slender, ciliate
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 169
beneath; male palpi moderate, exceeding front by the length of the third segment or
by about one-third their total length; female palpi very long, slender, cylindrical,
straight, exceeding front by more than half their total length, third segment longer
than second; hind tibia of male hardly dilated and without a terminal process;
that of female undilated.
Fillet and antennal shafts white, branches pale brownish; head behind fillet
deep purplish red-brown; front solidly red; palpi, front femora and tibiae tinged
with deep rose; legs otherwise” whitish except for a few red scales on the second
pair; underside of body entirely whitish; upperside of thorax deep reddish brown
except for the patagia and the areas covered by them, which are green, and a large
white spot on the posterior dorsal lobe of the mesothorax; upperside of thorax
also deep brown, with white raised spots on segments 2, 3 and 4, that on 2 being
subequal in size to the thoracic spot.
Uppersurface of wings bright yellowish green with a simplified, brown-bordered
pattern. Antemedials and postmedials virtually obsolete; costa rather broadly margined
with deep purplish brown, this continuing as an uninterrupted border around the
outer margins of both wings, usually preceded by a thin yellow shade between the
brown and the green, and terminating more than halfway up the inner margin of
the hindwing. In many specimens the brown costal margin has two very slight
posterior thickenings or lobes, and the brown outer border always has distinct thicken-
ings near the anterior and anal angles of both wings. The fringes are a mixture of
red and white scales in the basal half and pale brownish distally. The discal spots
are reddish brown and small. Underside as above but much paler.
Length of forewing: males, 7-8.5 mm; females, 8-10 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. These are very peculiar in several respects. The basal portion
of the uncus to which the socii normally articulate in Synchlora appears to be
completely missing, and instead the socii are partly fused to each other. The tips of
the socii are strongly recurved and hook-like. The gnathos is completely divided
into two arms, which are expanded and lobate towards the ends, and of course the
usual tooth-like process of the gnathos is not there. The valve is stout with a concave
costa, and the saccus is a rather long, pointed process. The apical processes of the
aedeagus each bear a row of about four stout, sharp, lateral teeth, uniform in size
and evenly spaced.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are also unusual for Synchlora. The walls of the ductus
bursae and ostium are thickened and moderately rigid, and there is a distinctive,
triangular, thinly sclerotized and finely scobinate postostial plate on the eighth sternite.
The apophyses of the eighth segment are very reduced, and the bursa seems to have
no signum.
MATERIAL ExAMINED. 70 males, 23 females, including type of lowisa; 4 male, 3 female
slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Dry Tortugas; Tavernier and Key Largo, Monroe Co.; Cocoa-
nut Grove, Florida City, and Miami, Dade Co.; Everglades; Royal Palm State Park;
Chokoloskee; Fort Lauderdale; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Vero Beach, Indian River
Co.; Bonita Springs, Lee Co.; Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; Oneco, Manatee Co.; St. Peters-
burg; Archbold Biological Station and Parker Island, near Lake Placid, Highlands
Co.; Enterprise (type of cupedinaria).
Prout (1932, p. 39) reports it from the Bahamas, and in the Cornell University
collection there is a series from St. Croix, Virgin Islands, that I thought belonged
here when I examined them.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Not studied.
170 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
FLicuT Periop. Records available for every month of the year except August.
EaArLy STAGES. Unknown.
CHETEOSCELIS Prout
Cheteoscelis Prout, 1912, p. 117.
Type Species. Chlorosea bistriaria Packard, 1876 — Cheteoscelis bistriaria (Packard),
designated by Prout, 1912, p. 117.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Medium sized species, length of forewing 10.5 to 16.5 mm; fore-
wing with apex somewhat produced, bluntly pointed, costa almost straight, outer
margins of both wings evenly convex; wing shape similar to that of Merochlora, but
forewing distinctly longer and more pointed than in Synchlora; color of forewing
bright green, finely striated, hindwing contrastingly paler, becoming white or nearly
so towards costa; lines of forewing white, regular, very oblique, subparallel; ante-
medial usually distinct, convex, running from inner margin near base to near middle
of costa; postmedial straight or but slightly convex, from two-thirds of the way
out inner margin to costa just before apex; on the pale hindwing, antemedial
wanting and only part of the postmedial visible, and that not always so; costa
very thinly margined with whitish; discal spots wanting; termen and fringes con-
colorous, unmarked; abdomen mostly white, unmarked.
Venation almost exactly as in Merochlora except that Sc and R of the hindwing
are fused about to the middle of the cell in Cheteoscelis, beyond the middle of the
cell in Merochlora. The long anastomosis of these two veins is a diagnostic feature
of Cheteoscelis and Merochlora, separating them from Synchlora, in which the fusion
of Sc and R is short and normal.
Male antenna bipectinate with very long branches near the base, their length
6-8 times the thickness of the shaft, tapering uniformly almost to the tip, which is
simple; female antenna dentate to bipectinate, with branches half as long as those
of the male; palpi of male normal, moderate, third segment very short, rounded, of
female just slightly longer; eyes of the sexes similar or nearly so; front almost flat,
normal; tongue somewhat reduced, not as large as that of Synchlora, but better
developed than in Merochlora; hind tibiae of both sexes undilated, slender, with
only one pair of spurs and no terminal process.
Male genitalia virtually without characters to distinguish them from the typical
group of Synchlora except that the valve is broad and rounded, and the coremata are
vestigial; saccus large and rounded or quite pointed; aedeagus exactly as in the Synchlora
aerata-liquoraria group except that the separation of the two prongs occurs nearer the
proximal end; eighth sternite only very feebly emarginate. Merochlora is also similar
in male genitalia.
Female genitalia close to those of Synchlora, with bursa copulatrix large, long
and quite stout, characteristically bent near the middle unlike that of Merochlora;
bursa membranous except for a colorless, semi-rigid thickening of the wall in the
distal third, which is slightly ribbed; no signum; ductus bursae short and membranous,
meeting bursa subterminally; ostium simple, without sclerotized structures.
LARVAL CHARACTERS. I have had available for examination only two half grown larvae
of bistriaria kindly supplied by Mr. Robert W. Poole, who reared them on Helianthus
flowers near Flagstaff, Arizona in 1965. These are like the larvae of the Synchlora
aerata complex except that the integument is more coarsely folded and rugose, and
the lateral protuberances are larger. The latter are more like those of Merochlora
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 171
(as figured by Comstock, 1960, p. 433), but rounded rather than sharply triangular,
each bearing a long tapered tubercle at the top. As in all known members of the
tribe, these spine-like tubercles are specially modified with small hooks for holding
fragments of plant material as a means of concealment, and this material still adheres
to the preserved larvae. The paired dorsal protuberances of segment eight are
low, rounded humps, without large setose tubercles. The head and body are densely
granulated, more so than in Synchlora.
DisTRIBUTION. Western North America, including Mexico, north to southern Saskat-
chewan and British Columbia.
Remarks. Cheteoscelis is a small genus of only four recognized species—the two dis-
‘cussed here plus orthogramma Dyar and naenia Druce, both of Mexico. It is very
closely related to Merochlora but may be distinguished easily by the single pair of
hind tibial spurs, the presence of a distinct antemedial line on the forewing, and by
certain differences in the genitalia of both sexes.
Cheteoscelis bistriaria (Packard)
Plate 4, figure 3; plate 23, figures 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b; plate 38, figure 5; plate 48,
figures 1-7.
Chlorosea bistriaria Packard, 1876, pp. 378-379, pl. 13, fig. 55. Hulst, 1886b, p. 140; 1888, pp.
193-194.
Annemoria bistriaria Hulst, 1896, p. 312. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 298.
Thetidia bistriaria Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 505.
Cheteoscelis bistriaria Prout, 1912, p. 117. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932.
p. 42. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Comstock, 1960, p. 435.
Aplodes undinaria Strecker, 1878, p. 1862.
Cheteoscelis clarkei Sperry, 1939a, p. 124. New Synonymy.
Dracnosis. This is a widely distributed and variable western species occurring from
Canada to southern Calif., northern Ariz., N.M. and western Tex., and from the
central Great Plains to the Cascade, Sierra Nevada and San Gabriel Mts., apparently
not quite reaching the Pacific coast. Throughout most of this range bistriaria should
not be confused with any other species since the well defined, evenly curved, oblique
white lines of the forewing, and much paler hindwing at once identify it. Chlorosea,
which also has only one pair of hind tibial spurs, may have a similarly oblique
postmedial line (in margaretaria) but entirely lacks the antemedial. Cheteoscelis
pectinaria, of southern Ariz., is greener and has very narrow lines (as do some
southern populations of bistriaria), and may be distinguished structurally by the
pectinate female antennae.
Cheteoscelis bistriaria breaks up into a number of geographical variants that
could be regarded as subspecies. Under geographical variation I discuss these but
do not name them.
Types. The type of bistriaria, from ‘Nevada’ (Henry Edwards), is a male in the
MCZ. Although this specimen has no head, an abdomen that has been glued on,
and the right forewing missing, it is still recognizable. The exact type locality is
unknown but the type is a large, well marked specimen that agrees well with a series
of five males and four females taken at Kingston Camp, 7300’, 30 mi. S. of Austin,
Lander Co., Nev., July 12 to 18, 1966, by Dr. F. H. Rindge (AMNH). Very few
Nevada specimens have been available for study.
The type of undinaria is presumably at the Chicago Natural History Museum
(ex Strecker collection). This name was based on “One example, [taken] July 13,
72 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
at the Rio Navajo.” The locality was near the boundary between Colo. and N.M.,
but over the line in N.M.; Lat. 36° 59’, Long. 106° 52’.
The holotype of Cheteoscelis clarket was from Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert,
Calif., and is in the USNM.
The type series also included specimens from Granite Wells and Morongo Valley
in the same arid region of Calif.
SynonyMy. I have not seen the type of uwndinaria but Strecker’s description is good
enough so that it may be determined with reasonable certainty. Clarket is an
unusually deep green desert form with no structural differences that I have been
able to find. When one examines sufficient material it becomes apparent that there is
complete and continuous integradation between this form and normal Dbistriaria,
without satisfactory geographic separation. Consequently, I here relegate clarket to the
synonymy, although there would be much justification for regarding it as a subspecies
of the Mojave Desert region.
FurTHER DeEscripTIoN. Male antennae bipectinate with very long branches, tapering
beyond the middle to the apical fifth, which is simple; longest branches equal to
6-8 times diameter of shaft; female antennae dentate and ciliate beneath, rather
rough scaled; male palpi small, exceeding front by a distance equal to half the width
of front at lower margin; third palpal segment of male small, rounded, one fourth
the length of the second, the terminal scales of which partly conceal it; female
palpi similar in length to those of the male but more slender; hind tibiae of male
and female similar, undilated, bearing one pair of spurs.
Antennae yellowish brown with whitish scales; interantennal fillet white, green
behind; front dull reddish to pale brown, often with some white scales along the
lower edge; palpi whitish with the tips colored like the front; legs with coxae and
femora greenish, front tibiae dull reddish, otherwise white or luteous. Underside
of thorax and abdomen white with usually some light green shading; upperside of
thorax green, concolorous with wings; upperside of abdomen white with some light
green shading near the base.
Upperside of forewing bright green, minutely striated or dusted with white,
marked only by the thin white costa and the usual two white lines, which are
typically quite wide and well defined, usually somewhat convex, oblique, subparallel
or slightly divergent towards the costa. Antemedial evenly convex (rarely straight),
oblique from basal third of inner margin to middle of costa; postmedial begins two
thirds of the way out inner margin and meets costa very near apex; postmedial may
be straight but is more often slightly convex, although less so than outer margin;
costa thinly edged with white; fringes green. Hindwing mostly white for basal two
thirds, shaded with green towards anal angle only; antemedial wanting; postmedial
vaguely apparent where it separates green outer portion from white basal portion,
disappearing towards costa; discal spot wanting. Underside as above but forewing
becoming whitish towards inner margin; hindwing greener with postmedial distinct
towards costa, obsolete near inner margin.
Length of forewing: male, 11-16.5 mm; female, 13-16 mm.
MALE GEniTALtA. These are essentially as described in the definition of the genus. There is
considerable variation in the width of the valve, in the size of its raised median ventral
ridge, and in the shape of the saccus, even among specimens from the same locality.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are also as described in the generic definition. The females
show relatively little variation.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 362 males, 107 females, including types of bistriaria and clarket.
Slides: 18 male, 6 female, including paratypes of clarkei. Larvae: two specimens in
alcohol, Franclemont collection.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 173
DIsTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Oliver, 2500’; 28 mi. S. of Radium Hot Springs, 2600’.
ALBERTA: Red Deer River; Scandia; Horseshoe Canyon, Drumheller, 2750’; Lethbridge.
SASKATCHEWAN: Saskatoon; Indian Head. wasHINcToN: Entiat; Vantage Ferry. OREGON:
Bend. Ano: Rupert, Minidoka Co.; Malta, Cassia Co. MONTANA: Big ‘Timber Creek,
7 mi. N. of Big Timber, Sweetgrass Co. souTH DAKoTA: Big Buffalo Creek, N. of
Cedar Pass, Jackson Co. wyominc: Camp Roosevelt and Mammoth, Yellowstone
National Park; Medicine Bow; Bates’ Hole; Old Ford on Green River, Sweetwater Co.
coLorapo: Salida; Glenwood Springs; Durango; Maybell; West Cliff; Fort Garland,
8500’; near Almont, Gunnison Co., 8050’; Great Sand Dunes National Monument,
Alamosa Co. uTAH: Bryce; Eureka; Stockton; Vineyard; Beaver Valley; Nebo Jct.; Belle-
vue, Washington Co., 2000’; Red Canyon Camp, 12 mi. S.E. of Panguitch, Garfield Co.,
7200’. NEVADA: Railroad Canyon, White Pine Co.; Baker; Kingston Camp, 7300’, 30 mi. S.
of Austin, Lander Co.; 40 mi. S.W. of Denio, Humboldt Co. CALIFoRNIA: Lassen Creek,
N. of Davis Creek, Modoc Co.; Lava Beds National Monument, Siskiyou Co.; Smoky
Valley, Tulare Co.; Walker Pass [Kern Co.]; Darwin and Lone Pine, Inyo Co.; Wright-
wood, 6100’, and Apple Valley, San Bernardino Co.; 12 mi. S.E. of Ivanpah, San Ber-
nardino Co.; Mountain Pass Station and Wheaton Springs, Ivanpah Mountains,
San Bernardino Co.; Keystone Canyon, New York Mountains, 5500’, San Bernardino
Co.; Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert (type of clarke); Morongo Valley and Granite
Wells [San Bernardino Co.]; Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co. ARIZONA:
Williams; Fort Defiance; Pinyon and Vernon, Apache Co.; Concho; Showlow and
Joseph City, Navajo Co.; Lake Mary, Tuba City, and Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; Mile 252,
Route 180, 6600’, near Ebert Mt., Coconino Co.; Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff;
Vail Lake Road, 6500’, 914 mi. S.E. of Flagstaff; Siate Mt. Loop Road, 6900’, 20 mi.
N.W. Flagstaff. NEw Mexico: Fort Wingate; Jemez Springs; Frijoles Canyon; Albuquer-
que; McGaffey, 7500’, Zuni Mts., McKinley Co.; Filmas Canyon. TEexAs: Fort Davis, Jeff
Davis Co.; Brewster Co. (Poling); Alpine, Brewster Co.; Basin, Big Bend National Park,
Brewster Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. In size, width of lines, shade of green and amount of green on
the hindwings, bistriaria is extremely variable from one area to another, but my efforts
to sort these into more than one species have not been successful. It appears that
integradation between these variant populations may always be found if one examines
enough material. The following is a discussion of those forms that may, with some
justification, be considered to represent recognizable subspecies. Only one of these,
clarkei Sperry, has been named.
1). Sierra Nevada and San Gabriel Mts., Calif. Specimens from Walker Pass
[Kern Co., 5250’] (CNC) and Wrightwood, 6100’, San Gabriel Mountains (YPM) are
very large (length of forewing about 16 mm) The coloring is normal but the lines of the
forewing are unusually wide and tend to be curved more than usual. Nine specimens
from Walker Pass and 11 from Wrightwood are so similar in these characters and so
different from neighboring populations in San Bernardino and Inyo Counties that they
appear to represent colonies of the same race. The male genitalia of Walker Pass
specimens (2 examined) seem disproportionately large, being almost twice the size
of those in normal bistriaria, but scarcely different otherwise.
2). The Mojave Desert of Calif. and adjacent arid regions, mostly at low elevations,
are occupied by the small, intensely colored form named clarkei by Sperry. The pattern
and the genitalia seem normal, but the forewing and area enclosed by the anal of the
hindwing tend to be a much deeper shade of green than is usual. Specimens with this
coloring from the Ivanpah and New York Mts., San Bernardino Co., are the smallest
bistriaria seen, but the type material of clarket is actually intermediate in size. Speci-
mens with the deep green clarkei coloring are also found farther north, in Inyo Co.;
I have seen examples from Lone Pine and Darwin, in the Owens Valley. There are also
numerous Clarkei-like specimens from Utah and Colo. (AMNH), with complete
integradation to normal bistriaria. Thus I have found it impossible to define clarkei
174 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
as a species, but should not be very surprised if future study reveals that it is one. Its
geography lacks something of the discreteness usually required of a subspecies.
3). In the San Bernardino Mts., Calif., there is a population characterized by moths
of very large size, like those of the San Gabriels or even larger, but in contrast to the
latter, the San Bernardino specimens have the lines of the forewing so reduced in width
that the moths have a strong superficial resemblance to Cheteoscelis pectinaria. The
female antennae, however, are clearly of the bistriaria type, as are the pale hindwings.
The genitalia are normal. In the AMNH there are 27 males and 4 females of this form
from the Upper Santa Ana River and Barton Flats, June 26 to July 12, 1946, 1948
(ex Sperry collection).
4). In the Big Bend region of Texas there is a small form (wing length of male
11-12 mm.) that also has narrow lines like pectinaria, but the pale hindwings and
dentate female antennae associate it with bistriaria. The few Texas specimens seen have
been exclusively of this form. Such specimens also occur in N.M. (Filmas Canyon;
Jemez Springs) in apparent contact with normal bistriaria, which I have also seen from
Jemez Springs [Sandoval Co.]. Too few specimens are available to allow a guess as to
what the relationship might be between these two forms in that area.
Examples of bistriaria from northern Ariz. tend to be small with the lines some-
what narrowed, suggesting a cline in the direction of the Texas form. What happens
at the precise boundary in Ariz. where bistriaria meets pectinaria remains to be
established. In all the material I have seen the character of the female antennae has
been diagnostic, with no hint of integradation.
Within the confines of San Bernardino Co., Calif., where three rather strikingly
divergent forms occur in a pattern that suggests ecological isolation, there is still a need
for discriminating field work to determine the true relationships.
FLicuT Pertop. In western Canada, June 26—July 31; northwestern states, June 6—Aug. 11,
but two records from Entiat, Wash. for May 9, 1934 (CNC); Colo., July 3-Aug. 4; Wal-
ker Pass, Calif., May 5; San Gabriel Mts., Calif., July 7-Aug. 4; San Bernardino Mts.,
Calif., June 26—July 12; Ariz., June 3-Aug. 31; N.M., June 18—July 25; Texas, May 19,
25, Aug. 30. Dates for the clarkei form from s. Calif., Apr. 19-May 31, with a few
taken in the Ivanpah Mts., Aug. 21, and one taken in the New York Mts., Sept. 3.
In collections there are a number of Utah specimens collected by ‘Tom Spalding bear-
ing dates as early as May 7 and as late as Sept. 2. At first I considered that such dates
should be verified, but since some of the Utah specimens are of the clarkei form, which
has a similar flight period in Calif., the dates may be correct.
Earty Sraces. The only published description of the larva is by Hulst (1888, pp.
193-194). He obtained the larvae from Bruce, presumably from Colo., although the
locality is not stated. They fed on the flowers of Solidago. In 1965, larvae of bistriaria
were reared from eggs by Mr. Robert W. Poole, who kindly supplied for examination
two of his specimens in alcohol (also the parent moth), now in the Franclemont
collection. This material came from Walnut Canyon, near Flagstaff, Ariz., and the larvae
fed on Helianthus flowers. These Ariz. larvae, although somewhat faded by the alcohol,
fit Hulst’s description, part of which I reproduce, as follows:
Head rounded, somewhat furrowed between the eyes. Color clay green, with scat-
tered dark flecks. All parts heavily rugose. Body considerably swollen just behind the
head, then the segments continuing nearly of the same size to the last. Ground color
of the whole, a dirty clay white; somewhat russet anteriorly on dorsum, with
dusky, irregular and broken markings below. The segments are ... very rugose
and as well ridged and tubercled. First there is on each a raised ridge on each side
of the dorsal line, not very distinctly marked with a small tubercle and hair point,
on the anterior portion of each segment. Then a supra-lateral ridge of tubercles, one
on each segment, angular, and somewhat extended backward, much after the
ordinary pattern of the larvae of Aplodes [Nemoria]. Each of these tubercles is
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE Ws
surmounted at the point by a smaller cylindrical tubercle, somewhat spiny haired
on sides, and with a single prominent spine on the summit. Laterally there are two
oblique ridges on each segment. The spiracles are marked by black points. The
[thoracic] legs are dusky in color, the [prolegs] are of the color of the body.
The larva has at the same time a very remarkable habit. After eating the
scales of the involucre of the flowers, it places the flowers upon the spines which
surmount the body on each side of the dorsum [at the tips of the dorsolateral
processes]. These soon drying, become distended, and thus the larva is thoroughly
hidden, as it absolutely resembles the ripening flower heads, for about all that is
visible is composed of them.
Neither Hulst nor Poole succeeded in getting their larvae to reach maturity as
these stopped feeding while not yet full grown. This indicates that they hibernate as
larvae, as do some of the species of Synchlora. Although of paler coloring, and with a more
heavily rugose and furrowed integument, the larva is extremely close in both structure
and habits to that of Synchlora (aerata group). The dorsolateral processes, or humps,
in Cheteoscelis are perhaps more prominent and triangular.
After the above was written I found a specimen in the YPM reared by Dr. C. L.
Remington in 1957 from a larva collected at Almont, Gunnison Co., Colo. It was in a
nest of the leaves of a Rosa species, pupated July 7, and produced an adult Aug. 7.
Remarks. I have personally collected bistriaria in only two places: Big Buffalo Creek,
at the northern edge of the White River Badlands, §.D., and near Big Timber, Mont.,
both plains habitats. The locality in S.D. was dry, rough, treeless prairie; that in Mont.
was in a rather lush growth of willow and cottonwood on Big Timber Creek. Helian-
thus and various similar Compositae were abundant in both areas.
Cheteoscelis pectinaria (Grossbeck)
Plate 23, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 38, figure 6; plate 48, figures 8,9.
Annemoria pectinaria Grossbeck, 1910, p. 202.
Cheteoscelis pectinaria Prout, 1912, p. 117. Barnes and McDunnough, 1912, pl. 24, fig. 21 (type);
1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932, p. 42, McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Dracnosis. Cheteoscelis pectinaria is a greener looking species with the usual lines
much reduced in width; it replaces bistriaria in southern Ariz. Although there are no
other structural characters that I have been able to find, this species may at once be
distinguished from bistriaria by the pectinate antennae of the female. The branches
are much shorter than those of the male, but still the antennae are decidedly pecti-
nate, not just dentate or serrate as in the female of bistriaria. There are populations of
bistriaria in the San Bernardino Mts., Calif., in N.M. and western Texas that also have
very narrow lines and which have been commonly misidentified as pectinaria, although
the character of the female antennae at once removes them from association with that
species.
Types. The name was based on one female type from Redington [Pima Co.], Ariz.,
now in the USNM (ex Barnes Collection). The type is in excellent condition.
SYNONYMY. None.
FurTHER Descrietion. Most of the description of bistriaria also applies to pectinaria
except that the antemedial and postmedial lines of the forewing are thinner and the
general coloring somewhat greener. The lines of the forewing are very narrow, often
176 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
slightly sinuous, usually distinct but the antemedial especially may be almost obsolete.
The costa shows less of a white margin than in bistriaria. The hindwing has darker
green shading towards the anal angle and this shading also extensively invades the
median space, which in bistriaria is nearly all white except for just a trace of green
before the postmedial. In pectinaria the underside, including the body, is also more
generally green, and the postmedial of the hindwing beneath is less distinct
Length of forewing: male, 10.5-14 mm; female, 12-15mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Like those of bistriaria.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Like those of bistriaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 57 males, 42 females, including type; 4 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Planet Mine, Bill Williams River, Yuma Co.; “Mojave Co.”;
Mayer, Yavapai Co.; Bloody Basin, Yavapai Co.; Oracle, Pinal Co.; Redington, Pima
Co.; Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co.; Sierra Vista and Paradise, Cochise Co.; S.W.
Research Station of the AMNH, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co.; Cave Creek Can-
yon, 5400’, Chiricahua Mts., Cochise Co.; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountain, Santa
Cruz Co.; Pefia Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.
There are specimens labeled Glenwood Springs, Colo., Oslar (in CNC and AMNH)
but this locality needs to be verified (see similar remarks under Synchlora frondaria
and Dichordophora phoenix). I am certain that these specimens of pectinaria actually
came from Ariz. but were mislabeled, perhaps not by Oslar but by someone who later
acquired them.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None in the material studied.
FiicuT Perron. Apr. 13 to May 29, June 15, and July 12 to Oct. 27.
Earty Staces. Unknown.
MEROCHLORA Prout
Merochlora Prout, 1912, p. 221.
Type Species. Nemoria (?) faseolaria Guenée, 1858 = Merochlora faseolaria (Guenée),
designated by Prout, 1912, p. 222.
ApDULT CHARACTERS. Medium sized moths, length of forewing 9 to 16 mm.; forewing
somewhat produced, longer than that of Synchlora, almost as pointed as in Cheteoscelis
and general shape very similar; color of forewing bright, deep green (faseolaria) or
pale green (graefiaria), lightly striated; hindwing contrastingly paler, becoming white
or nearly so toward costa; antemedials of both wings wanting; postmedial of forewing
whitish, not strong, regular, approximately parallel to outer margin or but slightly
oblique; postmedial of hindwing, if visible, curved subparallel to outer margin, costa
thinly margined with whitish or pink; discal spots wanting or faintly indicated in
green; termen and fringes concolorous and unmarked; abdomen mostly white, un-
marked.
Venation as in Cheteoscelis except that the anastomosis of Sc and R in the hind-
wing is even longer, continuing beyond the middle of the cell, whereas these veins
separate just about opposite the mid point of the cell in Cheteoscelis.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 177
Male antennae broadly bipectinate exactly as in Cheteoscelis, tapering uniformly
almost to the tips, which are simple; female antennae slender, slightly dentate or serrate,
roughly scaled; palpi of the sexes similar, of short to moderate length but slender, with
the third segment small and cylindrical, one quarter to one third as long as segment
two; eyes of male slightly larger than those of female, and the front correspondingly
narrower; front flat, quite strongly trapezoidal; tongue very slender, not as well developed
as in Synchlora or Cheteoscelis; hind tibiae of both sexes undilated, slender, with both
pairs of spurs, no terminal process.
Male genitalia almost exactly like those of Cheteoscelis but with the saccus less
enlarged and the coremata better developed. Faseolaria has a rounded valve like that of
Cheteoscelis, but graefiaria has a slender valve with concave costa, like that of most
Synchlora species.
Female genitalia with bursa copulatrix elongate, slender, delicately membranous,
not ribbed, straight, not bent at the middle as in Cheteoscelis; no signum; ductus bursae
short, meeting bursa just slightly subterminally; ostium simple, without sclerotized
structure.
LarvaAL Cuaracters. I have not seen a larva of Merochlora, but a long description of
faseolaria, with figures of egg, larva and pupa, was published by Comstock (1960, pp.
431-435). The larva is evidently much like that of Synchlora and Cheteoscelis but has
the lateral protuberances better developed and sharply triangular. The food plant was
Artemisia californica Lessing.
DisTRiBuTION. Merochlora is known only from limited areas in the west and southwest,
from extreme southern Idaho to northern Baja California.
Remarks. Only the two species are known and they are not especially close, differing
markedly in wing shape, coloring and male genitalia. However, certain characters in
the venation, palpi, legs and genitalia tie them together. Merochlora may always be
distinguished from Cheteoscelis by the two pairs of hind tibial spurs in both sexes.
Merochlora faseolaria (Guenée)
Plate 4, figure 1; plate 22, figures 5, 5a, 5b; plate 38, figure 7; plate 48, figures 10, 11.
Nemoria? faseolaria Guenée, 1858, p. 351. Packard, 1876, p. 375.
Chlorosea fasciolaria Hulst, 1886b, p. 141.
Annemoria faseolaria Hulst, 1896, p. 312. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299.
Merochlora faseolaria Prout, 1912, p. 222. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 101. Prout, 1933,
p- 71. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142.
Merochlora fasiolaria Comstock, 1960, pp. 431-435, figs. 7-9.
Chlorosea perviridaria Packard, 1876, p. 379, pl. 10, fig. 82.
Diacnosis. This is a species found only in the coastal region of Calif. from Sonoma Co.
southward. Superficially it much resembles Cheteoscelis pectinaria but of course has
two pairs of hind tibial spurs in both sexes, and the female does not have pectinate
antennae. The forewing is bright green, usually marked only by a thin postmedial, the
hindwing white with green shading towards anal angle, the fringes concolorous, the
front, fore tibiae and frequently also the costa pinkish, and the abdomen without red
markings. Faseolaria is the only green geometrid in Calif. that will fit this description.
Types. Faseolaria was described from one female from Calif. in the Boisduval collection.
I have been unable to determine its present location. Perviridaria was based on two
males and an unstated number of females (perhaps one) from Sanzalito [Sausalito,
178 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Marin Co.?], Calfifornia], June 27 to July 10 (Behrens).” Of these, a single specimen,
rubbed and without an abdomen, survives in the MCZ. It is still recognizable and I
designate it the lectotype.
SyNoNYMY. Perviridaria Packard is the only synonym and, as indicated above, I have
examined the type and consider it to be readily identifiable. Faseolaria I have not seen
but the present species is the only one known from Calif. that exactly fits Guenée’s
description.
FuRTHER DescripTION. Male antennae bipectinate with long branches, tapering beyond
the middle to the apical fifth, which is almost simple (slightly serrate); longest branches
equal to 6-7 times the diameter of shaft; female antennae slightly serrate and ciliate
beneath, rough scaled; male palpi small, somewhat variable in length (but this is
partly dependent upon their attitude in individual specimens), exceeding front up to
a distance equal in length to the lower margin of front; female palpi also variable
but generally a little longer than those of the male; hind tibiae of male and female
similar, undilated, bearing two pairs of spurs.
Antennal scales white, occasionally pink and white; interantennal fillet white, often
interspersed with luteous scales, green behind; front dull red to brownish; palpi similar
or tinged with rose (rarely green); legs with coxae and femora partly green, front and
middle femora with rose scaling on anterior edge, and fore and middle tibiae strongly
shaded with rose; legs otherwise whitish; underside of body whitish with some weak
green shading on ventral surface of abdomen near middle; upperside of thorax green,
concolorous with wings; upperside of abdomen white with some light green shading near
base.
Upperside of wing bright pea green, finely striated with white; the shade being
much more intense than in graefiaria and not as bluish as in Cheteoscelis. Antemedial
wanting or indicated only by a few isolated white scales (only two of the specimens ex-
amined had a more complete antemedial, and it was broadly dentate); postmedial
thin, white, slightly and evenly convex, often slightly dentate outwardly at the veins,
meeting inner margin at one half to two thirds the distance from base, and meeting
costa at three fourths to four fifths the distance from base; costa very thinly edged with
pink or with white, or sometimes green with no such edging; fringes green in basal half,
white outwardly; hindwing white with some greenish shading usually confined to region
near anal angle; both lines wanting or the postmedial indicated only as a vague boundary
separating the white proximal two thirds from the green shaded distal third; fringes of
hindwing faintly greenish. Some specimens have disconnected traces of a green terminal
line on the hindwing, and some have weak green discal spots on both wings. Underside
as above but hindwing with more extensive green scaling and forewing turning pale
towards inner margin.
Length of forewing: male, 9-13.5 mm; female 10-14 mm.
Mate GENITALIA. Very close to those of Cheteoscelis bistriaria, the main distinction
being the much less distended saccus. They differ from the genitalia of M. graefiaria
in several minor characters such as the shape of the valve and saccus, as references to
the figures will show.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Apparently indistinguishable from the female genitalia of M.
graefiaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 176 males, 46 females, including the type of perviridaria; 4 male,
2 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Petaluma, Sonoma Co.; Inverness, Marin Co.; San Leandro,
Alameda Co.; Oakland; Berkeley; Palo Alto; Half Moon Bay, San Mateo Co.; Carmel;
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 179
Monterey; Morro Bay; San Luis Obispo; Grover City; 2 mi. S. of Painted Cave, Santa
Barbara Co.; Santa Barbara; Ventura, Ventura Co.; Avalon, Santa Catalina Island,
Anacapa Island, and Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands; Live Oak Park; Los Angeles;
Pasadena; Beverly Hills; Santa Monica; Essex; Long Beach; Laguna Beach, Orange Co.;
Riverside; San Clemente; Del Mar; La Jolla; San Diego; La Mesa and Pine Valley,
San Diego Co. BAJA CALIFORNIA: 7 mi. N. of Colonia Guerrero, November 3, 1953, 1
male (AMNH).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The north-south variation in several characters is such that I
was at first led to suspect that two species were involved. However, more detailed study
indicates that this is continuous variation from one end of the range to the other.
Southern specimens tend to be small, northern ones larger. Long series available from
San Diego show a preponderance of very small specimens with a wing length scarcely
exceeding 10 mm. Specimens from the region of San Francisco commonly have a wing
length of 12 mm. or more in both sexes. A pink costa is more prevalent in northern
specimens from the San Francisco Bay area. In most San Diego Co. specimens the
costa is edged with whitish only; in some it is tinged with pink, in others entirely green.
Palpal length also varies, northern specimens of both sexes having slightly longer palpi
than southern ones. When two extremes are compared, this difference can be quite
impressive. Nine specimens from Santa Catalina Island, Sept. 20-Oct. 18, Feb. 17—May 1,
1929-33, collected by Don Meadows (USNM) appear similar in every way to those from
the nearby mainland.
FiicuT Periop. The data for southern Calif. indicate a flight period extending over most
of the year from Jan to Nov. with records for all months except Dec. Farther north, in
Marin Co., I have seen records only for the period from June 10 to July 4.
Earty Staces. The egg, larva and pupa of faseolaria were described and figured by
Comstock (1960, pp. 431-435). The larva, although basically Synchlora-like in structure,
manner of feeding, and in the habit of concealing itself by attaching fragments of plant
material to the spines of its dorsolateral protuberances, is nevertheless more distinctive in
form and markings than any other species of the tribe. The protuberances, described
by Comstock as triangular plates, are prominent and pointed, and are developed more
after the fashion of the processes found in Nemoria than are those of Synchlora or
Cheteoscelis. Also, the dorsolateral processes “are margined with light yellow bands
which are bordered by a fine brown stripe,” and laterally, on abdominal segments 1 to
5, there are contrasting oblique white dashes. Such markings are not like anything I
have seen in other geometrine larvae and would seem to be characteristic of Merochlora.
Merochlora graefiaria (Hulst)
Plate 4, figure 2; plate 22, figures 6, 6a, 6b; plate 38, figure 8; plate 48, figures 12-15.
Chlorosea graefiaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 123.
Annemoria graefiaria Hulst, 1896, p. 312. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299.
Cheteoscelis graefiaria Prout, 1912, p. 117.
Merochlora graefiaria Barnes and McDunnough, 1916b, p. 171; pl. 15, fig. 17; 1917a, p. 101.
Prout, 1933, p. 71. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142.
Merochlora eutraphes Prout, 1912, p. 222.
Dracnosis. Merochlora graefiaria is a southwestern species similar in structure and pat-
tern to faseolaria but much paler green, and in size averaging somewhat larger. Also,
in graefiaria the antemedial of the forewing is more often present (broadly dentate),
and the postmedial is quite wide, distinct, and regular, not dentate. The lines are
variable in width, however, and even the postmedial may be obsolete. The fore tibiae,
180 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
conspicuously rose colored in faseolaria, have only the faintest tinge of pink in graefi-
aria. In contrast to faseolaria, which has mainly a coastal Californian distribution,
graefiaria seems confined to the interior, being known only from the San Gabriels (one
record), the San Bernardinos and the Sierra Nevadas in Calif., “Nevada” (types only),
Utah, Colo., and Idaho.
Types. The types of graefiaria were two females from “Nevada, Coll. Graef. Tepper.”
One of these, which I hereby designate as the lectotype, is in the USNM (ex collections
Graef, Neumoegen), and is the specimen examined by Barnes and McDunnough
(1916b, p. 171). The second type is in the collection of the Department of Entomology,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, and I am indebted to Mr. Julian
P. Donahue for photographs of this specimen, which somehow had _ been mislabeled as
Eucrostis saltusaria, “Nevada,” “Type.” Like the lectotype, it is discolored and no
longer green, but I had no difficulty recognizing it from Mr. Donahue’s photographs.
The type of eutraphes, from Stockton, Utah, Aug. 2, 1907 (Spalding), is a male
in the BM (ex Prout collection). Prout designated an unstated number of cotypes in
the Grossbeck collection. I obtained a colored photograph of the holotype through
the courtesy of Mr. D. S. Fletcher and Mr. J. D. Bradley of the BM and have been able
to confirm its identity with reasonable certainty. It is still green and in good condition.
The type of eutraphes is one of those specimens in which the postmedial is not well
defined, but I have examined 17 other specimens from Stockton, Utah, including the
one figured by Barnes and McDunnough, and they show the normal variation.
Synonymy. Eutraphes Prout, discussed above, is the only synonym.
FURTHER Description. A detailed description seems unnecessary since graefiaria differs
from the much better known faseolaria mainly as indicated in the diagnosis. However,
the genitalia provide a sound structural basis for distinguishing the two as separate
species.
Length of forewing: male, 12-16 mm; female, 14.5-16 mm.
Mate GeEniTAiA. Usually distinguishable from the genitalia of faseolaria by the nar-
rower valve with its concave costa appearing well recessed beneath the swollen median
ventral valvular ridge (if the valves are spread well apart in preparation). Graefiaria
also with a better developed saccus which may be broadly rounded or somewhat pointed.
FEMALE GENITALIA. No apparent differences between graefiaria and faseolaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 267 males, 26 females, including lectotype of graefiaria; 4 male,
2 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. CALIFORNIA: Wrightwood, 6000’, San Gabriel Mountains, San Bernardino
Co. (a single male specimen, in the AMNH); Upper Santa Ana River and Barton Flats,
San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino Co. (230 specimens); Coleville and Mono
Lake, Mono Co.; Smoky Valley, Tulare Co., 6500’; Spauldings, Lassen Co. NEVADA:
types of graefiaria only, locality unknown. uTAH: Stockton; Vineyard; Eureka (all
collected by Tom Spalding). cotorapo: State Bridge, near Bond, 7000’, Eagle Co.,
June 23, 1961, 4 males (M. R. MacKay). mano: Twin Falls, June 10, 1943, one male
(J. R. Douglass).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None apparent in the material studied.
FLicHT Periop. June 17 to Sept. 13 in San Bernardino Co., Calif.; June 20 at Mono
Lake; June 19 to 29 in Tulare Co.; June 27 in Lassen Co.; May 31 to July 12 in Utah;
June 23 in Colo.; June 10 in Idaho.
Farty STAGEs. Unknown.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 181
Remarks. The only really large sample of this species that I have seen, and perhaps the
only large series ever collected, is the material that John L. Sperry collected in the
San Bernardino Mts. This is now mostly in the AMNH. Graefiaria seems to have a
peculiarly discontinuous distribution. Although it is in southern Calif., Utah, and even
reaches Colo., it is not known from Ariz. In recent years Dr. F. H. Rindge has collected
geometrids intensively in many localities in Utah and Nevada, but in all of his material
there is not a single example of graefiaria from either state. All the Utah records are old
Spalding specimens taken in the period from 1907 to 1914.
6. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE LOPHOCHORISTINI
Small to large species, wings rounded, not angulate but hindwing margin some-
what scalloped in the larger species of Lophochorista. Green pigment not as
readily fading as that of the Hemitheini, intensely colored, apparently similar to
that of the Nemoriini; wings generally with complex patterns of white and
brown. Venation and frenulum as in the Hemitheini, although a vestige of the
third anal is present in the hindwing of Lophochorista. Antennae bipectinate
in male, simple or bipectinate in female; abdomen tufted or untufted; hind
tibia of male strongly and abruptly swollen toward distal end.
Male genitalia compact, rather strongly sclerotized, with the valves rounded,
each bearing a strong mesial sclerite that varies in form and provides a good
character for distinguishing the species; uncus well developed, stout, pointed;
socil as long or longer than uncus, slender, semi-rigid; gnathos highly character-
istic, entire, strongly developed, the distal tooth long, blunt, curved posteriorly
almost parallel to uncus; transtilla a large thin plate; juxta variable; saccus
produced, rounded; aedeagus variable, of the slender hemitheine type in Eueana,
short, stout, and containing a large spine in Lophochorista; eighth sternite with
one or two posterior marginal processes (Lophochorista) or unmodified (Eue-
ana).
Female genitalia without any unusual characters and suggesting those of
the Hemitheini more than anything else, those of Eueana almost as in Chloro-
chlamys. Bursa stout, subglobose or pear-shaped, with a small signum; genital
plate consisting of the usual two elements—a preostial pouch and a postostial
plate, well sclerotized in Lophochorista (ockendeni) but not in Eweana
The larva is known only for Euweana and it is clearly of the hemitheine
type, not at all as in the Nemoriini or Synchlorini.
LOPHOCHORISTA Warren
Lophochorista Warren, 1904a, p. 22.
Type Species: Racheospila calliope Druce, 1892 = Lophochorista calliope (Druce),
designated by Warren, 1904, p. 22.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Size small (lesteraria) to rather large (ockendeni); wing shape
normal, rounded, but with a tendency for the outer margin of the hindwing to be
scalloped, or at least shallowly emarginate between veins M, and M,; wings rather
182
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 183
thinly scaled, quickly turning subhyaline as the moths become worn, unlike Eueana;
color bright, pure green or bluish green, often with elaborate markings of white, and
light and dark brown, derived from exaggeration of the antemedial and postmedial
lines; antemedials of both wings very wide, whitish or pale brown; postmedials irregular
or sinuous, whitish, followed by a brown shade that is basically a dark brown patch in
the tornus (both wings but strongest on the forewing), but may extend as a more diffuse
or patchy brown postmedian shade all the way to the costa; subterminal area variable,
often with much white shading; discal spots weak, whitish, or wanting; costa pale,
often with some green; terminal line weak, interrupted, green or brown; fringes variable,
in general concolorous with adjacent parts of the wing; dorsal side of thorax brown
with green and white tegulae, metathorax tufted; dorsal side of abdomen also shaded
with brown and with prominent crests on segments two, three, and four.
Forewing with R, arising exactly opposite end of cell in specimen examined
(calliope), R + M, stalked, M, + Cu, arising separately, third anal very weak; hind-
wing with Sc and R fused for a short distance, R + M, with a long stalk, M, + Cu, with
a very short stalk, third anal present but vestigial.
Antennae of both sexes bipectinate with very long branches, tapering and becoming
merely ciliate in the outer third; palpi slender, in male very short, not exceeding front,
third joint small, in female third joint greatly elongated, longer than joint two, cylindri-
cal; eyes large, similar in the two sexes; front about as wide as high at the top, but with
the sides converging ventrally; tongue variable, moderate in some species, well developed
in others; hind tibia of male as in Eueana, clavate, abruptly and strongly dilated in
distal half, produced somewhat beyond articulation of tarsus, with the distal spurs only,
and heavily clothed with long scales on the inner side of the dilated end in the generotype,
but not in lesteraria or diversata; hind tibia of female undilated or but slightly so,
also with only the distal pair of spurs, which are quite short and stout; hind tarsus of
male just slightly more than half the total length of the adjoining tibia, of the female
almost as long as tibia in the species examined.
Male genitalia hardly differing from those of Eueana. Uncus, tegumen, and vin-
culum forming a splindle-shaped unit; uncus stout, pointed; socii semimembranous but
rigid, about as long as uncus; gnathos entire, heavy, terminating in a long blunt process
directed backward almost parallel to uncus; transtilla a very large, subquadrate plate
occupying nearly all of the space between the sides of the tegumen, its posterior margin
convex or but slightly emarginate; juxta shallowly cup-shaped (calliope) or with a
papilliform process (lesteraria, etc.); saccus quite produced, rounded; valve short,
rounded, with a prominent mesial sclerite that may be in the form of a long, curved
spine (lesteraria, diversata), or an obliquely transverse, bilobed plate with dentate outer
margin (calliope); aedeagus short, stout, containing a large, tooth-like spine; eighth
sternite with a pair of posterior marginal processes or a single large one.
For representative material of the female genitalia of Lophochorista, I have had
available only a specimen of ockendeni Druce from Venezuela. These proved to be of
the same basic type as in the Hemitheini, with a pear-shaped bursa narrowing to a
rather extended, heavily sclerotized “neck region” but, as in Eueana, there is a small
signum; ductus bursae entering bursa terminally, short, stout, lying behind a large
overlapping fold in the intersegmental membrane; well developed preostial pouch also
present and covered by the intersegmental fold; postostial plate small, subquadrate,
sclerotized; eighth sternite with an unusually strong pair of brush-like pads (of scales)
flanking the postostial plate, similar to those found in Xerochlora, these usually re-
moved in dissection.
LARVAL CHARACTERS. Unknown.
DistTRiBuTION. Neotropical and Mexican, with one species known from Arizona.
Remarks. Lophochorista is a small but seemingly well differentiated genus, to which I
assign six recognized species, as follows:
1. Racheospila calliope Druce, 1892 = Lophochorista calliope (Druce). Mexico, Guate-
mala.
184 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
2. Racheospila ockendent Druce, 1911 = Lophochorista ockendeni (Druce). Northern
South America (including klagesi Prout and orthorisma Prout, 1933, described as
subspecies, which I have not examined).
3. Lophochorista sp., undescribed. Mexico.
4. Progonodes diversata Dyar, 1912 = Lophochorista diversata (Dyar). New combina-
tion. Mexico.
5. Synchlora lesteraria Grossbeck, 1910 = Lophochorista lesteraria (Grossbeck). New
combination. Arizona.
Lophochorista lesteraria (Grossbeck), new combination
Plate 24, figures 1, la, 1b, lc; plate 48, figures 16, 17.
Synchlora lesteraria Grossbeck, 1910, p. 203. Barnes and McDunnough, 1912, pl. 23, fig. 11.
Racheospila lesteraria Prout, 1912, pp. 110, 114.
Oospila lesteraria Barnes and McDunnough, 1916b, p. 171; 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1932, p. 55.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Dracnosis. This is a rare species of which only 4 specimens are known, all from Arizona.
The only other species in the United States that looks like this is Eweana niveociliaria
from Florida, but lesteraria has close congeneric relatives in Mexico. One of these,
Lophochorista diversata (Dyar) is so close that it could easily be confused with lesteraria,
but there are distinguishing characters in the male genitalia that may be seen in the
accompanying genitalic figures of the types. Lesteraria also is somewhat less heavily
marked with white and brown than diversata, and much less so that the generotype,
calliope. ‘The postmedial line is indistinct, almost obsolete, in lesteraria, thin but complete
in diversata. The species of Lophochorista, unlike Eueana, have an antemedial line
on both wings, and it is a wide whitish or pale brown band, occupying most of the
basal area.
Types. Described from two males from “South Arizona, May 1-15 and Santa Catalina
Mts., Pinal Co., Arizona.” I hereby designate as lectotype the former, figured by Barnes
and McDunnough (1912, pl. 23, fig. 11) and now in the USNM (ex Barnes Collection).
The specimen from the Santa Catalina Mts. is in the AMNH.
Synonymy. None.
FurRTHER Description. (based on male only, female unknown). Antenna broadly
bipectinate, widest at segments 6-10, then narrowing gradually to tip; longest branches
equal to 3-4 times diameter of shaft, which is heavily scaled above and looks thicker than
it is; front level with eyes, flat; palpi minute, slender, not exceeding front; legs as
described for genus.
Antennal scales whitish, branches yellowish; interantennal fillet and entire top of
head white to cream colored; front with a mixture of whitish and smoky brown scales;
palpi tinged with pinkish brown; legs cream colored to light brown; most of the first
pair and femora of the second and third pairs dusted with a few pink scales; underside
of thorax and abdomen whitish; upperside of thorax green with a broad median longi-
tudinal stripe of brown, as wide as the head, palest anteriorly and at the edges, becoming
crested on the metathorax, and projected backwards to segment 4 of the abdomen;
abdominal segments 2, 3 and 4 with prominent brown dorsal tufts, caudad of which the
abdomen is whitish.
Wings above bright green of a somewhat bluish hue, unstriated; postmedial lines
faint and incomplete, waved, whitish where visible; antemedial almost erect and slightly
concave; space between basal and antemedial lines of both wings occupied by a much
expanded pale brown antemedial band that fades out before costa. The postmedial
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 185
curves well inward in the inner third of both wings to accommodate large brown patches
in the anal angles. These patches are pale brown but each contains an irregular spot
or band of blackish brown scales toward the outer edge. Similar but much smaller
brown patches are repeated on both wings at the intersections of the postmedial and
vein M,. The entire median space is clear green without discal spots or other markings.
Costa feebly margined with pale brownish, almost white; middle of outer margin of
forewing with a few indistinct subterminal rows of white scales; fringes green with a
mixture of white scales. Underside paler, most markings obsolete but with a pale basal
area before the antemedial of the hindwing, and a less intense repetition of the brown
patch in the tornus of the forewing.
Length of forewing: male, 12 mm.
Mate GENITALIA. These differ from the genitalia of diversata mainly in the smaller size
of the big spines on the valve and in the aedeagus, and in the form of the process on
the eighth sternite. In lesteraria this process is pointed; in diversata it is rather broadly
truncated, with the tip slightly incised. The genitalia of diversata and lesteraria both
differ from those of calliope in the shape of the large valvular sclerite and the eighth
sternite, the latter bearing a pair of short pointed processes in calliope.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Not examined (female unknown).
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 4 males; 2 male slides, including lectotype. In addition to the type,
there are two unspread specimens in the USNM, one without locality, the other labeled
Baboquivari Mts.
DISTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: “South Arizona” (lectotype); Santa Catalina Mountains, Pinal
Co.; Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
Fricnt Prriop. The only information available is on the label of the specimen from
the Baboquivari Mts. This states: “1-15 June, 1924. O.C. Poling, Coll.”
Farty Staces. Unknown.
EUEANA Prout
Eueana Prout, 1912, p. 202.
Tyre Species. Eucrostis niveociliaria WHerrich-Schiffer, 1870 = Eueana_ niveociliaria
(Herrich-Schaffer), monobasic.
ApuLttT Cuaracrers. Small moths, length of forewing 8.5 to 12.5 mm., females con-
siderably larger than males; wings broad and rounded, shaped as in Synchlora aerata,
opaque; color bright, intense, bluish-green; lines white, thin, well defined, irregular,
antemedial of hindwing wanting; costa and subterminal area variably marked with
whitish and pinkish brown, with diffuse concentrations of brown scales in the anal
angles of both wings, the general pattern of markings suggesting that of Lophochorista
except for the reduction of the antemedial; discal spots thin, white; terminal line weak,
dark, interrupted; fringes whitish; thorax and first abdominal segment green with a
broad whitish dorsal stripe, abdomen otherwise mostly white; metathorax and abdomen
not tufted or crested.
186 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Venation as in the Hemitheini except that R, branches off well beyond the end
of the cell in the forewing; R + M, of forewing short stalked, M, and Cu, branching just
before end of cell, third anal obsolescent; in hindwing Sc and R fused for a short dis-
tance, R + M, with a very long stalk, M, and Cu, branching before end of cell, third
anal completely wanting; frenulum present in male, wanting in female.
Antenna of male stout, broadly bipectinate almost to the tip, which is merely ciliate;
antenna of female simple but rather stout, compressed, ciliate beneath in the usual way;
palpi of male short, only slightly exceeding front, joint three conical; palpi of female
much elongated, joint three one and one-half times as long as joint two, cylindrical;
eyes of male slightly larger than those of female, and the sides of the front more con-
vergent ventrally; width of front at the top only slightly less than its height; tongue
rather small; hind tibia of male abruptly and strongly dilated in distal half as in
Lophochorista, produced well beyond base of tarsus, bearing only the apical spurs, of
which the anterior one is slender, the posterior one stouter; hind tibia of female un-
dilated, normal, also bearing only the apical spurs, which are equal in thickness
although the anterior one is shorter; hind tarsus of male about one half the total length
of the adjoining tibia; of the female, longer than one half the length of the tibia.
Male genitalia similar to those of Lophochorista; uncus stout, pointed; socii are
semimembranous flaps, longer than uncus; gnathos quite heavy, often erect, with a
rounded distal process; transtilla very large, thin and delicate, prominently bilobate
posteriorly; juxta a semi-circular plate, almost flat, not conical or cup-shaped; saccus
quite distended, rounded; valve rather simple except for a distinctive, transverse,
comb-like, dentate sclerite just beyond the middle; aedeagus elongate, simple, of the
hemitheine type; eighth sternite unmodified, shallowly emarginate.
Female genitalia as in the Hemitheini, rather simplified, very close to those of
Chlorochlamys or Xerochlora.
Larva CuHaracrers. Larva of the same type as in the Hemitheini, slender and twig-like,
with the same conical processes on head and prothorax as in Chlorissa, Mesothea and
Hethemia. It scarcely differs from that of Hethemia except in having a lateral pair of
large, double, granulated humps on abdominal segment two. Further description is
given under the species.
DistrizuTion. The single included species is known only from Cuba and southern
Florida.
Remarks. Eueana is apparently an isolated Antillean derivative from the same stock
that gave rise to Lophochorista. The two genera hardly differ except in certain minor
characters such as those of the venation, wing pattern, thoracic and abdominal tuft-
ing and the female antennae. Earlier, I had thought that the male genitalia were
more distinct, but an investigation of various species of Lophochorista revealed that the
true calliope (Druce) also possesses, in somewhat different form, an obliquely trans-
verse sclerite in the middle of the valve almost certainly homologous to that of Eueana.
The most obvious superficial difference between Eueana and Lophochorista is found
in the character of the antemedial line. Eueana has this line on the forewing only,
and it is thin and normal; Lophochorista apparently always has the antemedial on both
wings and it is very wide, occupying most of the basal area.
Prout (1933) included in Eueana a second species, eucrines Prout, from Bolivia, but
I suspect that it belongs elsewhere.
Eueana niveociliaria (Herrich-Schaffer)
Plate 4, figure 4; plate 24, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 39, figure 1; plate 48, figures 18-20.
Eucrostis niveociliaria Herrich-Schiaffer, 1870, p. 182; 1871, p. 46. Gundlach, 1881, p. 384.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 187
Eucrostes niveo-ciliaria Anonymous, 1895, p. 77.
Racheospila niveociliaria Dyar, 1908a, p. 171.
Phorodesma niveociliaria Dyar, 1908b, p. 35.
Eueana niveociliaria Prout, 1912, p. 202. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933,
p. 69. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142, Kimball, 1965, p. 165.
Eucrostis saltusaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 122.
Racheospila saltusaria Hulst, 1896, p. 314. Dyar, 1900b, p. 118, (larva and food plant); 1902
[1903], p. 300. Holland, 1903, p. 336, pl. 43, fig. 20.
Dracnosis. Eueana niveociliaria is a small to medium sized species of southern Florida
and the West Indies, of a slightly bluish, deep green shade with white or pinkish white
markings. An irregular pale terminal band on both wings, inwardly dentate, usually
expanding into a large patch in the anal angles, is perhaps the most characteristic
feature. Lines distinct or obsolete, almost dentate, postmedials nearer margin at middle
than at either end; antemedial of hindwing wanting; costa white dusted with pink; dis-
cal spots white, compressed, that of forewing connected with costa; male genitalia with
a transverse comb-like structure on the valve that is diagnostic; female genitalia as in
Chlorochlamys; larva typical of the tribe Hemitheini. Although niveociliaria resembles
certain species of Lophochorista that occur in Mexico and Arizona, there are no known
sympatric species with which it might be confused.
Types. Niveociliaria was described from Havana, Cuba. I do not know whether the type
material still exists. Saliwsaria was described from two males and two females from Fla.
(no locality specified), “Coll. Hy. Edwards, Neumoegen, Hulst.” Holland (1903, p. 336)
said that he collected the type of saltusaria on the upper waters of the St. Johns River,
and figured a male stated to be the type. This is open to question as his name was not
mentioned in the original description as it was in connection with Eucrostis hollandaria
Hulst. I do not know the present location of the male figured by Holland, although
it may be at the Carnegie Museum. In the AMNH there are two female types of saltus-
aria from Indian River, Fla. One is labeled ‘Collection G. D. Hulst,” the other, ‘Col-
lection Henry Edwards.” The latter is in better condition and bears an AMNH “Type”
label. I hereby designate this specimen as the lectotype.
SYNONYMY. Since a recognizable lectotype exists there is now no doubt about the
identity of saltusaria. Any uncertainty that might exist relates to the identification of
niveociliaria, as the type of this is unavailable. When I read the original description I
found no reason to doubt that Herrich-Schiffer’s species and saltusaria were the same.
There are Cuban specimens in the USNM and although these look a little different from
Floridian ones, they have the same genitalia. The differences are presumably subspecific.
FuRTHER DEscRIPTION (see also generic definition). Scales of antennal shaft entirely
white or cream colored in male, marked with intersegmental bands of red in female;
interantennal fillet and collar (post-antennal space) white with a thin row of mixed
red and green scales separating them; front bright green with a pale edging at the
bottom; palpi reddish dorsally, pale ventrally; first pair of legs with femur, tibia and
tarsi dull rose or pale reddish brown anteriorly, second pair with a suggestion of the
same coloring; legs otherwise whitish; underside of thorax and abdomen cream colored;
upperside of thorax and first abdominal segment green, with a longitudinal spindle-
shaped whitish mesial configuration matching in color the pinkish white markings
of the wings; remaining abdominal segments whitish but usually with paired subdorsal
green spots on segments 2-4, not cristate.
Wings above deep green, with a bluish shade in most Florida specimens; markings
white, partly dusted with pinkish scales but with the usual lines pure white. Near the
base of the forewing with a straight, erect basal line between inner margin and costa;
antemedial of forewing almost erect at inner margin but undulating at Cu and R;
basal line and antemedial wanting on hindwing; postmedials of both wings angled
quite sharply at the veins, almost dentate, approaching closest to outer margins be-
188 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
tween veins M, and Cu,, then turning quite abruptly inward above and below to meet
costa and inner margin about two-thirds of the distance from the base; discal spots
very compressed, crescentic, that of the forewing adjoining the pale costal zone; outer
area of both wings with an irregularly delimited, inwardly dentate white margin,
widest between R,; and M,, and beyond this a thin, interrupted dark red or green
terminal line. The anal angle of both wings, between the postmedial and outer margin,
may be occupied by a large patch of white, variably dusted or mottled with darker
shades including pink, red, green, light brown and dark brown. The dark colors
predominate in Cuban examples but Florida specimens tend to have the anal patches
pinkish, or lacking altogether. Veins beyond the postmedials often outlined with white;
costa very broadly margined with white and dusted with pink and dark red scales;
fringes with basal half pure white, distal half grayish. Underside very pale, almost white,
with little contrast between white and green areas; costa of forewing broadly shaded
with pink.
Length of forewing: males, 8.5-10 mm; females 12.5 mm.
Mate Geniraia. Characterized by a toothed, transverse sclerite across the middle of
the valve. For further detail refer to generic description.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of Chlorochlamys (see generic description).
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 17 males, 6 females from Fla.; 3 males from Cuba. Slides: 5 male,
1 female. Larvae: 1 inflated specimen.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Big Pine Key; Key Largo and Key Vaca, Monroe Co.; Tavernier,
Monroe Co.; Matheson Hammock, Dade Co.; Miami; Palm Beach; Lake Worth
(more correctly, Palm Beach, according to Kimball, 1965, p. 12); Indian River.
CUBA: Baracoa; Santiago de Cuba.
I have seen specimens from all the Florida localities that have been reported
and there seem to be no recent records from anywhere north of Dade Co. It would
seem to be well established and perhaps locally common in the region of Monroe
Co. and the Florida Keys.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Florida specimens appear slightly more bluish and have
less of a tendency to show well developed brown patches in the anal angles than the
nominate form from Cuba. There is probably much variation in both populations
that should be better understood before the name saltusaria is applied in a sub-
specific sense. Floridian examples range all the way from those that are extremely
well marked with the characteristic pinkish white maculation to those that are
almost immaculate.
FiicnHt Prriop. Jan. 5; Feb. 4; Apr. “4-9”; Aug. 16; Sept. 17, 21; Oct. 6, 12; Nov.
4-19; “Dec., 1898”. The five records for Nov. are more than for any other month.
Earty Sraces. Dyar described these in detail from material he collected at Palm
Beach, Fla., (as Racheospila saltusaria, 1900b, p. 118). He found and reared larvae
on Krugidendron ferreum (as Condalia ferreum), and an inflated larva that he
prepared still survives in good condition in the USNM. The larva is long and
slender, without the lateral protuberances that characterize the Nemoriini and Syn-
chlorini. In form it is strikingly similar to the larva of Hethemia pistasciaria, having
the head deeply cleft with two high conical points and matching prothoracic humps.
The latter are closely appressed and appear as one, except toward the extreme apex;
in Hethemia the prothoracic humps are separated. The larva of Eueana is further
distinguished by double lateral humps, blackish and rough textured, on the second
abdominal segment. A very minute suggestion of similar markings is repeated on
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 189
segment 6, which also has a subdorsal pair of blackish conical tubercles, none of which
are present in Hethemia. Dyar stated that the larva was “leaf green, minutely white
frosted with dense granules, part of them green; a series of small dorsal intersegmental
black-vinous streaks with whitish frosted edges’. He said that it is a remarkable
mimic of the young twigs of the food plant, the same kind of observation that
impressed me when I reared Hethemia pistasciaria.
7. SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE TRIBE HEMITHEINI
Generally small species, with a trend in most genera toward pointed forewings
and angulate hindwings; green pigment unstable, readily fading or discoloring,
color not as bright as in other tribes, often olivaceous. Venation without distinc-
tive features and almost exactly as in the Nemoriini except that the third anal
of the hindwing appears to be always lacking; hindwing with Sc and R touching
at a point only, fused or unfused; frenulum present in male, wanting in
female.
Male genitalia with uncus well developed, usually long and pointed;
socii unusually well developed in the American species, often as large or larger
than uncus and of similar form, rigidly sclerotized but usually somewhat move-
able; gnathos weak, often incomplete, without a distal tooth; aedeagus simple,
linear, without special internal structures but frequently with small marginal
teeth toward distal end; eighth sternite simple, or with posterior margin pro-
duced to form a pointed process that may be single or double. Female genitalia
with characteristic development of the structures comprising the genital plate,
either of which may be delicately membranous, thickened and semi-rigid, or
sclerotized; no signum.
Larva simple, linear, twig-like, with no suggestion of the dorso-lateral pro-
tuberances of the Nemoriini and Synchlorini; head commonly bifid, produced
dorsally as two conical points. Mesothea and Hethemia are foliage feeders;
the species of Chlorochlamys, like the Synchlorini, are flower feeders, mostly on
Compositae.
Kry To GENERA OF THE TRIBE HEMITHEINI
Pvidles antennae simples CistriptUutiOm yea Stet were reteletepe eleteteveleretereieteoeiclet=)ofehersteroteltenele Hethemia
Male antennae bipectinate or at least appearing heavily serrate; widely distributed ...... 2
2. Male antennae not bipectinate in the usual way, but with very short, stubby, ciliate or
pubescent branches; Canada, northern states, Rocky Mts. only; diurnal ......... Mesothea
Male antennae bipectinate with normal branches; mostly more southern or widespread;
TUCOCEUIETL ACS faster che eiete te: = sscs <<.5. a oveyans’ nus 5, <Guorbleeeico celle Leeuw tote uskes ene. 6 sabe 10 'areie ley oekeuele ekele Orci nee ate 3
3. Fringes and termen marked with brown; hindwing strongly angulate .. Chloropteryx, in part
Fringes and termen not so marked; hindwing rounded or but slightly angulate ......... 4
190
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 191
4, Male antennae with short pectinations, their length not exceeding twice thickness of
shaft; pale costal border with or without fine sprinkling of brown scales; desert regions
COLNE PSOULEITWESEs aerate ee oleate RET Oo Siats oe Bias Brava ce eR lete clone sudharstaeiow Mave cutie Xerochlora
Male antennae with long pectinations, the longest at least equal to 4 times thickness
of shaft; pale costal border never with sprinkling of brown scales; widespread .......... 5
5. Postmedial of forewing weak, interrupted, offset; female palpi exceeding front by three
guarters of their total) length;,S: Fla. and Antilles) .................0. Chloropteryx paularia
Postmedial of forewing strong, complete, well defined, often nearly straight, regular or
at least not offset; female palpi exceeding front by half their total length or less;
widespread; some polymorphism in the southwest, with green, brown and whitish
LOHR vedic sete geeee nd cade One BODE Regus DO OMOMU EC Cannnorban Us cacdioRiOO.cOnre Chlorochlamys
CHLOROCHLAMYS Hulst
Chlorochlamys Hulst, 1896, p. 312.
Type Species. Nemoria chloroleucaria Guenée, 1858 = Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria
(Guenée), designated by Hulst, 1896, p. 312.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Rather small moths, forewing length 7-11.5 mm., females only
slightly larger than males; wings quite rounded, not produced at the apices, not
angulate, outer margin of forewing never concave below apex; wings opaque, scales
very wide, especially near base of forewing; color dull bluish green, olivaceous, or
yellowish green, pinkish brown, or cream, readily fading, with or without whitish
striation; costa pale, not irrorated with dark scales as in Chloropteryx or Xerochlora;
lines whitish or yellowish, normal, complete except that antemedial of hindwing is
wanting; discal spots wanting; terminal line usually wanting; fringes essentially con-
colorous, unmarked; abdomen with a vague pale dorsal stripe or unmarked.
Veins Sc and R, of forewing united for part of their length; R + M, of forewing
slightly stalked; third anal of forewing lost; venation otherwise as in allied genera;
frenulum well developed in male, wanting in female.
Antenna of male broadly bipectinate for basal three quarters, tapering and
becoming simple towards the tip; length of longest pectinations 4 to 6 times thickness
of shaft; antenna of female simple, slender, ciliate beneath; palpi normal, those of
female either as in male (phyllinaria) or distinctly longer with the third segment
cylindrical; eyes of the sexes similar or nearly so; front about as wide across the top
as it is high, with the sides convergent towards the bottom; tongue smaller than in
Chloropteryx or Xerochlora; hind tibia of male moderately dilated, flattened or
somewhat prismatic, with a large hair pencil (commonly recessed), the apical spurs
only, and a well developed apical process; hind tarsus not as abbreviated as in
Chloropteryx; hind tibia of female undilated and with two pairs of spurs.
Male genitalia with gnathos completely fused to tegumen at bases of socii; trans-
tilla with a large cone- or funnel-shaped structure which may overlie the juxta or be
caudad of it; juxta shallowly pouch- or cup-shaped; female genitalia with or without
a sclerotized postostial plate and preostial pouch, the latter appearing bowl- or crescent-
shaped; these structures often connected or encircled by folds in the integument;
ductus bursae does not adjoin exactly at the apex of the bursa copulatrix but
slightly to one side.
Larva Cuaracters. Chlorochlamys has a simple green larva with the conical processes
of the head and prothorax present but much less developed than in Hethemia
pistasciaria or Mesothea. The shape of the body is also different, being shorter,
192 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
stouter, and tapering from the posterior end forward, without the highly developed
protective resemblance to twigs of the food plant. Like the Synchlorini, the species
of Chlorochlamys are often flower feeders, but do not conceal themselves with attached
pieces of plant debris.
DistripuTion. Chlorochlamys is distinctly North American, with no known species
elsewhere. The generotype, chloroleucaria, probably has the distinction of being dis-
tributed through more biotic zones than any other American geometrine, occurring
from Cape Breton Island to southern Mexico. Triangularis is a corresponding western
species, mainly west of the continental divide, and the two others occur across the
southern part of the continent from California to the Gulf of Mexico.
Remarks. I restrict Chlorochlamys to a small group of four closely related species,
three of which are extremely similar and the fourth (phyllinaria) somewhat different.
One species, appellaria, is regularly polymorphic, with green and brown forms. These
four species had been treated as ten in the previous literature, so it is not surprising
that identifications in virtually all collections have been hopelessly confused. Chloro-
leucaria had been described under no less than seven different names and phyllinaria
under five.
Key to the Species of Chlorochlamys
1. Postmedials usually quite convex, slightly waved; ground color not distinctly striated
or irrorated with whitish; female palpi short, normally exceeding front by only one
third their total length; mostly southern, Gulf States and Mo. to Calif. ........ phyllinaria
Postmedials straight or but slightly convex, regular; ground color striated or irrorated
with whitish; female palpi longer, normally exceeding front by one half their total
length; widespread, Canada to Mexico .... chloroleucaria, triangularis, appellaria (see tables)
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria (Guenée)
Plate 5, figure 1; plate 24, figures 4, 4a, 4b, 5, 5a, 5b; plate 25, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 39, figure
2; plate 48, figures 21-26.
Nemoria chloroleucaria Guenée, 1858, p. 351. Walker, 1861, p. 534. Hulst, 1880a, p. 78 (larva);
1886b, p. 141; 1895, p. 71
Eucrostes chloroleucaria Packard, 1876, p. 370; pl. 10, fig. 77. Goodell, 1880, p. 235. Hulst, in
Smith, 1891, p. 67.
Eucrostes chloroleucaria Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 488.
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Hulst, 1896, p. 312. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299. Hulst, in Smith,
1903, p. 71. Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout 1933, p. 62.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Dethier, 1942, pp. 231-233, pls. 15, 17. Jones and Kimball, 1943,
p- 108. Forbes, 1948, p. 115. Sperry, 1951, p. 51. Ferguson, 1954, p. 290. Comstock, 1960, p.
435 (partim).
Nemoria indiscriminata Walker, 1862, p. 1556. Packard, 1876, p. 375 (reproduced original de-
scription). Hulst, 1886b, p. 141; 1895, p. 71 (as synonym of chloroleucaria).
Eucrostis indiscriminata Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67.
Chlorochlamys indiscriminata McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Kimball, 1965, p. 164.
Nemoria ? densaria Walker, 1862, p. 1557. Packard, 1876, p. 375 (reproduced original descrip-
tion).
Nemoria densaria Hulst, 1886b, p. 141; 1895, p. 71 (as synonym of chloroleucaria).
Eucrostis densaria Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67.
Chlorochlamys densaria Prout, 1933, p. 62.
193
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE
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PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
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REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 195
Thalassodes deprivata Walker, 1862, p. 1559. Packard, 1876, p. 396 (reproduces original descrip-
tion).
Sued deprivata Hulst, 1886b, p. 141; im Smith, 1891, p. 67; 1895, p. 71 (in synonymy of
chloroleucaria).
Geometra desolataria Herrich-Schaffer, 1870, p. 182; 1871, p. 46. Gundlach, 1881, p. 385. Anony-
mous, 1895, p. 68. New synonymy.
Chlorochlamys desolataria Prout, 1933, p. 62 (as synonym of densaria).
Eucrostis rectilinea Zeller, 1872, p. 480. Prout, 1912, p. 177 (as synonym of chloroleucaria).
Aplodes flavilineata Riley, 1870, p. 205. New synonymy.
Synchlora aerata flavilineata Prout, 1932, p. 41.
Dracnosis. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria may be distinguished from other eastern Geo-
metrinae by the gray-green coloring that quickly fades to yellowish, the wide cream
colored lines and costa, pale terminal line and fringes, rusty orange or yellowish
front, and broadly pectinate male antennae. The size and wing shape are about
like Synchlora aerata but the shade of green is not nearly so bright, the lines are
much wider, more nearly straight, and cream colored rather than white, and the
male has only one pair of spurs on the hind tibia. Chloroleucaria has no antemedial
on the hindwing, no discal spots, and no distinctive abdominal markings. It is the
only species of Chlorochlamys east of the Rocky Mts. except where it overlaps with
phyllinaria across the southern states and with appellaria in southern Texas. For
further detail consult the character tables provided for the genus Chlorochlamys.
Types. Of chloroleucaria, “Amérique septentrionale. Deux ¢, deux @. Coll. Mus.
et Gn.” I have not determined whether any of these four specimens still exist. There
appears to be no type material in the USNM, and according to Viette (1950) there
is nothing considered to be a type at Paris. Guenée’s description clearly fits this
species and his types were probably Abbot specimens from Georgia.
The type of indiscriminata is a female in the BM, collected by Doubleday in
East Florida, presumably at St. Johns Bluff, Duval Co. It is still intact and in fairly
good condition. The types of densaria and deprivata are males, also in the BM and
collected by Doubleday in East Florida, with St. Johns Bluff actually specified as
the locality in the case of deprivata. These specimens are still quite recognizable,
although both have lost their abdomens. Desolataria was described from Cuba and
the type material, if it still exists, should be with the Gundlach collection at Havana.
This collection originally contained specimens on which Herrich-Schiaffer based his
descriptions of Cuban species, and such specimens may be regarded as types. The
name was listed in the catalogue of the Gundlach collection (Anonymous, 1895, p.
68). Rectilinea was described, from material collected by Boll in Texas, but Zeller
did not state the sex or number of specimens. The surviving type is a male from the
Zeller collection in the BM.
SynonyMy. The Florida population (indiscriminata, densaria, deprivata) was treated
by Prout (1933, p. 62) as a separate species, mainly on the basis of the male antennae,
in which he thought the pectinations were longer than normal. He chose to use the
name densaria because the type was a male. McDunnough (1938) followed Prout
but used the name indiscriminata because of its page priority. I have examined a
large number of Florida specimens, as well as colored photographs of the types of
the above three names, and consider that the differences, if any, between these and
northern specimens are negligible. I have seen specimens of chloroleucaria from Cuba
and the Bahamas, and believe that desolataria, described from Cuba, also represents
this same species. Prout, who did not have Cuban material, decided that desolataria
was the same as what he was calling densaria. Chloroleucaria seems quite common
through much of Texas, and it seems reasonably certain that this is what Zeller had
when he described rectilinea. Flavilineata Riley, of which I have thus far been unable
to find the type, was associated with Synchlora aerata by Prout (1933, p. 41) who
quoted part of the description. From the characters mentioned, it seems to me almost
196 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
certain that flavilineata was misplaced in Synchlora, and actually equals Chlorochlamys
chloroleucaria.
FURTHER DescripTION. Male antenna broadly bipectinate for basal three quarters, taper-
ing towards the apical quarter, which is simple; branches slightly clavate, the longest
equal to about 6 times the diameter of the shaft; female antenna simple, slender, finely
ciliate beneath; male palpi moderately long, exceeding front by a distance almost
equal to its average width, third segment cylindrical, about half as long as second;
female palpi distinctly longer, exceeding front by a distance equal to or greater
than its average width, third segment thinner than that of the male, cylindrical,
almost as long as second; male hind tibia quite swollen, with an apical process equal
in length to the shorter of the two spurs; female hind tibia undilated, with two pairs
of spurs but no apical process.
Scales of antennal shaft and branches cream colored, those of the inner branches
sometimes reddish (Florida specimens); interantennal fillet cream colored or luteous,
occupying all of the space on top of the head except sometimes for a narrow green
border at the back; front rusty orange-yellow or dull rust-red, often darkest at the
top; palpi luteous, tinged with red; front legs and femora of middle pair reddish
brown inwardly; legs otherwise whitish; underside of body whitish; upperside of
thorax and abdomen green like the wings except for a cream colored collar behind
the head and an ill defined mid-dorsal stripe of the same color extending from the
middle of the thorax almost to the end of the abdomen. These pale dorsal markings
are quite vague and can usually be seen only in fresh specimens.
Upperside of wings yellowish green or bluish green, quite bright when fresh, but
readily fading to pale olivaceous yellow-green or gray-green, and ultimately becoming
almost colorless (cream colored); green areas variably striated or dusted with yellow-
ish, sometimes heavily, sometimes almost clear of yellowish scaling, fore and hindwings
colored alike; lines, costa, and narrow terminal line all similarly yellowish; postmedials
rather wide, sharply defined and distinct in fresh specimens, straight or convex, that
of the forewing tending to parallel outer margin, that of the hindwing often slightly
angled near the middle; antemedial of forewing narrower than postmedial, convex,
slightly waved, usually inclined outward at inner margin and angled sharply inward
near costa; antemedial of hindwing obsolete; no discal spots; costa with a wide but
rather diffuse pale margin; terminal line very thin, pale; fringes green, concolorous
with wings, sometimes checkered with cream colored rays between vein endings.
Underside much paler, darkest towards costa of forewing; lines indistinct.
Length of forewing: males, 8-11 mm; females, 9-11.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. See identification table and figures. Chloroleucaria may be recognized
easily by the very large socii and uncus, which are about equal in length to the
tegumen.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The genital plate consists of a single large sclerotized element
which is the postostial plate; the preostial portion is unsclerotized. See identification
table and figures.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 627 males, 311 females; 31 male, 19 female slides; 5 larvae in
alcohol, 3 inflated.
DIsTRIBUTION. NOVA scoTIA: Cheticamp River, Inverness Co.; Brierly Brook, Antigonish
Co.; Three Brooks, Pictou Co. QuEBEc: Norway Bay; Montreal. ONTARIO: Ottawa;
Mer Bleue, near Ottawa; Kitchener; Dunnville; Sudbury; Marmora; Simcoe; Con-
stance Bay; Palmer Rapids; Point Pelee; Larsson’s Camp, One Sided Lake. MANITOBA:
Aweme; Ninette; McCreary; Red Rock Lake, Whiteshell Provincial Park. MAINE: Nor-
way; Enfield, Penobscot Co.; Bar Harbor. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Franconia; Randolph;
Jefferson, Coos Co.; Canobie Lake. vermont: West Sandgate, Bennington Co.; Swanton;
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 197
Charlotte. MAssACHUSETTs: Martha’s Vineyard; Barnstable; Cohasset; Manchester; Hol-
liston; Tyringham, Berkshire Co.; Boston; Framingham. CONNECTICUT: Washington,
Litchfield Co.; Litchfield; Putnam, Windham Co.; Mystic; East River; N. end of
Higby Mountain, 4 mi. W. of Middletown, Middlesex Co.; New Canaan; Greenwich,
Fairfield Co. NEw york: Picton Island, Jefferson Co.; Ithaca and Varna, Tompkins
Co.; Horseheads; Sardinia; Tuxedo; New Windsor; Millbrook, Dutchess Co.; Sloans-
ville; Shokan; Catskill Mountains; Monroe Co.; Valley Cottage, Rockland Co.; Yonkers,
Westchester Co.; 3-mile Harbor, Coram, Oyster Bay, Orient, Riverhead, Forest Park,
Port Washington, and Montauk, Long Island. NEw JERsEy: Elizabeth; Newark; Pater-
son; Passaic; Anglesea; Atsion, Burlington Co.; Chester; Freehold; Jerseyville, 3
mi. E. of Freehold; Irvington; Mendham; Oakland; Cranford; Orange Mountains;
Lake Hopatcong; Lakehurst; New Brunswick; Cape May Co. PENNSYLVANIA: Adams-
town; Scranton; New Brighton. DELAWARE: Wilmington. MARYLAND: Cecil Co.; Pa-
tuxent Ref., Bowie. onto: Granville; Portsmouth; Green Twp., Adams Co. MICHIGAN:
Ice Lake, Iron Co.; Ecorse, Wayne Co.; Utica Woods, Macomb Co.; Midland Co.;
Shiawassee Co.; George Reserve, Livingstone Co.; Birmingham; Detroit; Gull Lake
Biological Station, Kalamazoo Co. INDIANA: Hessville. LL1INois: Chicago; Elgin; Decatur.
WISCONSIN: Madison; Harrisville, Marquette Co. MINNEsoTA: Long Prairie, Todd Co.
towA: Ames; Iowa City. Missouri: Willow Spring, Howell Co.; Ranken, St. Louis Co.;
Barnhart, Jefferson Co. KENTUCKY: Harrod’s Cr. ARKANSAS: Arkadelphia, Clark Co.
virGINIA: Arlington; Falls Church; Suffolk; Eggleston; Christchurch, Middlesex Co.;
Blacksburg; Brush Mountain and Price’s Fork, Montgomery Co. NORTH CAROLINA:
Raleigh, Wake Co.; Leland; Southern Pines. soUTH CAROLINA: The Wedge Planta-
tion, South Santee River, Charleston Co. GEorc1A: Waycross; Chesser’s Island, Okefeno-
kee Swamp, Charleton Co.; Thomasville. FLormA: Fernandina; Gainesville; St. Johns
Bluff, Duval Co.; Welaka, Putnam Co.; Torreya State Park; Brooksville, Hernando
Co.; Orlando; Hastings; New Smyrna; Lake Lucy and Cassia, Lake Co.; Archbold
Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.; Oneco, Manatee Co.; Elfers; Siesta
Key, Sarasota Co.; Port Sewall, Martin Co.; Charlotte Harbor; Tampa; Bonita
Springs; Miami; Florida City; St. Petersburg; Punta Gorda; LaBelle; Paradise Key;
Big Pine Key. ALABAMA: Ozark. MississipPI: Camp Shelby, near Hattiesburg; Uni-
versity; Clinton, Bolton and Jackson, Hinds Co.; Pearl, Rankin Co.; Biloxi, Har-
rison Co. NORTH DAKOTA: Grand Fork Co. souTH DAKOTA: Joe Dollar Gulch, E.
of Hill City; Slate Creek, 6000’, 9 mi. N.W. of Hill City; Spring Creek, 4300’, about
10 mi. S.W. of Hill City, Black Hills, Pennington Co. NEBRASKA: Omaha. wYOMING:
Reuter Canyon Camp, 5 mi. N. Sundance, Crook Co. KANsas: Ottawa; Big Bend;
Shawnee Mission Park; University of Kansas Natural History Reserve, Douglas Co.
COLORADO: Plainview; Boulder; Rock Creek Canyon. OKLAHOMA: Payne Co.; Flint;
Grove. TEXAS: Forestburg, Montague Co.; Dallas; Town Bluff, Tyler Co.; College
Station; Irving; Georgetown; Victoria; Welder Wildlife Refuge, San Patricio Co.;
Brownsville; Mercedes; Lake Brownwood State Park, Brown Co.; Garner State Park,
Uvalde Co.; Ballinger, Runnels Co.; Fort Davis. BAHAMAS: North Bimini Island. cupa:
Matanzas. MExico: Jalapa, Orizaba, and “Cerro ctzul,” Veracruz; ‘Tehuacan, Puebla.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Hardly any variation is apparent in chloroleucaria throughout
its vast range from Man. and Cape Breton Is. to Cuba and southern Mexico. The longer
antennal pectinations of the male, continued nearer to the tip, Prout’s main justifica-
tion for treating the Florida population as a different species, possibly represents a
geographical trend. However, I have found this a very subtle character, difficult to
measure, and somewhat inconsistent. I regard such slight variation as well within the
expected limits for such a widely distributed species.
FiicntT Periop. Canada to N.J. and Pa., northern Midwest, mostly May 30 to Sept. 19,
but records as early as May 8 in Conn., May 7 at Ithaca, N.Y., Apr. 25 in Ohio; south-
eastern region except Fla., Mar. 25-Oct. 4; Fla., records for every month from Jan. to
198 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Oct.; Texas, Feb. 5 to Sept. 3. The species is multivoltine except near the northern edge
of its range.
The available dates for N.S. are June 28 to July 25, and for Man., June 10 to July
13, suggesting single broods. In southern Ont., with dates from June 10 to Sept. 4, there
are obviously two generations at least. There are two broods at Montreal, as indicated by
specimens in Mr. A. C. Sheppard’s collection with dates from June 3 to July 7, and
July 31 to Aug. 20. A large sample in the Franclemont collection from Ithaca, N.Y.
clearly shows the pattern of two generations: May 7 to June 23, and July 13 to Sept.
12. I have taken very fresh specimens at Ithaca as late as Sept. 19, suggesting that even
that far north there is a partial third brood.
Earty Staces. Chloroleucaria has been reared many times on a variety of host plants.
According to Packard (1876, p. 372) there exists an Abbot manuscript drawing of the
larva of this species which fed on Helenium autumnale L. (Compositae). Packard also
mentions that Goodell reared it on red raspberry, but when Goodell published a
description of the larva four years later (1880, p. 235), based on 44 specimens, he made
no mention of raspberry, instead listing as food plants the flowers of Eupatorium
perfolialatum L., Achillea millefolium L., and various species of Helianthus and Aster
(all Compositae). Hulst (1880a, p. 78) published a brief description of a larva “feeding
upon the petals of the clustered flowers of the common oxeye daisy, Leucanthemum
vulgare” [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.]. Dethier (1942, pp. 231-233, pl. 15,
figs. 1-3, pl. 17, fig. 4) gave a much more detailed description, providing even a setal map.
Dethier’s larvae fed on the leaves of Apocynum androsaemifolium L. (Apocynaceae) and
on the flowers of a species of Zinnia (Compositae). Forbes (1948, p. 115-116) mentions
only “Larva on blackberry, preferring the berries” (Rubus sp., Rosaceae), and calls
chloroleucaria the Blackberry Looper.
In my study of material in various museums I found five adults reared by Mc-
Dunnough at Ottawa, Ont., on Rudbeckia (CNC); one reared on Ceanothus at Con-
stance Bay, Ont., by Dr. T. N. Freeman (CNC); single specimens from Marmora, Ont.,
(G. S. Walley) and Palmer Rapids, Ont. (F. A. Urquhart), both on Rudbeckia (CNC);
several reared on ironweed [Vernonia] at East River, Conn., by Charles R. Ely (USNM);
several reared by Dimmock at Canobie Lake, N.H., on Rudbeckia hirta, Aster sp.,
pink petals of carnation, and Myrica asplenifolia [Comptonia peregrina Coult.]
(USNM). The single specimen from Comptonia is quite dwarfed. I have also seen a
series reared by Grossbeck from larvae on ragweed [Ambrosia] on Long Island in
1898 (AMNH), and specimens reared from “flowers of Goldenrod” [Solidago] in the
Catskill Mountains, N.Y. (AMNH). Dr. W. C. McGuffin of the Canada Department of
Forestry loaned to me several preserved larvae that had been found on yarrow (Achillea)
in Quebec.
Comstock and Dammers (1934, pp. 29-30) figured, as chloroleucaria, the larva
and pupa of a species that I believe was Chlorochlamys appellaria, as their material
presumably came from southern Calif.
Chloroleucaria apparently has a simple green larva, shaped much like that of
Hethemia but a little stouter, and with the pointed processes of the head and pro-
thorax less developed. It comes with or without a dorsal stripe that has been variously
described as red, brown, or purple. In two inflated examples before me from East
River, Conn., this stripe appears quite red. For more detailed information on the
structure of the larva refer to Dethier’s paper (1942).
Chlorochlamys triangularis Prout
Plate 25, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 39, figure 3; plate 48, figures 27-30.
Chlorochlamys triangularis Prout, 1912, p. 77. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout,
1933, p. 62. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Sperry, 1951, p. 51.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 199
Diacnosis. Chlorochlamys triangularis is a Pacific coast and Rocky Mt. species generally
replacing chloroleucaria west of the continental divide from B.C. to southern Calif.
and Ariz., but overlapping broadly with a third closely related species, appellaria,
in southern portions of the range. Triangularis has been almost universally mis-
identified as chloroleucaria, which it closely resembles, but may be recognized im-
mediately by characters in both the male and female genitalia. The moths are always
green (except for an aberrant whitish form known only from the New York Mts., Calif.,
and the Spring Mts., Clark Co., Nev.); the frontal coloring is orange red as in
chloroleucaria; the wings tend to be more acute than in the other two species and the
lines thinner. The postmedials tend to parallel the outer margins more closely than
in appellaria. However, there are no really clear cut superficial characters for deter-
mining this species and it is often necessary to examine the genitalia.
Types. Described from one female from “Head of Noyo,” Mendocino Co., Calif.,
“June 8-11, 1871.” Noyo Creek flows from near the vicinity of Willits to Fort Bragg,
Mendocino Co. The type is in the BM and I have a colored photograph of it. The type
locality is near the middle of the range of the species to which I here apply the name
triangularis, and in a region where neither appellaria nor chloroleucaria seem to
occur.
SyNonymy. None.
FurRTHER Description. Triangularis is so similar to chloroleucaria that a detailed de-
scription would be repetitious. The main differences were discussed in the diagnosis.
Length of forewing: males, 8-10 mm; females, 9-10.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Socii and uncus much smaller than in chloroleucaria, distinctly shorter
than tegumen, as in appellaria; socii and uncus of about equal thickness; each socius
with a recurved hook at the tip as in chloroleucaria; gnathos more delicate than that
of chloroleucaria but still entire; juxta one half to four fifths as wide as transtilla, often
squarish but quite variable; saccus long, length usually greater than twice the width;
median ridge of valve with about 6 to 8 stout bristles in basal half, few hairs.
FEMALE GENITALIA. In triangularis, the strongly sclerotized structures characteristic of
the genital plate in chloroleucaria and appellaria are lacking, and the area com-
prising the genital plate, before and after the ostium, is almost entirely membranous.
Sometimes there are small sclerotic remnants but these are never developed as in the
other species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 58 males, 40 females; 15 male, 11 female slides; 1 larva in alcohol.
DIsTRIBUTION. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Seton Lake, near Lillooet. OREGON: Baker and Spring
Creek, Baker Co.; Biggs. CALIFORNIA: Hat Creek P.O., Shasta Co.; Alturas, Modoc Co.;
Anderson Springs, Lake Co.; Head of Noyo Creek, Mendocino Co.; Coleville and
Leevining, Mono Co.; Smoky Valley, Tulare Co.; San Luis Obispo; Angeles Crest
Highway, Los Angeles Co.; Upper Santa Ana River and Barton Flats, San Bernardino
Co.; Keystone Canyon, 5500’, New York Mountains, San Bernardino Co. NEVADA:
Elko; Baker; Kingston Camp, 7300’, 30 mi. S. of Austin, Lander Co.; Lee Canyon,
7400’, 39 mi. N.W. of Las Vegas, Clark Co. utTaH: Eureka; Stockton; Tooele; Bonanza,
Uintah Co.; Red Canyon Camp, 7200’, 11 mi. S.E. of Panguitch, Garfield Co. ARIZONA:
Flagstaff and Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; Vail Lake Road,
6500’, 914 mi. S.E. of Flagstaff; Little Colorado Canyon, Coconino Co.; Prescott, Yavapai
Co.; S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, 5400’, near Portal, Cochise Co.; Madera
Canyon, 4400’, 4880’, and 5800’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.; Pena Blanca,
3950’, Santa Cruz Co. NEw MExico: Frijoles; Artesia, Eddy Co. TExAs: Fort Davis, Jeff
Davis Co.
200 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There is little variation except for a pale, cream-colored form
that occurs along with normal specimens at Lee Canyon, Clark Co., Nev., and Keystone
Canyon, New York Mts., Calif. This pale form is unicolorous except that the usual
lines may be yellowish and vaguely outlined with blackish scaling. A rare form almost
exactly corresponding to this also occurs in appellaria and can be distinguished only
by the genitalia.
FiicuTt Periop. May 13 to Sept. 8 in s. Calif., Ariz. and N.M., presumably with a shorter
season northward. Records from May to Aug. suggest two broods at least as far up as n.
Calif., but spring records are scarce everywhere. It may well be that the species is
multivoltine throughout its range, and that the available dates from Ore. and B.C.,
July 24 to Aug. 23, represent only the summer generation.
Earty Stacrs. Comstock and Dammers (1934, pp. 29-32) figured a larva and pupa from
Calif. (as chloroleucaria) that may have been either triangularis or appellaria. The
food plant was Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. Two adults in the AMNH, from the
Angeles Crest Highway, Los Angeles Co., Calif., were reared from larvae on flowers of
Ericameria parashit. Genitalic examination of one of them, a male, shows conclusively
that it is triangularis. In Aug., 1965, Mr. R. W. Poole reared triangularis from a female
taken at Walnut Canyon, Ariz. The larvae fed on the flowers of a species of yellow
Compositae, possibly Helianthus. One male emerged Oct. 29, 1965. A preserved larva
from this brood appears similar to chloroleucaria, but shows no red markings.
Chlorochlamys appellaria Pearsall
Plate 25, figures 3, 3a, 3b, 4, 4a, 4b, 5, 5a, 5b; plate 39, figure 4; plate 48, figures 31-36; plate
49, figures 1-3.
Chlorochlamys appellaria Pearsall, 191la, p. 206. Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough,
1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933, p. 62. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Rindge, 1955, p. 137.
Chlorochlamys rubromediaria Cassino and Swett, 1925, p. 36. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. New
synonymy.
Chlorochlamys appellaria rubromediaria Prout, 1933, p. 62.
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Comstock and Dammers, 1934, pp. 29-30, pls. 8, 9.
Chlorochlamys hesperia Sperry, 1951, p. 51. New synonymy.
Dracnosis. This is a common species of the southwestern states east to Texas, and has
both green and brown forms. Before Sperry described it (as hesperia, 1951), the green
form was commonly mistaken for chloroleucaria, which it closely resembles except for its
smaller size, slightly different shade of green, and quite well developed differences
in the genitalia of both sexes (see table). The true chloroleucaria apparently is not
sympatric with appellaria except in Texas and Mexico, although appellaria and trt-
angularis overlap widely in the southwest, the latter probably at higher elevations.
Phyllinaria also occurs throughout much of the range of appellaria, but is more easily
identified than the other three.
Types. Appellaria was described from two brown males taken in Yuma Co., Ariz., Aug.
19, and both are now in the AMNH ( ex collections Pearsall and Rutgers University).
In the original description neither specimen was restricted as the type, but Rindge
(1955, p. 137) designated the specimen from the Pearsall collection as the lectotype. It
is complete and in fair condition.
Rubromediaria was described from a holotype, allotype, 64 male and 32 female
paratypes, all from Eureka [Juab-Utah County line], Utah (collected by Tom Spalding).
The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in the MCZ (ex Cassino collection).
A few paratypes are in the USNM.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 201
Hesperia was described from a holotype, allotype, 143 male and 29 female paratypes
from various localities in the Colorado and Mojave deserts, southern Calif. The holotype
male, in the AMNH (ex Sperry collection), was taken at Borrego, Calif. February 27,
1950.
SynonyMy. The types of appellaria and rubromediaria represent the brown form,
and hesperia the commoner green form of the same species. Rubromediaria is actually
a somewhat aberrant local population in Utah that averages larger and tends to have a
rather pinkish brown coloring with contrastingly darker median space. I considered
that it might be a distinct species or even a brown form of triangularis, but it appears
to blend completely with appellaria. Genitalic characters of rubromediaria are normal
except that one of the male paratypes examined has genitalia that could pass for those
of triangularis.
FurRTHER DescripTION. The green form “hesperia” so closely resembles chloroleucaria and
triangularis that there is little one can say to supplement the table of characters. The
smaller size and generally yellower appearance, including yellow rather than whitish
lines and costa, are the most obvious differences that distinguish appellaria from the
other two species. The postmedial of the forewing tends to be almost straight, as in tri-
angularis, but is more often nearly erect and farther from the outer margin than in
that species.
Unlike all other species of Chlorochlamys, appellaria has a brown form. Brown
specimens occur throughout most of its range with varying frequency, although there
may be areas where these are absent. The green form seems to be considerably commoner.
The brown form differs only in that the usual green coloring is replaced by light
brown, often of a pinkish shade, and an intermediate condition in which green and
brown scales are mixed is not infrequent. There is also a very rare cream colored form
with dark lines, corresponding to a similar form in triangularis. I have a single male
of this before me from Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., Texas, June 5, 1950, collected by
E. C. Johnston (CNC) and determined by genitalia.
Length of forewing: males, 7-10 mm; females 7.5-10 mm.
Mate GeEniTALiA. Socii and uncus distinctly shorter in length than tegumen; socii
slender, about equal in thickness to uncus, without apical hooks; gnathos nearly obsolete;
juxta usually small, roundly cup-shaped, but quite variable; median ridge of valve with
few if any bristles, many hairs; saccus short and small, length and width often nearly
equal.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The genital plate consists of two separated sclerotized parts—a post-
ostial plate and a preostial pouch.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 314 males, 191 females, of which about 102 males and 66 females
were brown or intermediate; 46 male, 21 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. OREGON: Warm Springs, Jefferson Co., one male collected June 14, 1963,
by S. G. Jewett, Jr. (AMNH, D. C. Ferguson genitalia slide No. 1007. Locality should be
verified). CALIFORNIA: The Geysers, Sonoma Co.; Kelseyville, Lake Co.; Pinnacles
National Monument, San Benito Co.; Bishop, Inyo Co.; Surprise Canyon, Panamint
Mountains, Inyo Co.; Panamint Valley; Walker Pass, Kern Co.; Burbank; Santa Catalina
Island; Los Angeles; Glendale; Mint Canyon, Los Angeles Co.; Apple Valley; Borrego;
Split Rock Tank and Rock Springs, Mojave Desert; 12 mi. S. Cave Spring, Mojave
Desert; Morongo Valley; Mexican Well, Ivanpah Mountains, San Bernardino Co.;
Keystone Canyon, 5500’, New York Mountains, San Bernardino Co.; Clark Mountain;
Providence Mountains; Calico Mountains, San Bernardino Co.; Barton Flats and Upper
Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co.; Indio; 29 Palms, San Bernardino Co.; Riverside;
202 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Palm Springs and Chino Canyon, Palm Springs; Hemet, Riverside Co.; Arlington,
Riverside Co.; Snow Creek, Riverside Co.; Gavilan; Glen Ivy; Essex; Cajon Valley; La
Puerta Valley; Hidden Valley, Joshua; San Diego; Julian; Descanso; Split Mountain
Canyon, San Diego Co.; Guatay and San Felipe Valley, San Diego Co. NEvADA: Valley
of Fire; Lee Canyon, 38 mi. N. of Las Vegas, Clark Co.; Kyle Canyon, Spring Mountains,
Clark Co. urAH: Eureka; Moab, Grand Co.; Monument Valley. Arizona: Mojave Co.;
Yuma Co.; Kingman; North Rim; New River and Wickenburg, Maricopa Co.; Mayer
and Prescott, Yavapai Co.; Phoenix; Oracle, Pinal Co.; Gila-Pinal Co. line; Tucson;
Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co.; Patagonia Mountains; Madera Canyon, 4400’ and
4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.; Pefia Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.;
Fairview; Golden Age; Portal, Cochise Co. NEW Mexico: Sitting Bull Falls, 4800’, 42
mi. S.W. of Carlsbad, Eddy Co.; White City, Eddy Co. Texas: Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth
Co.; Fort Davis, Jeff Davis Co.; Welder Wildlife Refuge, San Patricio Co. Mexico: 5 mi.
S. of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon; Tehuacan, Puebla
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. I have made little attempt to determine whether the propor-
tions of green and brown specimens vary geographically, but my impression is that
they do. In a sample of 30 specimens collected by Franclemont at Madera Canyon and
Pena Blanca, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., 20 specimens are green, 5 are brown, and 5 could
be described as intermediate. This agrees well with the overall ratio, which is about
two thirds green to one third brown or intermediate. This dimorphism seems to be
neither sexual nor seasonal. The brown form is at least almost as widely distributed as
the green form as I have seen both from most of the localities where the species has
been collected in fair numbers, although the specimens available from the extremities of
the distribution in Ore., northern Calif., N.M., Texas, and southern Mexico happen
to be green. One male from Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., Texas, is of a cream colored
form with thin dark lines (see remarks under Further Description).
The one character that most obviously varies geographically is the color of the
front. In Calif. and Nev. the front is much like that of triangularis—dull orange to red,
often with pale luteous scales mixed in. In most specimens from Ariz. eastward the frontal
coloring is quite different, being dark grayish olive or almost slate gray, shades that
never seem to occur in California specimens. This change takes place somewhere in
Ariz. and is seen in brown specimens as well as green ones. It can be an exasperating
character to work with because so many specimens in collections are found to have been
almost completely denuded of their frontal scales.
The record for San Patricio Co., on the Gulf coast of Texas, is based on two males
taken Feb. 24 and Sept. 2, 1962 by R. O. and C. A. Kendall (AMNH). These are dull
green with gray fronts and are normal in every respect except for their rather small size.
The two Mexican examples at present available (I have seen several) have grayish
brown fronts but otherwise look just like the green “hesperia’”’ form from Calif. The
genitalia are also normal.
There is some genitalic variation. Two females examined from the Upper Santa
Ana River, San Bernardino Co., Calif. (AMNH) have the postostial portion of the
genital plate almost wholly unsclerotized, although the well sclerotized preostial pouch
is still there. These are fairly large green specimens and I had difficulty deciding whether
they were appellaria or triangularis. The only male available from that region is from
Barton Flats, and turned out to be triangularis. However, I am inclined to believe, from
their appearance, that the females with the peculiarly intermediate genitalia are actually
appellaria, if not hybrids,
FiicuT Periop. In southern Calif., Feb. 28 to Nov. 4; in Ariz., Apr. 3 to Oct. 5.
Earry Staces. The larva and pupa figured as chloroleucaria by Comstock and Dammers
(1934) were probably of this species, but may have been triangularis. They did not
record the locality, which presumably was in southern Calif., but the food plant was
Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 203
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria (Zeller)
Plate 26, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 39, figure 5; plate 49, figures 4-8.
Eucrostis phyllinaria Zeller, 1872, p. 479. Hulst, 1886b, p. 141.
Nemoria phyllinaria Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67. Hulst, 1895, p. 71.
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria Hulst, 1896, p. 313. Dyar 1902 [1903], p. 299. Hulst, in Smith, 1903,
p- 71. Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933, p. 62.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Forbes, 1948, p. 116.
Eucrostis zelleraria Packard, 1876, p. 307; pl. 10, fig. 76. Hulst, 1886b, p. 141 (as synonym).
Chlorochlamys zelleraria Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout,
1933, p. 62. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. New synonymy.
Chlorochlamys vertaria Pearsall, 1908, p. 197. Prout, 1912, p. 177 (as synonym).
Chlorochlamys curvifera Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout,
1933, p. 62. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. New synonymy.
Chlorochlamys fletcheraria Sperry, 1949, p. 43. New synonymy.
Diacnosis. Chlorochlamys phyllinaria is a southwestern and southern species found from
Calif. to Ga., northward in the central states to Mo. and Nebr., and southward into
Mexico. It may be recognized by its small size, olive green ground color almost without
pale striation, and thin, sharp whitish lines, of which the postmedials tend to be quite
roundly convex, and either regular or slightly waved. The front may be brown or olive
green. The male genitalia readily distinguish phyllinaria from allied species, but those
of the female, being closely similar in structure of the genital plate to appellaria and
triangularis, are less distinctive. Fortunately the short female palpi, hardly longer than
those of the male, provide the needed structural character, so that even very worn or
faded females may be identified without difficulty. Prout considered that there were two
species, phyllinaria and zelleraria, mainly on the basis of the front being green or brown,
and was followed by McDunnough and others. It now seems reasonably certain that
such differences are within the range of infraspecific variation.
Typrs. Phyllinaria was described from three males from Texas, collected by Boll.
There are now 2 male syntypes in the BM (ex Zeller and Walsingham collections).
J have had no chance to examine these, but there is probably no other species in Texas
with which this one need be confused. The specimen Prout regarded as the type (1933,
p- 62) had a reddish brown front.
Zelleraria was based on six males and one female from Waco, Texas, August 8-21,
collected by Belfrage. In the MCZ, I found one specimen labeled type and three as
cotypes. These are now faded but quite recognizable, and I designate the one labeled type
as the lectotype. According to Packard they had green fronts.
Vertaria was described from a type male and type female from Phoenix, Ariz.,
taken Sept. 18 and 16, 1907 and three male cotypes, presumably from the same locality
(collected by Dr. R. E. Kunze). The type male and type female are in the AMNH
(ex Pearsall collection). The male, taken Sept. 18, 1907, is a good and complete specimen
and I designate it the lectotype.
The type of curvifera is a female from Phoenix, Ariz., taken Sept. 7, 1904, by
R. E. Kunze. It is in the BM.
Fletcheraria was described from a holotype male from Organ Pipe Cactus National
Monument [Pima Co.], Ariz., Apr. 14, 1948 (Grace H. and J. L. Sperry), an allotype
female from Mexican Wells, Calif., July 7, 1937, and 55 male and 7 female paratypes
from various localities in Pima and Santa Cruz Counties, Ariz. The holotype is in the
AMNH.
SyNoNYMY. Examination of the type material of zelleraria convinced me that this
represents the same species as phyllinaria, especially since both were from Texas.
Vertaria also, according to the type, is what I consider to be the same species, but from
Ariz.
Identification of curvifera seemed somewhat more of a problem at first, but the
204 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
combination of green front, short palpi, and general appearance, based on a colored
photograph of the type, fits no known species except phyllinaria. The wing expanse,
20 mm., seems large but there is great size variation in females of phyllinaria. I have
before me a female from Madera Canyon, Ariz., that measures exactly that size, and
also happens to have a green front like curvifera. It appears to be almost an exact
match for the type. I have seen other similar females from elsewhere. In its color, the type
of curvifera does suggest two other species, Xerochlora viridipallens and the new one I
am describing as mesotheides, but structurally it is neither of these.
Fletcheraria was based on Arizona and California specimens with green fronts,
and the supposed genitalic differences mentioned by Sperry fall within the normal
range of variation of phyllinaria. The size of phyllinaria varies everywhere, but in
arid regions the moths tend to be very small. I believe this contributed to the idea that
fletcheraria was different.
FurTHER Description. Male antennae bipectinate, tapering gradually toward the tips,
which are simple; longest pectinations equal to 4-5 times diameter of shaft; female
antennae slender, simple, ciliate beneath, the scaling rather rough; male palpi exceed-
ing front by little more than the length of the short, rounded third segment, which appears
to be about one third the length of the second; female palpi not much longer than those
of the male, with the third segment only half as long as in chloroleucaria, triangularis,
and appellaria; hind tibia of male conspicuously dilated, more so than in chloroleucaria,
with a similar long hair pencil (usually recessed), and a long apical process that
reaches halfway between the tip of the longer apical spur and the end of the first tarsal
joint; hind tibia of female undilated but very slender proximally, usually somewhat
thickened distally, no apical process.
Scales of antennal shaft and interantennal fillet cream colored to pale brown;
fillet covering most of head behind antennae but with a contrasting green posterior
border; front green, reddish or brown, often a mosaic; palpi pale brown, usually
slightly reddish toward the tips; first pair of legs light reddish brown inwardly, legs
otherwise mostly cream colored, underside of body whitish; upperside of thorax and
abdomen green, the latter becoming whitish towards the end; no indication of a pale
middorsal stripe as in the preceding species.
Upperside of wings olive green, the coloring relatively intense because of the near
absence of whitish irroration characteristic of the other species; fore- and hindwings
colored alike; lines whitish or yellowish, thin but sharply defined, rarely obsolescent
and then only partly so, frequently widening abruptly at the costa of the forewing;
antemedial of hindwing always lacking; antemedial of forewing convex, even or slightly
irregular, turning inward toward costa; postmedials curved subparallel to outer margins,
even or slightly irregular, that of the hindwing slightly angled at the middle; costa
yellowish, immediately followed by some white scales mixed with the green; a very
weak yellowish terminal line or none; no discal spots; fringes green, concolorous or
with a few paler scales mixed in. Underside much paler except near costa of forewing;
lines indistinct; costa yellower than above.
Length of forewing; males, 6-9 mm; females, 7-10.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Valve much longer than that of the three preceding species; uncus
usually swollen in the middle; socii stouter and each with a hook at the tip; gnathos
about as in chloroleucaria; saccus much reduced.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Preostial pouch and postostial plate both lightly sclerotized and
quite similar to those of appellaria.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 289 males, 163 females; 6 male, 4 female slides.
DisTRIBUTION. GEORGIA: Screven Co. (11 specimens in AMNH collected by Otto Buch-
holz). Mississippi: Agricultural College; Bolton and Clinton, Hinds Co, Louisiana: Winn-
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 205
field. MissouRI: Barnhart, Jefferson Co.; Osceola, St. Clair Co.; Boonville; Williams-
ville. NEBRASKA: Plattsmouth (4 specimens in AMNH). KANsas: Ottawa; Pittsburg;
Eureka; Big Bend; McPherson; Winfield; Hackney, Cowley Co. okLAHOoMa: Cleo Springs;
Norman; Snyder; Stillwater; Thomas; Payne Co. Texas: Alpine, Davis Mountains,
Brewster Co.; Blanco Co.; Brownsville, Cameron Co.; Corpus Christi; Cotulla; Forest-
burg, Montague Co.; Irving; Kerrville; Laredo; Mercedes, Hidalgo Co.; New Braunfels;
Palo Duro Canyon, near Canyon, Randall Co.; Pharr; Plano; Sabinal, Uvalde Co.;
Shamrock. NEw Mexico: 16 mi. N. Las Cruces; 18 mi. N. Rodeo, Hidalgo Co.; Deming,
4325’, Luna Co.; Lordsburg. ARIZONA: Research Station of the AMNH, and Silver Creek
Wash, 4880’, near Portal, Cochise Co.; Sierra Vista, Cochise Co.; Ramsey Canyon,
Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co.; Redington; Oracle; Tucson; Madera Canyon, 4880’,
Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.; Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.; 5 mi. S.W.
Patagonia, 3700’, Santa Cruz Co.; Nogales; Brown’s Canyon, Baboquivari Mountains,
Pima Co.; Alamo Canyon, Ajo Mountains; Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument;
Christmas, Gila Co.; Phoenix; Tempe; Yavapai Co.; Fort Grant; Kingman, Mojave Co.
CALIFORNIA: Needles, San Bernardino Co.; Keystone Canyon, 5500’, New York Mountains,
San Bernardino Co.; Mexican Wells; Borrego. Mexico: 18 mi. W. Cananea, Sonora;
Manzanillo, Colima; Balsas, Guerrero.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. No geographical variation is especially evident. The dif-
ferences in the color of the front seem to occur both in the east and in the west with
similar frequency. The smallest specimens seen are from Ariz. and I suspect these are
associated with arid conditions.
FLIGHT Periop. Ga., June 27—Aug. 26; Miss., La., June 16-Sept. 21; Mo., Kans., Okla.,
June 3-Sept. 22; Neb., Aug. 2, 22, Sept. 22; Texas, Mar. 27—Nov. 10, and one record
for Dec. 10 from Mercedes, Hidalgo Co.; N.M., Ariz., Calif., Apr. 11-Oct. 4. Phyllinaria
is obviously multivoltine throughout its range.
Eary STAceEs. Unknown.
CHLOROPTERYX Hulst
Chloropteryx Hulst, 1896, p. 314.
Type Species: Nemoria tepperaria Hulst, 1886 = Chloropteryx tepperaria (Hulst),
designated by Hulst, 1896, p. 314.
ApuLT CHaracters. Moths small to medium sized, females larger than males, typically
with the forewing produced and pointed at the apex, and with the outer margin of
hindwing sharply angled, almost tailed, at M,, except for Chloropteryx paularia,
in which both wings are almost rounded; scales in basal half of wing narrower than in
Chlorochlamys and mostly lying flat, not arched as in that genus; color largely dull
olivaceous green, brown, or whitish, readily discoloring from green to yellower shades
or buff, opaque (thinly scaled in some Neotropical species); lines white, thin, incom-
plete, usually appearing only as series of vein dots, the postmedials offset; antemedial
of forewing convex, irregular, of hindwing, wanting; eround color essentially unstriated;
discal spots present or absent. The generotype and most other species have a brown
terminal line, and have the fringes, costa, and abdomen marked with brown, but the
one abnormal species, paularia, lacks such markings.
Veins Sc and R, of forewing typically separate, and R + M, of forewing unstalked,
but in the atypical species, paularia, Sc and R, are united for part of their length and
R + M, of forewing are slightly stalked exactly as in Chlorochlamys; third anal of
206 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
forewing almost lost; venation otherwise as in allied genera; frenulum well developed
in male, wanting in female
Antennae of male bipectinate, tapering gradually toward tips, which are simple;
length of branches variable and useful as a character for distinguishing species; female
antennae very slender, simple, ciliate beneath; palpi of both sexes generally longer than
in Chlorochlamys or Xerochlora, those of the female with the third segment equal to or
longer than segment two; eyes noticeably larger in the male than in the female, and the
front correspondingly narrower; interantennal fillet typically protruding forward as a
sharp ledge above the front (in paularia less prominent); tongue a little larger than in
Chlorochlamys, apparently about the same as in Xerochlora; hind tibia of male dilated,
prismatic, distinctly flattened towards the end where it is produced in an unusually
long terminal process exceeding in length the longer apical spur; only the apical spurs
present; the usual full length hair pencil present but nearly always recessed; hind tarsus
abbreviated, distinctly shorter than half the total length of the adjoining tibia; hind
tibia of female undilated, with both pairs of spurs well developed; hind tarsus of female
not abbreviated.
Male genitalia with gnathos completely fused to tegumen or obsolete at bases of
socii; transtilla situated caudad of juxta, shape variable but not cone- or funnel-shaped
(asymmetrical in tepperaria), length usually exceeding width; juxta inconspicuous,
cup-shaped or just appearing as a small V-shaped sclerite. Female genitalia with at
least the large outer ring of the large genital plate sclerotized, and typically with a
U-shaped sclerite supporting the preostial pouch (but not in paularia); bursa copula-
trix pear-shaped, with ductus bursae typically entering slightly to one side of the narrow
end as in Chlorochlamys, but in paularia entering apically as in Xerochlora.
LARVAL CHARACTERS. See tepperaria.
DistripuTion. The genus is mostly Neotropical but three species occur in the United
States: tepperaria in the southeast as far north as Virginia, paularia in southern Florida,
and nordicaria just barely crossing the Rio Grande in southernmost Texas.
Remarks. Except for the atypical Antillean and Floridian species, paularia, which should
perhaps go in a genus by itself, Chloropteryx forms a reasonably compact natural group,
characterized superficially by angulate wings, and better by genitalic characters. There
are over two dozen species, centered in northern South America, of which relatively
few have filtered across the Central American isthmus or the Antilles. Only one species,
tepperaria, is exclusively Nearctic, and presumably has been derived from a Floridian
relict of some ancient northward invasion from the Neotropics. Nordicaria is a Mexican
and perhaps Central American species. Both have close relatives in South America.
Although correctly identified many years ago by Prout (1933), tepperaria and nordicaria
have continued to be confused in virtually all collections. They are not as closely
related as they look and, most conveniently for determination purposes, are widely
allopatric.
Chlorochlamys, Chloropteryx and Xerochlora could be more easily defined as
genera were it not for the existence of paularia, which seems to be a composite of
characters from all three. As such, it is approximately what one might imagine the
ancestral form of this group of genera to have been like. It is interesting to note also
that paularia is an island form, known to reach a continental mainland only in southern
Florida, which it has apparently colonized from Cuba.
Discovery of a form such as paularia poses a nomenclatural problem for which
the taxonomist has three alternatives: 1) to combine the three genera that the species
appear to link, 2) to erect a new genus to accommodate it, and 3) to include it in one of
the existing genera where it fits best. For the present I have chosen the last, partly
because this does not change anything, and partly because the male genitalia have
turned out to be essentially like those of Chloropteryx. Future study of the little known
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 207
Neotropical fauna may well clarify its position, but there is as yet no known relative
with which paularia is likely to be confused.
Key to the Species of Chloropteryx
1. Hindwing strongly angulate, terminal line and fringes marked with dark brown ......... 2
Hindwing quite rounded, no brown terminal line or markings on the fringes. Fla.,
PASINET 1 CS Meteo eee aren EN re Se Taree e Te aeRO ANS cher eed heehee OME Gene vo Ri Mine wraps Ail SR ARS paularia
2. No blackish discal spots; abdomen with a dark brown dorsal spot on segment 2 only.
SOMEMEASLETM Gy lean tOr Ela.) NOTE LO) Vide fe evalaveln «i s\nje)e\alolera) s)aieiaiee = a sia a-Polel sale ele alee tepperaria
Blackish discal spots distinct; abdomen with dorsal brown shading more diffuse, not
confined to segment 2 but usually extending almost the full length to segment 8.
SOuthermmelbexa Sa MICKICO!, foe tcc ere he retoierocachorceo er che Teeth veketarel oe mieten ere ioe nordicaria
Chloropteryx tepperaria (Hulst)
Plate 5, figure 3; plate 28, figs. 3, 3a, 3b; plate 41, fig. 1; plate 49, figure 1.
Nemoria tepperaria Hulst, 1886a, p. 122. Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67.
Chloropteryx tepperaria Hulst, 1896, p. 314. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 300. Hulst, in Smith, 1903,
p- 72. Prout, 1912, p. 178. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933, p. 64.
McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Forbes, 1948, p. 117. Kimball, 1965, p. 164, pl. 21, fig. 19.
Diacnosis. This is the only species of Chloropteryx in the southeastern United States
and is easily recognized. It is a small, dull, gray-green moth most resembling Hethemia
pistasciaria and Chloropteryx paularia in that region but distinguished by the following
combination of characters: outer margin of hindwing very strongly angled at M,,
tending to be almost tailed; wings with dark brown terminal line and checkered fringes;
costa of forewing yellowish, irregularly speckled with clusters of dark scales; abdomen
very distinctively marked with a dark brown dorsal spot on the second segment. This
description would also apply to nordicaria, the species of southern Texas and Mexico,
which differs from tepperaria mainly in having prominent discal spots and a more
diffuse and extensive brown patch on the abdomen. Nordicaria also has shorter antennal
pectinations. Tepperaria is known from Va. to Fla., and west along the Gulf Coast to
La.
Typrs. Described from “1 male, 1 female, Ga. N. Car. Coll. Edwards, Tepper.” The
male, from Ga., is in the collection of the Department of Entomology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan. The female, from N.C., is in the USNM. In the
AMNH there is another female labeled: ‘‘Fla.,’’ “Collection G. D. Hulst,’’ “Nemoria
tepperaria Type, Hulst,” but since this specimen was not mentioned in the original
description it must be regarded as a spurious type. I hereby designate as lectotype the
female from N.C. in the USNM, labeled Type No. 34191. This specimen has no head
but is otherwise reasonably complete and recognizable. Its genitalia have been mounted
(slide No. 1371, Hahn W. Capps).
SYNONYMyY. None.
FurTHER Description. Male antennae bipectinate, gradually tapering toward the tips,
which are simple; longest branches equal to 5-6 times the width of the shaft; female
208 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
antennae slender, simple, ciliate beneath; male palpi quite long, slender, tapering,
exceeding front by almost half their length, third segment slender, cylindrical, rounded
at the end, two-fifths as long as the second; female palpi longer, exceeding front by
about two-thirds their length, very slender, third segment cylindrical, about half the
length of the second; hind tibia of male twice as long as tarsus, evenly dilated for most
of its length, with one pair of spurs and a short apical process; hind tibia of female
undilated, very slender, one and one half times as long as tarsus, with two pairs of spurs
and no apical process.
Scales of antennal shaft and interantennal fillet whitish, lustrous; antennal branches
brown; collar and head behind fillet dull green, concolorous with wings; front brown,
often with a grayish or greenish tint, unmarked; palpi whitish or luteous, tinged with
red dorsally; legs ivory, the scaling lustrous, tibiae and tarsi of at least the first pair
shaded with brown; underside of body ivory; upperside of thorax and most of abdomen
dull gray green, but second abdominal segment with a sharply contrasting dark brown
spot occupying most of the tergite. This dark spot is flanked laterally and posteriorly
by patches of pale brown scales, and its anterior margin is deeply incised along the
middorsal line by a slightly raised tuft of pale brown scales.
Upperside of wings dull gray green, perhaps when very fresh almost sage green, but
not as bright as Mesothea nor as olivaceous as Hethemia, very close to the coloring found
in species of Xerochlora; fore- and hindwings colored alike; antemedials and postmedials
white, indistinct and mostly broken into a series of spots, somewhat waved, the latter
noticeably indented at M,; in some specimens the antemedial is followed and postmedial
preceded by a slightly darker shade; discal spots very faint or wanting; costa yellowish, ir-
regularly speckled with patches of dark purplish gray scales; outer margins of both
wings with a terminal line of the same dark purplish gray or purplish brown shade,
interrupted with a yellowish spot marking the end of each vein; fringes pale yellowish,
heavily checkered with rays of dark cinereous gray opposite the veins. Underside much
paler, lustrous, with all lines except the terminal lacking and the costa mostly clear
yellowish.
Length of forewing: males, 9-10.5 mm; females, 9.5-12 mm.
MALE GeniTaLiA. These are larger than in nordicaria, with the valve generally
wider and less tapering, and with the uncus and socii distinctly longer. The transtilla
is remarkably different in shape and distinctly asymmetrical in all specimens examined.
It has a large pointed caudad extension and smaller pointed cephalad process, both
lacking in nordicaria. The juxta is rather obscure and is represented mainly by a small
V-shaped sclerite. The aedeagus is similar to that of nordicaria but more dilated in the
distal half. The posterior margin of the eighth sternite is usually straight or convex; if
concave, very slightly so.
FEMALE GENITALIA. These are more heavily sclerotized than in nordicaria, with the
bursa copulatrix larger. The postgenital plate is sclerotized in the middle and has a
deep fold in its posterior margin, making this structure, together with the prominent
U-shaped pregenital plate, appear as a heart-shaped unit. There is also a brown
sclerotized patch in the left ventral wall of the ductus bursae where it adjoins the
bursa.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 69 males, 47 females, including lectotype; 4 male, 2 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. VIRGINIA: Accomac, Accomack Co.; Christchurch, Middlesex Co.; Arlington.
NORTH CAROLINA: Raleigh; Tryon, Brevard. soUTH CAROLINA: Wedge Plantation, South
Santee R., Charleston Co.; Bull Island, Cape Romain National Wildlife Refuge. GEorGIA:
Screven Co. (Otto Buchholz). Mississipp1: Camp Shelby, near Hattiesburg. LOUISIANA:
Vermilion River, Vermilion Parish. FLoRIDA: Gainesville; Welaka, Putnam Co.; Orlando;
Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.; Oneco, Manatee Co.; Siesta Key,
Sarasota Co.; Arcadia; Bonita Springs; Keystone Heights; St. Petersburg.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 209
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Florida specimens tend to be smaller and darker than those
from the northern end of the range, but the only good basis for comparison is a series
of four males and sixteen females from Arlington, Va. in the Franclemont collection.
These are a much lighter shade of green than the specimens from Fla., where most
material has been collected. I have seen few specimens from the intervening region,
but several from S. C. and the Gulf States resemble the Florida specimens.
Fuicut Periop. Two generations in Va., June 3—July 9, and Aug. 8-Sept. 3. For Fla.,
there are records for every month of the year except Sept. Taken in S.C. July 12—Aug.
11, in Ga. Aug. 5 and Oct. 11, in Miss. in late Sept., and in La. June 7.
Earzy Staces. In 1968 I reared a brood of tepperaria from a female taken at the Wedge
Plantation, McClellanville, $.C. in Aug., and the adults emerged in Oct. The larvae did
well on Taxodium but in the last instar would also eat Tsuga. Mature larva 25 mm long,
slender, twig-like, closely resembling that of Hethemia and Mesothea, but with a more
produced, conical supra-anal plate. Color greenish, tinged with brown mainly towards
each end; head dark brown; metathoracic segment with pair of contrasting blackish
dorsolateral spots, these sometimes confluent dorsally.
Chloropteryx nordicaria (Schaus)
Plate 28, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 41, figure 2; plate 49, fig. 23.
Gelasma nordicaria Schaus, 1901, p. 253.
Chloropteryx nordicaria Prout, 1912, p. 179. Prout, 1933, p. 64. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142.
Dracnosis. This is a Mexican species known to enter the United States only in the lower
Rio Grande Valley near Brownsville, Texas. All Texas specimens of Chloropteryx
examined seem to belong to this species rather than to tepperaria. Nordicaria looks
like tepperaria except that it has distinct discal spots, shorter antennal pectinations, and
rather diffuse dark brown dorsal abdominal scaling from segments 2 to 8 which, in
tepperaria, is usually localized as a distinct dark spot on segment 2 only.
Types. Described from Orizaba, Mexico, but neither the number of specimens nor the
sex was mentioned in the description. Type should be in the USNM.
Synonymy. I should not be surprised if nordicaria proved to be the same as munda
Warren (1897, Novit. Zool. 4:425), described from “La Plata” (Colombia, Lat. 2.33
N., Long. 75.55 W.]. The Neotropical species of Chloropteryx, as of virtually all the
other genera, need to be completely reinvestigated, as Prout had little material of most
species and did not study the genitalia.
FurRTHER Description. A detailed description of nordicaria seems unnecessary. Since it
so closely resembles tepperaria, such a description would be largely repetitious and I
shall discuss only those characters in which the two species differ. 1) Antennae. The
longest pectinations in nordicaria are equal to 3 or 4 times the thickness of the shaft; in
tepperaria 5 to 6 times. 2) Palpi. These are similar in form but are tinged with dark
brown in nordicaria, with red in tepperaria. 3) Discal spots. These are dark brown and
distinct in nordicaria, lacking in tepperaria. 4) Abdominal markings. In nordicaria the
upperside of the abdomen is extensively shaded with dark brown scales, intermixed in
part with light brown scales, from segments 2 to 8; in tepperaria nearly all of the dark
brown abdominal scaling is concentrated in a single spot on the second segment.
Length of forewing: males, 8-9 mm; females, 10-10.5 mm.
Mate GEnira.iA. Smaller than those of tepperaria with the valve usually narrower and
more tapered; uncus and socii shorter; transtilla symmetrical, roughly quadrate but
210 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
with a deep, rounded excavation cephalad, and sometimes rounded rather than truncate
caudad; juxta a rounded, pouch-like structure, cup-shaped, without the obvious V-
shaped sclerite of tepperaria; aedeagus slender; posterior margin of eighth sternite
distinctly concave.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Less heavily sclerotized than those of tepperaria, and with a smaller
ductus bursae; central portion of postgenital plate almost membranous so that its
sclerotized margin appears as a ring-like structure, fused to the U-shaped pregenital
plate as a solid unit (pregenital plate in tepperaria, although larger and stronger, is
separated by unsclerotized connections); sclerotized patch where ductus bursae adjoins
bursa feeble or obsolete.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 55 males, 6 females from Texas, several specimens from Mexico;
5 male, 3 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. TEXAS: Brownsville, Cameron Co.; Mercedes and Pharr, Hidalgo Co.
MEXxIco: Orizaba, Veracruz.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None in the material available.
FiicuT Periop. Sept. 15 to May 29, almost continuously. No records for June, July or
August.
EARLY STAGES. Unknown.
Chloropteryx paularia (Méschler)
Plate 5, figure 4; plate 28, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 41, figure 3; plate 49, figures 24-26.
Nemoria paularia Moschler, 1886, p. 68.
Chloropteryx paularia Prout, 1912, p. 178; 1933, p. 63.
Chlorochlamys paularia Sperry, 1951, p. 53. Kimball, 1965, p. 164.
?Aplodes punctata Warren, 1904a, p. 19.
Chloropteryx punctata (= paularia) Prout, 1912, p. 178.
DrAcnosis. A small, plain, tropical species of the West Indies and southern Fla., aber-
rant in several respects and seemingly a relict connecting Chloropteryx, Xerochlora
and Chlorochlamys. The color is dull gray-green, and the lines are offset and usually
broken into a series of white dots as in Chloropteryx; the fringes and abdomen are
unmarked; the interantennal fillet is roughly clothed with large scales as in Chloro-
chlamys and Xerochlora, not as smooth as in Chloropteryx. The wings are not angulate
but rounded, and the venation is exactly as in Chlorochlamys. The male genitalia are
like those of Chloropteryx. The female genitalia are quite unique but perhaps more
suggestive of Xerochlora than anything else. The color and general appearance of the
moths also is most like Xerochlora.
Types. Paularia was described from Jamaica and Méschler’s type material should be in
the Zoological Museum of Humboldt University, Berlin. The number of specimens in the
type series was not stated but he mentioned that he had both sexes. Punctata was based
cn two males from Upper Park, Jamaica, now in the BM.
Synonymy. The types of punctata had been labeled as paularia but Warren thought they
were different. Prout showed no hesitation in placing punctata in the synonymy, and
since there seem to be no other species with which this one would be easily confused, I
consider that Prout’s identification of both punctata and paularia are probably correct.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE DA
FurTHER Description. Male antennae broadly bipectinate for proximal three quarters,
then tapering abruptly and becoming simple or merely dentate toward the tips; longest
branches equal to 4-6 times thickness of shaft; female antennae slender, simple, finely
ciliate beneath in the usual way; male palpi quite long, exceeding front by about half
their length, third segment cylindrical, about half as long as second; female palpi very
long, exceeding front by three quarters of their total length, third segment cylindrical,
becoming prismatic towards tip; subequal in length to second; eyes of male slightly
larger than those of female and the front narrower; hind tibia of male dilated, some-
what compressed, with one pair of spurs and a very long apical process exceeding the
longer spur and half as long as tarsus; male hind tarsus more abbreviated and tibial
extension longer than in Chloropteryx tepperaria; hind tibia of female not dilated,
with the usual two pairs of spurs and no apical process.
Scales of antennal shaft white proximally, cream colored to pale brownish distally;
interantennal fillet white, space behind fillet green; top of head about equally divided
between white and green; front light greenish brown, somewhat as in tepperaria but
paler; palpi pale beneath, tinged with reddish dorsally; forelegs pale brown or reddish
inwardly, legs otherwise cream colored; underside of body whitish; upperside of thorax
concolorous with wings; upperside of abdomen like the thorax, paler, or slightly
brownish, unmarked.
Wings not angulate, rounded as in Chlorochlamys, upperside light gray-green,
less intensely colored than tepperaria, and not turning yellow with age or discoloration,
unstriated, fore and hindwings colored alike; lines as in tepperaria, weak, mostly
reduced to series of white vein dots, but shaded with darker green on the side towards
median space; antemedial of hindwing wanting; postmedials of both wings offset out-
wardly between M, and Cu,; discal spots wanting except for a faint green bar or crescent
across the end of the cell on the hindwing; costa yellowish, not irrorated with dark scales;
terminal line indicated only as a series of faint white dots marking the vein endings;
fringes concolorous with wings, unmarked. Underside much paler, lines obsolete, costa
yellowish.
Length of forewing: males, 7-8 mm; females, 8-11 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of nordicaria and tepperaria but with the socii thicker
and bent near the middle, the valve slightly different in shape and, in the aedeagus,
instead of merely a row of marginal serrations near the tip there is a subterminal cluster
of 8-10 well developed spines.
FEMALE GENITALIA. In the pattern of sclerotization in the genital plate region these are
actually quite unique and show no clearer affinity for Chloropteryx than for any of the
other allied genera. The shape of the bursa and its relationship to the ductus bursae
suggests Xerochlora.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 74 males, 21 females, including examples from all of the Caribbean
islands from which it is known. Slides: 4 male, 2 female, including males from Fla., Cuba
and Jamaica.
DIsTRIBUTION. FLORIDA: Oneco, Manatee Co.; Siesta Key, Sarasota Co.; Port Sewall,
Martin Co.; Biscayne Bay; Royal Palm State Park; Florida City; Cocoanut Grove; Key
Largo; Big Pine Key, South Florida Keys. Kimball (1965, p. 164) also reported it from
Weekiwachee Springs, St. Petersburg, Bradenton, the Archbold Biological Station near
Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Homestead, Paradise Key, and Tavernier, but I have not seen
these specimens. cuBA: Baracoa; Santiago de Cuba. jamaica: “Jamaica”; Hardwar
Gap, 4800’; Christiana, 3000’. HIsPANIOLA: “Dominican Republic.” PUERTO RICO: San
German. MARTINIQUE: Morne Rouge. The Antillean specimens examined are in the
AMNH and the USNM.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. There is no variation that is especially apparent.
212 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Fiicut Periop. There are Florida records for every month of the year.
Earzy Straces. Unknown.
Remarks. This is a difficult species to place because of its strange mixture of characters
showing relationship to Chloropteryx, Chlorochlamys and Xerochlora. It may have
descended separately from the common ancestral form of all three, remaining relatively
unmodified in the isolated and stable environment of the Antilles. If so, it is a relict
of considerable antiquity. The Chloropteryx type of genitalia in the male supports Prout’s
rather hesitant assignment of paularia to that genus, and I have left it there. Other
alternatives would be to combine the three genera into one, which would have the
effect of suppressing the knowledge that the three lines are otherwise distinct, or, to
erect a monotypical genus for paularia. I prefer to let this decision wait until the Neo-
tropical fauna is better known.
Paularia was first identified from the United States in 1933 by Foster H. Benjamin
of the USNM, this first record being based on two males taken by Frank Morton Jones
in Royal Palm State Park (now included in the Dade Co. part of Everglades National
Park). Benjamin made genitalia slides of males from Fla. and Cuba, correctly labeling
these as paularia (in USNM), but apparently never published the record. A report of
the occurrence of this species in Fla. did not appear in the literature until 1951 (Sperry,
1951, p. 53). Paularta has established little more than a toe hold on the North American
continent, and presumably colonized the southern end of Fla. from neighbouring Cuba
as have many other tropical species.
XEROCHLORA, new genus
Type Species. Synchlora viridipallens Hulst, 1896 = Xerochlora viridtpallens (Hulst).
ApuLtT CuHaracters. Rather small to medium sized species, forewing length 9 to 15 mm;
females often conspicuously larger than males; wings longer than in Chlorochlamys
or Chloropteryx, the forewing more produced and sometimes with the outer margin
concave below the apex, the hindwings often slightly angled at M,; wings thinly
scaled, especially in the larger species, the scales generally narrower than in Chloro-
chlamys; color drab olivaceous to about the same bluish green shade as Mesothea, fading
to yellowish or grayish green, finely striated with whitish; costa yellow, commonly ir-
rorated with purplish brown scales as in Chloropteryx; lines vague, whitish, incomplete,
often irregular, shaded with darker green on the side towards the median space, on the
hindwings obsolete or nearly so; position of lines as in allied genera; faint green discal
spots present or absent; fringes concolorous, unmarked in the known species; abdomen
usually unmarked, but may have some brown shading containing pale dorsal spots
(masonaria).
Venation as in Chloropteryx but with R + M, of forewing stalked as in Chloro-
chlamys, the third anal present and complete, and R + M, and M, + Cu, of the hind-
wing with fairly long stalks of subequal length; Sc and R, of forewing remaining
separate; frenulum well developed in male, wanting in female.
Antennae of male bipectinate for proximal three quarters, becoming simple or
merely dentate toward tip; branches rather short and stout, the longest not exceeding
twice the diameter of the shaft in the known species; female antennae simple, slender,
ciliate beneath; palpi as in related species, those of the female variable in length
and with the third joint cylindrical; eyes of the sexes similar; front narrower than in
Chlorochlamys and with the sides less divergent dorsally; tongue better developed than
in Chlorochlamys, about as in Chloropteryx; hind tibia of male moderately and quite
uniformly dilated, prismatic, with apical spurs only, with a terminal process and a thin
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 213
but full length hair pencil; hind tarsus of male as in Chlorochlamys, not as abbreviated
as in Chloropteryx; hind tibia of female undilated and with one or two pairs of spurs
(apical pair only in the generotype; other species with both pairs, or the first pair present
but rudimentary).
Male genitalia with the gnathos not fused to tegumen at bases of socii, but ap-
pearing distinctly at that position as a loop on each side; transtilla of characteristic
shape with two lobate cephalad processes, width generally exceeding length, overlying
juxta; juxta quite prominent, form variable but often deeply cone shaped; coremata
tending to be reduced or even wanting; female genitalia not differing in any consistent
way from those of allied genera, except for the ductus bursae adjoining the bursa
copulatrix directly at the apex, not slightly to one side as in Chlorochlamys or usually
in Chloropteryx.
LARVAL CHARACTERS. Unknown.
DisTRIBUTION. This appears to be mainly a genus of the Sonoran zone with at least
one species reaching Costa Rica to the south and another (viridipallens) reaching Colo.
to the north. All of the known species occur in southern Ariz. except the new one I
describe, which is found in N.M. and western Texas.
Remarks. Xerochlora is a compact group of six extremely similar species, some of which
may be distinguished only by genitalic characters, and it would be surprising if there were
not still some undiscovered ones in Mexico or Central America. In appearance the
moths rather closely resemble certain Old World species of Hemithea or Gelasma, but
the genitalia show them to be something quite different. I had originally thought of
including them in Chloropteryx, but more careful analysis of the characters revealed
that they fit no better there than in Chlorochlamys. Although the relationships to
Chlorochlamys and Chloropieryx are obviously close, the species of Xerochlora form a
visibly distinct group with no definite connecting forms. The best way of calling attention
to this is to treat them as a genus.
Key to the Species of Xerochlora
1. Pale costal border of forewing ill defined, not contrasting, mostly suffused with green,
without mixture of brown scales
Pale costal border of forewing yellow, contrasting, with or without a sprinkling of
brown scales
2. Small, intensely green species, lines obscure but postmedials quite regular in both
sexes, hindwing slightly paler towards costa; length of longest antennal pectinations
in male less than twice thickness of shaft. N.M. and Texas only .............. mesotheides
Moths larger, size and color normal for genus; lines more evident, postmedials usually
regular in female only; hindwing not noticeably paler towards costa; length of longest
antennal pectinations in male about equal to twice thickness of shaft. Colo., N.M.,
PNET Ro GREE Ea, CRE MAS id a nia, Seadoo yaks n vn aman aise bs, 5 aiaishtiays 0 SS aes a viridipallens, in part
3. Female palpi very long, segments 2 and 3 about equal; forewing pointed, outer margin
usually concave below apex; outer margin of hindwing distinctly emarginate between
M, and M,; yellow costa nearly always with sprinkling of brown scales; dorsal
abdominal markings usually discernible although rudimentary in Arizona specimens.
ATT INTL ESO LM Vevca Pea ah 2A = eas 0 IN rp OO peers Eo 5 St ke ee A Og ae masonaria
214 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Female palpi never as long as described above; forewing less pointed, outer margin
straight or convex, rarely concave below apex; hindwing margin between M, and M3;
straight or but slightly concave; yellow costa with or without sprinkling of brown
Scales; abdomen! wmnmarked> Aviz, .. 22.2 2+ 2 - ce martinaria, inveterascaria, viridipallens,
in part (these cannot be satisfactorily distinguished except by genitalia)
Xerochlora viridipallens (Hulst), new combination
Plate 26, figures 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 3b, 4, 4a, 5; plate 39, figure 6; plate 49, figures 9, 10.
Synchlora viridipallens Hulst, 1896, p. 315. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 301, Hulst, in Smith, 1903,
p. 72. Prout, 1912, p. 115 (‘huj. gen.?”’).
Chlorochlamys viridipallens Barnes and McDunnough, 1916b, p. 171; 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933,
p- 62. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Sperry, 1951, p. 50-51.
Chlorochlamys volantaria Pearsall, 1906, pp. 206, 214. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142. Sperry, 1951,
pp. 50-51. New synonymy.
Mesothea viridipennata Wright, 1920, p. 484.
Dracnosis. This is one of the more widespread species of Xerochlora, occurring in Colo.,
N.M., Ariz., Texas and Calif. Apart from the male genitalia, which are distinctive, the
moths may often be recognized by their appearance, at least the females, when the post-
medial lines are regular and evenly curved. Unfortunately, the lines may be somewhat
irregular, especially in males, and such specimens are generally indistinguishable from
inveterascaria or martinaria. However, the yellowish costal border is weakly developed
with little contrast in viridipallens, and is often actually green as in mesothetdes. It is
apparently never irrorated with dark scales as in masonaria or as it may be in martinaria
or inveterascaria. The dorsal side of the abdomen is solidly greenish, with no suggestion
of paler spots or dark brown scales. All specimens of Xerochlora seen from Colo. and
Calif. have belonged to this species.
Types. Viridipallens was described from an unstated number of specimens from
“Colorado; Arizona,” but I base my identification on a male type from Colo. in the
AMNH. I hereby designate this specimen as the lectotype, in accord with an informal
type restriction published by Barnes and McDunnough (1916b, p. 171). Positive identi-
fication of viridipallens has been made possible by examination of the genitalia of the
type, and I provide a figure of the male genitalia of another Colorado specimen that
match them closely. Since only the one species seems to reach Colo., restriction of the
type locality to that region furnished additional support for this determination.
Volantaria was described from a “male Type,’’ which I regard as the holotype, and
several cotypes, all from ‘‘Palmerly”’ [Palmerlee], Cochise Co., Ariz. The holotype is
type No. 34189 in the USNM, with its genitalia on Slide No. 1056 (J.F.G.C.). Two male
cotypes of volantaria in the AMNH are also viridipallens, but of two female cotypes in
the same collection, one is masonaria and the other martinaria.
Synonymy. The genitalia of the type of volantaria show it to be the same species as
viridipallens, but, as discussed above, the cotypes include 3 species. The determination of
inveterascaria is uncertain as the type has lost its abdomen, and although I am using
the name for another species there is a possibility that the type is the same as viridi-
pallens.
FurTHER DescripTIon. Male antennae bipectinate, tapering in outer third and becoming
simple at tip, longest branches at least equal in length to twice thickness of shaft; female
antennae slender, simple or at most dentate, ciliate beneath, roughly scaled above; male
palpi as in related species, rather short, often little more than exceeding front; female
palpi longer than those of male, exceeding front by twice as much, third segment half as
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 25
long as second; hind tibia of male as in other species of the genus; hind tibia of female
apparently always with one pair of spurs only.
Antennal scales cream colored; interantennal fillet white, cream, or sometimes
suffused with green, broad with a narrow and diffuse green margin behind; front
reddish brown, sometimes quite reddish; palpi tinged with red; forelegs quite red on
inner sides, middle legs somewhat less so, legs otherwise cream colored; underside of
body whitish; upperside of thorax and abdomen green, concolorous with wings, the
abdomen becoming whitish towards the end, unmarked.
Wings with tendency to be more rounded than in other species of Xerochlora;
upperside light sage green when perfectly fresh, a shade paler and less bluish than fresh
masonaria, about the same as inveterascaria and martinaria; green color soon fading to
a more yellowish shade, as in the other species, tending not to be as boldly striated as
in masonaria, but instead with whitish or almost colorless scales more evenly inter-
mixed with the green ones; fore- and hindwings colored alike; lines pale, whitish, weak
but usually complete, bordered with solid green on side towards median space; ante-
medial of hindwing wanting except for a vague partial continuation of the darker green
shade; antemedial of forewing almost erect, slightly convex, turning in abruptly near
costa; postmedials almost parallel with outer margins, slightly irregular in male but
more regular and evenly convex in female, bending inward and expanding slightly just
before costa; discal spots wanting or faintly indicated in darker green; costa usually
with a thin yellow or cream colored margin but this may be suffused with green; costa
not marked with dark brown scales; fringes completely concolorous with wings, un-
marked; no terminal line. Underside paler, darkest near costa of forewing which may
be bordered with yellowish as above, lines obsolete.
Length of forewing: males, 9-11.5 mm; females, 11-12 mm.
Mate GenirauiA. These are easily recognized by the large, almost bulbous saccus, the
relatively flat valve with sides almost parallel, and the evenly curved socii like those of
masonaria. The coremata are vestigial or wanting. Unlike martinaria and inveterascaria,
the valves in viridipallens and masonaria may be spread widely apart without tearing
the membranous connection at the juxta.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Postostial plate large, circular, of semisclerotized thickened integu-
ment; preostial plate developed as a large semicircular pouch of similarly thickened
integument, prominent, wider than postostial plate; bursa copulatrix almost globular,
ribbed near ductus bursae, which is short, thick and only about half as long as in
masonaria; ductus seminalis entering bursa on right side just before its juncture with
ductus bursae.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 51 males, 19 females, including types of viridipallens and volant-
aria; 14 male, 8 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. COLORADO: Rock Creek Canyon [El Paso Co.]. NEw Mexico: Cimarron
Canyon, 7900’, Sangre de Cristo Mountains, Colfax Co.; Bear Trap Camp, 8500’, 28 mi.
S.W. of Magdalena, Socorro Co.; McMillan Camp, 6800’, 13 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant
Co. TExAS: Alpine [Brewster Co.]. arizona: Greer, 8500’, White Mountains, Apache
Co.; 3 mi. W. of Eagar, 7100’, Apache Co.; Beaver Creek, S. of Alpine, Greenlee Co.;
Redington [Pinal Co.]; Palmerlee [Cochise Co.]; Sabino Basin, Santa Catalina Moun-
tains; Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.; Flagstaff; Walnut
Canyon, near Flagstaff, Coconino Co. CALIFORNIA: “New York Mountains’; Keystone
Canyon, 5500’, New York Mountains, San Bernardino Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
Fiicut Prriop. The five specimens from Rock Creek Canyon, Colo., were taken Aug.
14, 1957, by Margot May (AMNH); in N.M., the Socorra Co. specimen was taken
216 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
July 21, 1964, and the Grant Co. specimens July 24, 1961, both by F., P., and J. Rindge
(AMNH), and the Colfax Co. specimen on July 13, 1962 by E. and I. Munroe (CNC);
the two Texas records are labeled Aug. 1-7 (MCZ); the dates for Ariz. are Aug. 2-28; for
Calif., Aug. 25-Sept. 3
Earzy StTaces. Unknown.
Remarks. All locality records given have been verified by genitalia slides.
Xerochlora inveterascaria (Swett), new combination
Plate 27, figures 2, 2a, 2b; plate 40, figure 3; plate 49, figures 13-16.
Chlorochlamys inveterascaria Swett, 1907, p. 379. Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough,
1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933, p. 62. McDunnough, 1938, p. 142 .
Dracnosis. This species is known only from the southeastern quarter of Ariz., where it
is apparently at times common. /nveterascaria is similar in size, wing shape and coloring
to viridipallens, but the postmedials in the female are less regular and the wings tend
to have a more striated appearance. It is superficially indistinguishable from martinaria,
but as yet the latter is definitely known only from Cochise and Santa Cruz Counties.
Inveterascaria is best identified by the male genitalia, in which the socii are neither
straight and sharp as in martinaria or mesotheides, nor evenly curved as in viridipallens
or masonaria, but are distinctly angled at about 90°, forming an elbow just beyond the
middle. Otherwise the male genitalia are closest to those of martinaria. In the female,
the bursa copulatrix has a more elongated and more plicated neck region than in
martinaria or viridipallens, in both of which the bursa is more nearly globular. The
angulate socii are so distinctive and invariable that males may be identified without
dissection. This is accomplished merely by brushing away some of the long vestiture that
overlies the uncus and socii, using a fine stiff brush (No. 000 sable hair) and a stero-
scopic microscope.
Types. Described from one male from Tucson, Ariz., May 11, 1905, Type No. 2236 in
the MCZ. When I examined the type, a rather poor and faded specimen, I found that it
had lost its abdomen, and so it is virtually impossible to be certain of the identification
until other characters are found. In associating inveterascaria with this species, I am
resorting to guesswork in an effort to conserve the name, at least until it can be shown
to belong elsewhere. The present species is evidently commoner and more widely
distributed than martinaria. It extends northward beyond Tucson, whereas it is less
certain that martinaria does so. When I examined the type, however, I also considered
that it might be viridipallens.
SyNonyMy. None.
FuRTHER DeEscriPTION. Male antennae bipectinate, tapering in outer third and becoming
simple at tip, longest branches about equal in length to twice thickness of shaft; female
antennae slender, simple or at most slightly dentate, ciliate beneath; male palpi as in
related species, rather short, often little more than exceeding front; female palpi longer
and slightly more slender than those of the male, exceeding front by twice as much;
third palpal segment of female actually almost as long as second, but with its base often
so concealed by scales that it may appear only half as long; hind tibia of male as in
other species of the genus; hind tibia of female with apical spurs normal, but of the
preapical pair only one spur commonly present and often much reduced in size.
Antennal scales and interantennal fillet whitish or cream colored, the latter not as
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE BUILT
large as in viridipallens but still occupying over half of the space on top of the head, and
with a more sharply defined boundary where it meets the green border behind; front
dusky brown, with or without a slightly greenish tint, rarely reddish; palpi cream colored,
usually lightly tinged with red; forelegs dull reddish inwardly, second pair faintly
tinged with reddish or pale brown; legs otherwise cream colored; underside of body
whitish; upperside of thorax and abdomen green, concolorous with wings, the abdomen
becoming whitish at the tip, unmarked.
Forewing with apex moderately pointed, on the average probably a little more so
than in viridipallens, at least in females, although the latter species has a longer and
narrower wing; apex of forewing not produced as in masonaria, outer margin evenly
convex; hindwing rounded. Color of upperside dull sage green fading to olive, almost
exactly as in viridipallens but less bluish than in fresh masonaria; wings finely and
densely striated with whitish or colorless scales, more so than in viridipallens; both wings
colored alike; lines weak, antemedial wanting on the hindwing, as in related species,
and very nearly obsolete on the forewing; postmedials consisting mainly of a series of
whitish vein dots, usually emphasized by some solid green shading on the side towards
median space, on the forewing almost erect, waved, with a rounded convexity near the
middle preceded and followed by shallow concavities, bending in slightly at costa; post-
medial of hindwing generally vague but, if visible, subparallel to margin, slightly
irregular; discal spots wanting or faintly indicated in darker green; costal margin of fore-
wing solid, deep yellow or sometimes with a few weak brownish scales mixed in (in
martinaria the brown scales tend to be dark and contrasting, almost as in masonaria);
no terminal line but there are usually minute, yellowish marginal vein dots; fringes
concolorous with wings, unmarked. Underside paler, all markings obsolete except the
yellow costa, which is somewhat exaggerated.
Length of forewing: males, 9.5-10.5 mm; females, 11-13 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. These have already been discussed to some extent in the diagnosis.
When properly spread apart for mounting, the valves are not divergent in the usual
way, but are directed more nearly caudad, a peculiarity of both inveterascaria and
martinaria. The saccus tends to be more slender than that of martinaria, the valves
are differently shaped, and the socii strongly elbowed at about 90° just beyond the
middle. The bent socii provide the most obvious and useful character for recognition
of the species, especially since they may be seen without dissection (see diagnosis).
FEMALE GENITALIA. Ductus bursae very short as in martinaria, but bursa copulatrix more
pear-shaped, with narrowed end quite distinctly ribbed (plicated); tapered end of
bursa narrowing gradually until it becomes the ductus bursae; membranous folds
encircling postostial plate less inclined to be sclerotized; anterior apophyses (8th
segment) aborted, usually appearing as though cut off, or sometimes just bent.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 52 males, 12 females, including type; 12 male, 7 female slides.
DISTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, near Portal, Cochise Co.;
Palmerlee and Paradise, Cochise Co.; Hereford [Cochise Co.]; Ramsey Canyon and
Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co.; near Miami, Gila Co.; Desert
Arboretum, Superior, Pinal Co.; Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa
Cruz Co.; Pefia Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co.; Sonoita Creek, 10 mi. S. of Patagonia,
and Hidden Spring Canyon, 9 mi. E. of Sonoita, Santa Cruz Co.; Baboquivari Moun-
tains, Pima Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
FiicuT Pertop. Mostly July to Aug. 29, but taken Feb. 24, and Mar. 4 and 13 at Sonoita
Creek by Mr. R. F. Sternitzky (in AMNH).
Ear.y Staces. Unknown.
218 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Xerochlora martinaria (Sperry), new combination
Plate 27, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 40, figures 4, 5; plate 49, figures 17-19.
Chlorochlamys martinaria Sperry, 1948, p. 6; 1951, p. 51.
Diacnosis. This species, superficially indistinguishable from inveterascaria, is known
only from a few localities in Cochise and Santa Cruz Counties, Ariz., except for one
old specimen labeled White Mts., Ariz. [Apache Co.] (USNM, ex Barnes collection), a
locality that may be incorrect. Most of the material seen is from the type locality,
Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co. Martinaria is most easily identified by the male
genitalia, which are distinctive. The socii are straight, pointed, and blade-like, and may
be seen without dissection by brushing away some of the vestiture from the tip of the
abdomen.
Types. Holotype male from Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa Cruz Co.,
Ariz., Aug. 15, 1947 (J. A. Comstock and Lloyd Martin), D. C. Ferguson Genitalia slide
No. 967, deposited in the Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Calif. The
original allotype was from the White Mountains, Ariz., but later (1951, p. 51) Sperry
decided that this specimen was volantaria (actually it is masonaria), and designated a
new allotype from Madera Canyon. He also had 37 male and 20 female paratypes,
all from Madera Canyon, now distributed in various collections. I have not checked the
entire type series, but 4 males and 1 female of the paratype series in the AMNH are
definitely martinaria, and preparations of single male paratypes in the CNC and
USNM have shown that these also are this species. Two female paratypes of martinaria
in the AMNH are masonaria, and one female cotype of volantaria from Palmerlee,
Ariz., slide No. 1376 (AMNH4), is martinaria.
Synonymy. None.
FURTHER DescripTION. Martinaria fits the description of inveterascaria in almost every
detail. However, it shows more of a tendency for the yellow costa to be dusted with
contrasting, dark purplish brown scales. Inveterascaria either lacks these dark scales
or they are weak and pale; masonaria tends to have them clustered in larger aggrega-
tions. Another point that I have noted in the few females available is that the first pair
of hind tibial spurs are better developed than in inveterascaria, with both spurs of the
pair present and more nearly the size of the apical ones.
Length of forewing: males, 9-11 mm; females, 11-12 mm.
Mate GeniTAiA. Valves rather flattened, expanded; when spread apart for mounting,
valves directed almost straight caudad; uncus straight, slender, evenly tapered, very
pointed; socii straight, blade-like, pointed, slightly shorter than uncus; juxta and trans-
tilla as in imveterascaria, the latter perhaps more evenly sclerotized and with a nar-
rower, more evenly rounded cephalad emargination; saccus generally larger, or at least
wider than that of inveterascaria; hairy coremata of sacculus similar, moderately
developed.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Closest to those of inveterascaria but bursa copulatrix usually
subglobular rather than pear-shaped, and only faintly ribbed where it rather abruptly
narrows to meet the ductus bursae; ductus longer than in inveterascaria and more
distinct from the bursa; membranous folds encircling postostial plate with a tendency to
be more extensively sclerotized and rigid than in inveterascaria; anterior apophyses
small but normal, straight, not bent or aborted.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 23 males, 8 females, including type; 8 male, 7 female slides,
including type.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 219
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Madera Canyon, 4880’ and 5800’, Santa Rita Mountains, Santa
Cruz Co.; Hereford and Palmerlee, Cochise Co.; ‘‘White Mts.” [Apache Co.] (should be
verified, see diagnosis).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. None.
Fiicut Perron. July 3 to August 31.
Eary StTaces. Unknown.
Xerochlora masonaria (Schaus), new combination
Plate 5, figure 2; plate 27, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 40, figures 1, 2; plate 49, figures 11, 12.
Nemoria masonaria Schaus, 1897, p. 161.
Gelasma masonaria Dyar, 1908b, p. 34.
Chlorochlamys masonaria Prout, 1912, p. 177. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout,
1933, p. 62. Sperry, 1951, p. 51.
Chlorochlamys masonaria form hyperalla Prout, 1933, p. 62.
Chlorochlamys volantaria Prout, 1912, p. 177, (= masonaria Schaus); 1933, p. 62.
Diacnosis. This is the largest and perhaps most easily recognized species of Xerochlora,
with very long female palpi in which the third segment is as long or even longer than the
second. The apex of the forewing tends to be more produced and pointed and the
hindwing more angulate than in other species; the lines are irregular, pure white but
fragmentary, and usually closely followed by solid green shading; the yellow costa is
nearly always irrorated with patches of brown scales. In Mexican material the dorsal
side of the abdomen is characteristically marked with small whitish or pinkish spots
on a brown shaded background; in United States specimens such markings are rudi-
mentary, although traces of them are still apparent with magnification, especially on
the second segment. Masonaria tends more than any other species of the genus to have
both pairs of hind tibial spurs in the female, although of the first pair only one spur is
commonly present. The females are much larger than the males and in size alone are
quite conspicuously different from those of allied species. Masonaria occurs from Ariz.
and N.M. to Costa Rica.
Types. The type of masonaria is a female in the USNM from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
A genitalia slide of this specimen was prepared for me by Dr. Ronald W. Hodges, and
a drawing that I made from it is figured (PI. 40, fig. 1). The type of hyperalla is a male
from Juan Vinas, Costa Rica, now in the BM. One of the female cotypes of volantaria
from Palmerlee, Ariz., slide No. 1375 (AMNH), is masonaria, and two female para-
types of martinaria from Madera Canyon (AMNH) are also masonaria.
Synonymy. The identity of hyperalla is not certain but a single specimen that I ex-
amined from Cachi, Costa Rica (USNM) is the same as Mexican ones, showing at least
that masonaria occurs there. The species is variable and it would not be surprising
if Prout’s form fitted within the present concept.
FurTHER Description. Male antenna bipectinate, tapering in outer third and becoming
simple at tip, longest branches about equal in length to twice thickness of shaft; female
antenna slender, simple or slightly dentate, ciliate beneath, roughly scaled above; male
palpi as in allied species; female palpi much longer than those of male and longer than
in any other species of the genus, third segment slender, cylindrical, at least as long as
second; hind tibia of male normal for the genus; hind tibia of female variable, usually
220 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
with both pairs of spurs or with one spur of the proximal pair missing or rudimentary,
sometimes with both spurs of the proximal pair obsolete or nearly so.
Antennal scales whitish; interantennal fillet white, apparently more constant than
that of viridipallens, narrowly bordered with green behind; front dusky brown, rarely
reddish brown; palpi reddish above, pale below; first pair, and to a lesser extent second
pair of legs dull reddish on inner sides; legs otherwise whitish; underside of body whitish;
upperside of thorax and abdomen green, concolorous with wings, the abdomen variably
marked with whitish or rose red segmental spots surrounded by dark brown shading.
The pale spots, the brown shading, or both may be obsolescent as is the case in Arizona
and New Mexico specimens, occurring only as vestiges on segments two or three. Rose
shading associated with the abdominal markings seems to develop only in Mexico and
Central America, and there as a variation expressed only in some specimens.
Forewing produced, usually pointed and with the outer margin nearly always
slightly concave below apex; hindwing with outer margin more noticeably angled at
M, and emarginate between M, and M, than in allied species. The wings are less
opaque than in the other species so that worn specimens look more translucent. Upper-
side of wings, when fresh, delicate sage green in United States specimens, distinctly more
bluish than viridipallens; shade uncertain in Mexican specimens because no fresh material
is available. Most museum specimens have faded to the more yellowish or olivaceous
green characteristic of the group; some specimens in nature fade to a slightly violaceous
light gray-green, a color not seen in other species. The thinly scaled look is partly a result
of colorless scales mixed with the green; these may be arranged as fine striations or as
dense uniform irroration. Fore- and hindwings colored alike; lines pure white but frag-
mentary, often obscure, especially the antemedial, followed by a weak or distinct solid
green shade on side towards median space; antemedial of forewing, if visible, erect or
convex, irregular, on hindwing wanting; postmedials subparallel to margins, irregular,
that of the forewing usually with a shallow concavity between Cu, and inner margin,
turning in slightly but not expanding at costa; discal spots usually indicated as markings
of solid green; costa yellowish, heavily to very lightly irrorated with groups of purplish
brown scales; position of terminal line marked by a series of small white dots at the veins
and sometimes by a faint edging of solid green; fringes concolorous with wings; unmarked.
Underside much paler, all markings obsolete except yellow costa, which tends to be less
irrorated than above.
Length of forewing: males, 11-13 mm; females, 12-14 mm, but one very large fe-
male from Purulha, Guatemala, measures 16 mm.
Mate GeEnITALiA. Uncus narrow, evenly tapered to a point; socii curved but not sharply
elbowed, bluntly rounded at the ends; transtilla with two rather large lobes; valve
with a high, setose median ridge at base, broadly overlying costa; valve widest at middle,
where there is a large, rounded costal convexity, narrowing toward base and apex;
saccus intermediate between that of viridipallens and martinaria; coremata quite well
developed; aedeagus longer and with the row of marginal teeth near apex better
developed than in the other species.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Easily recognized by the length of the ductus bursae, this being
about twice as long as in other species of the genus.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 62 males, 34 females, including type; 10 male, 7 female slides.
DIsTRIBUTION. ARIZONA: Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Coconino Co.; South Fork
Camp, White Mts.; Hereford; Palmerlee; Paradise; Redington; Carr Canyon and Ash
Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co.; S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, 5400’, 5 mi.
W. of Portal, Cochise Co.; Onion Saddle, 7600’, and Pinery Canyon, 7000’, Chirichaua
Mts., Cochise Co.; Madera Canyon, 4880’ and 5800’, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co.
NEW MExIco: Lordsburg; McMillan Camp, 7000’, 14 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 221
MExIco: Zacualpan; Sn. Angel, D.F.; Jalapa and Orizaba, Veracruz; Tehuacan, Puebla.
GUATEMALA: Purulha; Volcan Sta. Maria (identification doubtful). costa rica: Cachi.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The tendency toward loss of the brown abdominal shading
northward has already been mentioned. Whether this is a gradual change has not been
established because no material is available from northern Mexico, but some specimens
from southern Mexico already have this shading reduced. It is even possible that the
form with reduced markings is not conspecific with masonaria, although it has the same
kind of genitalia and seems about the same in other characters, including size. Two
males from Volcan Sta. Maria, Guatemala (USNM) look greener, have the pink and
brown abdominal shading unusually well developed, have lost all white scaling from the
lines, which are strongly indicated in green, and appear to have slightly different genita-
lia, with a longer, narrower valve. These may represent another species.
FuicuT Periop. In Ariz. and N.M., June 25, 27; July 11—Aug. 28.
Earzy Straces. Unknown.
Xerochlora mesotheides, new species
Plate 28, figures 1, la, 1b; plate 40, figure 6; plate 49, figures 20, 21.
Diacnosis. This is the smallest and greenest species of Xerochlora, superficially re-
sembling Mesothea incertata viridipennata, with which it has been confused. However,
the wing shape, vestiture and male antennal structure are different, and mesotheides is
peculiar, even within its own genus, in having the hindwings slightly paler than the fore-
wings. It occurs in New Mexico and western Texas and is nowhere sympatric with
Mesothea as far as known. In Xerochlora, only the range of viridipallens seems to over-
lap that of mesotheides. As in other species of the genus, females tend to be much larger
than males.
Types. Holotype male, Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., Texas, June 5, 1950, E. C. Johnston,
DCF slide No. 1038, in the CNC. Paratypes, 3 females, same data; one male, Marathon,
Brewster Co., Texas, May 23, 1950, E. C. Johnston; one female, Big Bend National
Park, 6000’, Brewster Co., Texas, April 25, 1959, E. W. Smalzried; 4 males, 4 females,
White City, Eddy Co., N.M., May 14, 1950, E. C. Johnston; 4 males, 6 females, Sitting
Bull Falls, 4800’, 42 mi. S.W. of Carlsbad, Eddy Co., N.M., June 26, 28, 29, 1964, F., P.,
and M. Rindge. All of the paratypes collected by E. C. Johnston are in the CNC except
two, which are in the collection of the author. The Rindge specimens are all in the
AMNH.
SyNonymMy. None.
FuRTHER DeEscrRIPTION. Male antennae bipectinate, tapering gradually to tips, which are
simple, length of longest branches less than twice thickness of shaft; female antennae
slender, slightly dentate, ciliate beneath; male palpi short, usually not exceeding front,
third segment small, somewhat conical; female palpi hardly longer than those of the
male and with the third segment similar; male hind tibia quite dilated, prismatic, with the
apical spurs only and a slight apical process; female hind tibia undilated, with the apical
spurs only.
Scales of antennal shaft and interantennal fillet whitish, the latter sometimes
greenish; head behind fillet green, forming a border about half the width of the fillet;
front, palpi, and inner surfaces of first and second pairs of legs dull red or reddish
222 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
brown; legs otherwise cream colored; underside of body cream colored; upperside of
thorax and abdomen green, concolorous with wings, the abdomen becoming paler pos-
teriorly, unmarked.
Forewing rather long, apex produced but not pointed, costa almost perfectly straight,
especially in males, outer margin evenly convex; hindwings rounded, outer margin not
angulate; color of wings pure green or slightly olivacious, not as blue as Mesothea;
coloring fairly intense, opaque, unstriated, the hindwings noticeably paler than fore-
wings, especially towards costa; antemedial of forewing very vague; postmedial more
distinct but still weak, paler green with whitish vein dots, subparallel to outer margin
but curving inward just before costa, slightly irregular in male, more evenly convex in
female; antemedial of hindwing wanting; postmedial of hindwing as on forewing or
less distinct, sometimes obsolete, with an outward bulge near the middle in both sexes;
discal spots wanting or very faintly indicated in darker green; costa with or without
a weak yellowish margin in the male, all green in the female; no terminal line but with
a tendency to have small white marginal vein dots on the forewing; fringes solid green,
concolorous with wings. Underside paler, yellow costa on the forewing of the male more
distinct than on the upperside, pale terminal vein dots usually present, lines obsolete.
Length of forewing: holotype, 8.5 mm; other males, 8-9 mm; females, 9.5-11 mm.
Mate GEniTALiA. These most closely resemble the genitalia of martinaria in the slender,
pointed uncus and straight, blade-like socii. However, the valve is not flattened and
expanded like that of martinaria, and the saccus is much abbreviated, more so than in any
other species of the genus. The transtilla is very prominently bilobed, and the aedeagus
unusually short. The hairy coremata are present but small.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The genital plate is an almost circular structure, the postostial part
of which consists mainly of a semicircular area of weak sclerotization, and the pre-
ostial part the usual rounded pouch-like invagination of thickened, semi-rigid membrane.
The ductus bursae is very short, and the bursa itself rather small and ovate.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 10 males, 14 females; 3 male, 4 female slides. Only the types are
known.
DistRIBUTION. The data given for the type series include all known localities.
GEOGRAPHIAL VARIATION. None.
FiicuT Perron. See data given for type series.
Earty STacEs. Unknown.
Remarks. I have subsequently seen 7 specimens of mesotheides collected in Coahuila,
Mexico, by Dr. C. L. Remington. These are from 3 mi. S. of Gloria, July 28, 1959, and
from 4000’ in the Sierra de la Gavia, July 29, 1959.
HETHEMIA, new genus
Chlorissa Prout, 1912, 1933. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a. Forbes, 1924, 1948. McDunnough,
1938, (nec Stephens, 1831, p. 315; nec Westwood, 1840, p. 100).
Tyre Species: Nemoria ? pistasciaria Guenée, 1857 = Hethemia pistasciaria (Guenée),
monobasic.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 223
ApuLT CHaracters. Small moths, similar in size to Mesothea and Chloropteryx, females
distinctly larger than males; wing shape as in the Old World genera Hemithea and
Diplodesma, with forewing somewhat pointed and hindwing angled, but not as angu-
late as in the typical group of Chloropieryx; wings opaque, densely scaled, especially in
males; color olivaceous green or reddish brown, clouded with orange-yellow beneath in
males but not in females, the green discoloring to yellowish or buff; costa of forewing with
a broad brown margin, not irrorated with dark scales as is common in Chloropteryx and
Xerochlora; lines pale, normal but weak, fairly regular; discal spots green, indistinct,
or wanting; no terminal line; fringes concolorous or brownish, unmarked; abdomen
uncrested, unmarked, except with some general brownish shading.
Venation with Sc and R, of forewing fused for a short distance, R, and R, separate;
R + M, and M, + Cu, of forewing unstalked, separate; third anal of forewing present;
frenulum present in male, slender; frenulum wanting in female.
Antenna of male as in Chlorissa, simple, ciliate beneath; of female, similar but
more slender; palpi similarly short in both sexes, hardly exceeding front, third joint
short, conical; eyes of the sexes similar, normally developed, not reduced as in Mesothea;
front almost square, slightly narrowing ventrally; tongue well developed; hind tibia
cf male as in Mesothea, hardly dilated, flattened towards the end, with the distal pair
of spurs only, no terminal process, and apparently no hair pencil; hind tibia of female
with both pairs of spurs, a character that conveniently distinguishes it from Mesothea;
vestiture of front, palpi and thorax normal, not hairy as in Mesothea.
The genitalia of both sexes show a relationship closer to Chlorissa than to anything
else, but in the male at least there are several important differences. In the male
genitalia, Mesothea appears closer to Chlorissa than does Hethemia, but in the female,
the last two are almost identical, and Mesothea differs most. In Hethemia, the form of
the tegumen, vinculum, uncus, socii, juxta, transtilla, and aedeagus are all very much
as in Chlorissa viridata (the generotype), except that no sclerotized parts are deep brown
in color as they tend to be in Chlorissa and Mesothea. In the valve, the prominent and
partly free costal sclerite, characteristic of Chlorissa and Mesothea, is nearly lost, having
become completely fused with the valve, leaving only a rounded, dentate, costal bulge.
The knob-like median basal process of the valve of Chlorissa, which also persists in
Mesothea, is reduced to an elongated, low ridge, somewhat pointed at the distal end.
The gnathos is complete, as in Chlorissa, but very weak. The eighth sternite, bearing
a single process in Chlorissa and Mesothea, is bifid in Hethemia, ending in two long,
sharp processes, dentate on the outer sides.
The female genitalia are very close to those of Chlorissa, with the same extremely
elongated bursa copulatrix.
LarvaL Cnuaracters. The larva differs in no apparent way from that of Chlorissa or
Mesothea. A description is given in the discussion of pistasciaria.
DIsTRIBUTION. Eastern North America from N.S. and southern Ont. to Fla., westward
to Man., N.D., and Mo.
Remarks. In many respects this taxon hardly differs from Chlorissa, and before investi-
gating the Old World genera in detail, I had not thought that a new genus would be
required for pistasciaria. Chlorissa, Hethemia, and Mesothea are clearly more closely
related than any one of them is to Hemithea or to any other allied form, but each is
distinctive in certain respects. Especially in its unique sexual dimorphism, loss of the
dark coloring of sclerotized parts, simplified valve, and peculiar double process on the
eighth sternite, Hethemia seems as far removed from Chlorissa as is Mesothea, so that
in recognizing one as generically distinct, one is obliged to do likewise with the other.
Geographically too, Hethemia is far removed from the Palaearctic Chlorissa, being
completely isolated in eastern North America, south of the boreal forest and east of the
Great Plains. This distribution contrasts with that of Mesothea, which crosses the entire
continent to Alaska as though it were holarctic.
The name is an anagram of Hemithea.
224 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Hethemia pistasciaria (Guenée), new combination
Plate 5, figure 5; plate 29, figures 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a, 2b; plate 41, figure 4; plate 49, figures 27-30.
Nemoria ? pistasciaria Guenée, 1857, p. 348. Walker, 1861, p. 534.
Nemoria pistacearia Hulst, 1895, p. 71.
Nemoria pistaciata Packard, 1876, p. 374. Hulst, 1896, p. 313.
Nemoria pistaceata Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299. Hulst, in Smith,
1903, p. 72.
Chlorochroma pistaceata Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 495.
Chlorissa pistasciaria Prout, 1912, p. 175. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. Forbes, 1924,
p. 284. Prout, 1933, p. 61. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Kimball and Jones, 1943, p. 108.
Kimball, 1965, p. 164.
Chlorissa pistaciaria Forbes, 1948, p. 116. Ferguson, 1954, p. 289.
[?] Zodis euchloraria Guenée, 1857, p. 355.
Nemoria euchloria (sic) Hulst, 1896, p. 313.
Nemoria euchloraria Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299.
Chlorissa (?) euchloraria Prout, 1912, p. 175; 1933, p. 61.
Chlorissa euchloraria Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141.
Nemoria subcroceata Walker, 1862, p. 1557. Packard, 1876, p. 372. Hulst, 1886b, p. 141. Hulst,
in Smith, 1891, p. 67. Hulst, 1896, p. 313. Dyar, 1899b, p. 386; 1902 [1903], p. 299. Hulst,
in Smith, 1903, p. 72.
Chlorochroma incertata var. subcroceata Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 495.
Chlorissa subcroceata Prout, 1912, p. 175. Forbes, 1924, p. 284 (synonymy). Barnes and McDun-
nough, 1917a, p. 100. Prout, 1933, p. 61. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141
Acidalia ? insecutata Walker, 1862, p. 1613.
Thalera superata Walker, 1866, p. 1612. Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (synonymy).
Nemoria gratata Packard, 1876, p. 373; pl. 10, fig. 79. Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67. New syn-
onymy.
Chlorochroma gratata Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 494.
Nemoria auranticolorata Strecker, 1899, p. 8. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 72. Prout, 1912, p. 175
(synonymy).
Nemoria dyarii Hulst, 1900, p. 105. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 299. Hulst, in Smith, 1903, p. 72.
Prout, 1912, p. 175 (synonymy).
Diacnosis. This is a small eastern species often confused with Mesothea incertata, but
easily recognized by a number of distinctive characters. It has simple antennae in both
sexes, slightly angulate hindwings, and a yellow, orange or brown collar behind the
head. The coloring of the wings is quite deep green in freshly emerged specimens; in the
female almost sage green like Mesothea but darker, in the male more olivaceous. The
female is usually green beneath, but the male is always much yellower on the underside.
The color of both sexes quickly fades through various shades of olive green to yellowish
green or even pale brown, and specimens of an intense orange yellow shade are not
uncommon in collections. I suspect that the most extreme of these are the result of
discoloration in relaxing, but it is not unlikely that similar discoloration may occur
in nature. ‘The fringes may be green, pinkish, or brown.
Pistasciaria occurs from southern Ont., Que. and N.S. to Fla., and seems commonest
in bogs, blueberry barrens and other acid soil habitats. The extreme instability of the
green pigment in this species, as well as its polymorphism, sexual and otherwise, has
long confounded lepidopterists and has led to the complex synonymy.
Pistasciaria and subcroceata are different color forms but not green and orange-
yellow as thought by former authors. Both are green when fresh, but pistasciaria has
reddish or brown fringes, swbcroceata has green fringes.
Types. Pistasciaria was described from one female “en mauvais état”, from “Amérique
septentrionale. Coll. Bdv.” The type is believed to be lost (Prout, 1933, p. 61), but
Guenée’s description seems to fit the present species very well. It was a specimen with
reddish brown fringes. 27 mm. seems large, but if one doubles the distance from the
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 225
center of the thorax to the apex of the forewing, as was the custom, it is found that
large females measure just about this size.
Euchloraria was based on one example from the Boisduval collection, supposedly
from North America. The sex was not stated and the type appears to be lost. It is not in
the USNM.
Subcroceata was based on one specimen, described in Latin as a male and in English
as a female. Walker stated that it was from New York, but the label states only U'S.
Prout (1933, p. 61) said that it was from East Florida [St. Johns Bluff, Duval Co.,
Doubleday], evidently at the suggestion of Warren, according to Prout’s notebook in
the BM. The specimen bears the BM registration number 46-110, indicating collection
number 110 acquired in the year 1846. This collection contained all the nocturnal
Lepidoptera collected by Edward Doubleday in North America in 1837-38. It further
bears, on separate labels, the numbers 19 and 736, evidently referring to lists that now
seem to be lost (Fletcher, in litt.). A colored photograph of the type sent to me from
the BM is that of a male, clearly the same species as pistasciaria. As far as one can tell
it is the form with green fringes, indicating a northern specimen, and so Trenton Falls,
N.Y. is most probably the type locality.
Insecutata was described from one female with no locality given. The type in the
BM appears to represent the true brown form known only from Fla., Ga. and S.C.
(see discussion of geographical variation). Consequently, I believe that the type locality
of insecutata is St. Johns Bluff, Duval Co., Fla., and that it is one of the specimens
collected there by Edward Doubleday in 1838.
Superata was also described from one female, from “North America. From Mr.
Carter’s collection.” The locality is not known, but the type, which is in the BM, again
clearly represents the same species as pistasciaria. Like subcroceata, it appears to
represent the form with green fringes.
Gratata, supposed to be a Walker manuscript name published by Packard, was based
(by Packard) on four males and four females from Brunswick, Me.; London, Ont.;
Salem, Boston and Amherst, Mass.; Albany, N.Y.; Lansing, Mich.; Philadelphia, Pa. At
the MCZ, where much of Packard’s material should be, I did not find any specimens
marked as types.
The type of auranticolorata is a specimen in the Strecker collection at the Field
Museum of Natural History, Chicago, labeled “Fla. 1896.”” I have not determined whether
it is male or female. Strecker described it from “One example, taken by Whitfield in
Florida.”’ It has been suggested that this was an erroneous spelling of Wittfeld, one of
the early collectors in Florida (Kimball, 1965, p. 164).
Dyarii was described “either from L.I., N.Y., or from Dist. Colum.; collection of
Dr. H. G. Dyar.” “National Museum, type No. 4700.” The specimen labeled as the type
in the USNM is a male, without locality data.
Synonymy. As mentioned above, my examination of type specimens or photographs
of them has made it clear that the names subcroceata, superata, and dyarii are synonyms
of pistasciaria, as here understood. Although I have found no types of gratata, Packard’s
description of this form unquestionably refers to the present species and not to Meso-
thea incertata, in whose synonymy it has been listed by all previous authors from
Hulst (1895) to Forbes (1948). Packard’s statements about the fringes being either
reddish or green in gratata, the deep rusty-ochreous prothorax (the “collar’), and the
dates of flight, May 28 to June 17, point quite conclusively to pistasciaria, although of
course he may have had a mixed series, Also, he included in the type lot a specimen from
Philadelphia, well south of the range of incertata. Judging from a colored photograph
of the type, it seems quite certain that insecutata is the rare brown form so far known
only from northeastern Fla., from Waycross, Ga., and from Charleston Co., S.C. The
type is the right shade of brown, although considerably faded, and what is more
important, the upperside of the abdomen is heavily shaded with reddish brown to an
extent probably never found in normal green pistasciaria and which is not a result of
discoloration. In the event that it should later seem advantageous to regard this form
226 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
as a different species or subspecies, the name insecutata of Walker is available for it.
I had expected that auranticolorata, also from Fla., would be the same as the true brown
form, insecutata, but according to Strecker’s description it is not. I have not seen the
type. Auranticolorata apparently is a normal green specimen of pistasciaria, faded or
discolored to the bright orange yellow shade so characteristic of this species. The type
of euchloraria Guenée has never been found and its identity has always been in doubt.
Forbes (1948, p. 117) expressed the opinion that “it may have been an exotic with
false locality,” but I think it equally possible that it was a female of Hethemia pistas-
ciarta.
FuRTHER Description. Male and female antennae simple, ciliate beneath; antennae
of male slightly stouter than those of the female; male and female palpi similar, rather
short, exceeding front by no more than the length of the small, conical third segment; hind
tibia in both sexes about 114 times the length of tarsus, without an apical process,
undilated, in the male with only the apical spurs, in the female with both pairs of spurs
but the first pair smaller and sometimes inconspicuous.
Interantennal fillet, scape, and antennal scales near base cream colored or ivory,
not white; antennal scaling for distal four-fifths usually gray; head behind fillet brown,
followed by a collar of lighter brown or yellowish, contrasting sharply with the green
thorax in fresh specimens but almost concolorous in discolored ones; front brown,
varying from deep chestnut to grayish brown; palpi brown, usually paler than front; legs
luteous, shaded with brown, the front tibiae with a grayish or purplish tint; underside
of body ivory or luteous; upperside of thorax concolorous with wings; upperside of
abdomen the same or brownish.
Upperside of wings in fresh specimens deep olive green (pistachio) in males, sage
green in females, the latter almost the same color as Mesothea incertata; fore- and hind-
wings colored alike; lines white, very thin, usually discontinuous and broken into a
series of delicate dots or bars, often edged with a faint green shade darker than the
ground color; antemedial of forewing obscure, roundly convex, of hindwing wanting;
postmedial of forewing erect, slightly irregular, bending inward at costa and usually
with a slight concavity at Cu,; postmedial of hindwing convex, slightly irregular, and
also with a concavity at Cu,, postmedials of both wings approximately parallel to outer
margins and marking off outer thirds of the wings at costal and inner margins; discal
spots wanting or indicated only as vague markings of darker green; costa pinkish or
purplish brown in males, green or brown in females; no terminal line; fringes nearly
always purplish brown in males (rarely green), either purplish brown or green in
females in proportions that probably vary geographically; underside of male bright
orange yellow, sometimes clouded with green but always yellower than above, no
markings; underside of female green like the upperside but paler, (occasionally orange
as in the male) costa brown, other markings obsolete.
As mentioned in the diagnosis, the green coloring, especially of males, is very un-
stable and readily fades or discolors through lighter shades of olive green, greenish
yellow, and ultimately to a completely bleached pale brown. In discolored males, the
shade of the upperside not infrequently matches the orange yellow hue of the under-
side. A few females, especially from the New Jersey pine barrens, are bright orange
beneath like the males and appear to have been so when fresh. In addition to those
specimens that have become brown through discoloration, there is a real brown form
(insecutata Walker), further discussed under geographical variation.
Length of forewing: males, 8.5-10.5 mm; females, 10-13 mm. Females conspicuously
larger than males.
MALE GENITALIA. See discussion under genus Hethemia. Readily distinguished from all
other American species by the form of the valve and the distinctively bifurcate ventral
plate of the eighth segment. Neither sex has the dark brown coloring of sclerotized parts
seen in Mesothea.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 227
FEMALE GENITALIA. These also are distinctive in the much elongated bursa and the
pair of setose papillae within the sclerotized ring of the postgenital plate.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 173 males, 301 females, including the type of dyarit and colored
photographs of the types of subcroceata, insecutata, and superata. Slides: 3 male, 4
female. Larvae: 2 broods reared.
DIsTRIBUTION. NOVA scoTIA: Annapolis Royal, Annapolis Co.; Lake Kejimkujik, Queens
Co.; Auburn and Aylesford, Kings Co.; Mt. Uniacke, Hants Co.; Armdale, Halifax Co.;
Bogs in Halifax Watershed Area, Halifax Co.; Mt. Thom, Pictou Co.; Brierly Brook,
Antigonish Co. QuEBEC: Lanoraie; Nominingue. ONTARIO: Ottawa and Mer Bleue,
near Ottawa; Merivale, near Ottawa; Dunnville; Charleton; Black Rapids; Parry Sound
District; Point Pelee; Waubamie. MANITOBA: Winnipeg; Aweme. MAINE: Enfield and
Passadumkeag, Penobscot Co.; Bangor; Bar Harbor. NEW HAMPSHIRE: Franconia. MAS-
SACHUSETTs: Sharon; Newton Highlands; Framingham; Amherst; E. Wareham; Barn-
stable; Martha’s Vineyard. CONNECTICUT: Storrs. NEW yoRK: Amagansett, Forest Park,
Bellport, Yaphank, and Riverhead, Long Island; Nassau-Suffolk Border, south shore Long
Island; West Farms, New York City; New Windsor; Ithaca, Tompkins Co.; Picton
Island, near Clayton, Jefferson Co. NEW JeERsEY: Freehold; Jerseyville; Newark;
Elizabeth; Mt. Holly; Plainfield; Chester; Lakehurst; Milltown; Sweetwater; New
Lisbon; Jamesburg; Atsion, Burlington Co.; 7 mi. N.W. New Gretna, Burlington Co.
PENNSYLVANIA: Scranton; Philadelphia; Sinking Spring, Berks Co.; New Brighton. Mary-
LAND: Montgomery Co. DELAWARE: New Castle Co. MicHIGAN: Ramona; Grayling;
Manistique, Schoolcraft Co. wisconsin: Lake Katherine, Oneida Co. MINNESOTA: Potroit
Lake, Becker Co. NorTH DAKOTA: Red River north of Fargo, Cass Co. vircinia: Mountain
Lake; Eggleston. NORTH CAROLINA: Highlands, Macon Co.; Black Mountains; New Bern.
TENNESSEE: Johnson City. Missourt: Adair Park, Independence. ALABAMA: Camp Rucker,
Ozark. sOUTH CAROLINA: The Wedge Plantation, S. Santee River, Charleston Co. (form
“insecutata’”’). GEORGIA: Waycross (form “insecutata’”’). FLORIDA: University Conservation
Preserve, Welaka, Putnam Co. (form “insecutata’’).
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. The peculiar color problems in this species, as well as its
diversity of host plants and habitats, at first led me to anticipate confusing trends in
geographical variation, if not an actual sibling species complex. I have not been able to
find characters by which to recognize more than one species, although this by no means
precludes the possibility that such may be the case. Analysis of much good material has
revealed that most of the apparent variation is just sexual dimorphism plus rather
dramatic alteration of the green pigment through ordinary environmental agencies such
as sunlight and moisture. Fortunately the species is univoltine, or matters might have
been further complicated by seasonal forms. Once the above characteristics are under-
stood, the remaining variation mostly falls into place in a natural north-south sequence.
Males show little change from Canada to N.C. The large number examined from
this region had brownish fringes almost without exception, and those from Ga. and Ala.
probably do, although from there I have seen only females. Two males from Man. had
greener fringes. Northern females, such as those from the Canadian provinces, are
apparently always green on the underside and nearly always have green fringes, although
a few from southern Ont. have faintly pinkish fringes. Two geographical changes begin
to appear in females from central portions of the range, as in the N.J. pine barrens. In
this population a higher proportion of females, apparently at least 50%, have pinkish
brown fringes like those of the male, and a few are even more unusual in having the
underside of the wings bright orange, also like the male. I have seen the orange underside
in quite fresh green specimens and doubt if it could be a result of discoloration. Since
there is relatively little material available from anywhere south of N.J., the southward
extent of these trends is uncertain. I have seen one female from Highlands, N.C., that
is orange beneath, but other southern specimens examined are green beneath, and with
or without brown fringes. Females with brownish fringes tend also to have some brown
228 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
dorsal shading on the abdomen, but the brown fringes and orange undersurface are not
necessarily concomitant. Some of the best examples of the latter form have green
fringes. The most southerly record I have seen of a green pistasciaria with authentic
locality data is a female from Ozark, Ala., Mar. 31, 1943 (Franclemont collection). It
is a normal specimen with faintly pinkish fringes. A female from Fargo, N.D., June 6
(AMNH) and a male from Independence, Mo., May 4, 1962 (Charles Covell Collec-
tion), near the western limits of distribution, also seem to be normal.
Although there are a few reports of Hethemia pistasciaria from Fla. that may
refer to the normal form (e.g., the type of auranticolorata, and others mentioned by
Kimball, 1965, p. 164), three males and three females that I collected at Welaka, Put-
nam Co. on March 11, 15 and 20, 1962 are strikingly unusual. These are entirely a deep,
rich reddish brown with concolorous fringes. The underside is similar but slightly
paler, except for one female which is contrastingly paler and slightly greenish beneath.
In one very fresh male the wings have a purplish sheen. The deep brown coloring
evidently fades and becomes somewhat paler in old specimens, but it it likely that
these could always be distinguished from specimens that had originally been green.
Three other specimens of this brown form subsequently turned up. There is a female in
the CNC taken at Waycross, Ga., March 22, 1952, by G. S. Walley, and on March 29,
1967, I collected another male and female at light near the bank of the South Santee
River, Charleston Co., S.C., in an area where the biota is very similar to that of
northern Fla. The South Carolina examples are not quite as dark as most of the others
and show a slight tinge of green, suggesting that there may be a blend zone between
the green and brown forms. The genitalia of the brown form hardly differ from these
of normal pistasciaria, but the former may prove to be a distinctive subspecies of the
extreme southeast. As mentioned previously, the type of insecutata Walker, probably
from St. Johns Bluff, Fla., apparently represents this form, and provides a name if one is
required. I am deterred from formally treating insecutata as a species or subspecies
because of inadequate material and also because of the knowledge of other similarly
distinctive brown forms among the North American Geometrinae (e.g. in Nemoria
bistriaria, bifilata, and pulcherrima, and Chlorochlamys appellaria).
FiicnT Periop. N.S., June 5—July 11; Ont. and Que., May 22—June 11; Man., June 9-July
4; New England States, May 21—June 28; N.Y., May 28—June 15; Mich., May 28-June 19;
Wis., June 3-24; Minn., June 7 (one record); N.J. to Va., May 6—June 30, except for
one record from Mountain Lake, Va., for July 8; N.C., Apr. 10-June 24; Mo., May 4
(one record); S.C., Ga., Ala., Fla., Mar. 11-31. Apparently only one generation everywhere.
Earty Sracres. The egg and larva were described by Dyar (1899b, p. 386), who reared
them on a species of oak that he identified as Quercus coccinea. His material came from
Brookhaven, Long Island, N.Y. In the CNC there are four adults also reared on oak,
in 1959, presumably from Ont., although the locality is not on the label, and one female
reared from white birch near Parry Sound, Ont., in 1948. Prentice (1963, p. 308), in
giving host plant records from the Canadian Forest Insect Survey, lists white birch,
yellow birch, ironwood and basswood. I reared pistasciaria through two generations
from eggs laid by a female collected at Aylesford, Kings Co., N.S., on June 20, 1963.
These were fed on Vaccinium (blueberry) and seemed to do so well that I suspect it is
a favored food plant, at least in that region. In form and coloring, the larvae bore a
striking resemblance to the branches of the blueberry, their pointed heads simulating
the terminal buds and leaf scars of the twigs. The following is a description of the last
instar based on my larvae, and seems to agree with Hulst’s description except for
some minor differences in coloring.
Body long (24 mm.), straight, rather slender, tapering slightly from the posterior
abdominal segments to the thorax; integument densely granular, the granules of the
dorsal area exaggerated and arranged as about six somewhat irregular longitudinal
ridges, brownish in color; ventral granules also arranged in longitudinal rows but
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 229
smaller and more concolorous with body; the head, also finely rough-textured and
bearing short setae, deeply cleft at the top into two conical points that exceed the
adjoining thorax by a distance equal to almost half the total height of the head; pro-
thoracic segment with a matching but smaller pair of pointed dorsal processes; supra-
anal plate produced posteriorly, bluntly conical; color green to yellowish brown,
greenest beneath, brownish above; three last abdominal segments and prolegs quite
brown; intersegmental folds of integument appearing as paler rings; head brown,
thoracic legs and prothoracic processes tipped with brown. Thoracic legs usually held
tightly together beneath head. Thoracic and abdominal setae small and inconspicuous,
although anus is surrounded by four setiferous tubercles bearing longer setae, the lateral
pair of tubercles being larger than the dorsoventral pair. Proleg crochets arranged in
separate anterior and posterior groups of five strong hooks, each group consisting of
an outer row of three long hooks, and two short inner hooks.
Remarks. Unlike Mesothea, Hethemia pistasciaria is definitely nocturnal and comes
to light. In its favored habitats of low heath vegetation, such as the bogs in eastern
Canada and northern New England, it is readily flushed in the daytime, and I have
collected many specimens in that way. In N.S. it occurs most commonly in exactly the
same bog and heath habitats as Mesothea, but beginning almost a month later. Hethemia
seems less restricted to this kind of environment, however, and may appear at light in
almost any kind of woodland in that region. Whether it is limited to acid soil areas
elsewhere I do not know.
MESOTHEA Warren
Mesothea Warren, 1901, p. 446.
Type Species: Nemoria incertata Walker, 1862 = Mesothea incertata (Walker), des-
ignated by Warren, 1901, p. 446.
ADULT CHARACTERS. Small moths, forewing length 9-12 mm; females generally about
the same size as males; wings quite rounded, hindwing only sometimes very slightly
angulate; wings opaque, scaling dense, many of the scales near base of forewing narrow,
linear; color bright sage green, discoloring to buff, unstriated; lines pale, weak, convex,
even or only slightly irregular; costa of forewing with a brown margin; no discal spots;
no terminal line; fringes unmarked, concolorous with wings or tipped with whitish;
abdomen green, unmarked; front, palpi and interantennal fillet green and hairy, the
latter actually whitish but mostly concealed beneath a covering of long hair-like green
scales; thorax also quite hairy, above and below, this general hairiness being a unique
character, as far as known.
In the forewing, veins R, and R, fused for part of their length, Sc and R, either
separate or fused for a short distance; R,_, + M, with a long stalk; M, and Cu, of the
forewing diverging before the end of the cell; third anal well developed. In the hind-
wing, Sc and R touching only, not actually fused; R + M, with a much longer stalk
than M, + Cu,. Frenulum of male fully developed but rather small, of female wanting.
The male antennae are peculiar and could either be described as heavily serrate,
with pubescent teeth, or as bipectinate with short, stubby, ciliate or pubescent branches,
no longer than the width of the shaft. Male antennae tapering gradually, becoming
simple at the tips; antennal shaft rather stout; female antennae much more slender,
simple or feebly dentate; palpi of both sexes short, not exceeding the densely clothed,
rather protruding front; eyes very small, those of the male about two-thirds as wide as
front, of the female hardly half as wide as front; front very wide with sides nearly
parallel, almost square in male, wider than high in female; tongue well developed; hind
tibia of male hardly dilated, not prismatic but somewhat compressed towards the end,
230 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
no terminal extension, only the apical spurs present, apparently without a hair pencil;
hind tibia of female undilated, only the apical spurs present; hind tarsus almost as long
as adjoining tibia in male, about three-quarters as long in female.
The male genitalia show an obviously close relationship to Chlorissa (i.e., the
generotype viridata), and if it were not for other distinctive characters I would regard
them congeneric. Socii rigid and tapering, resembling uncus in shape and size as in
Chlorissa; gnathos weakly sclerotized, divided into two arms with the ends free or nearly
so; transtilla also divided into two parts; juxta small, crescentic, without a process;
vinculum strong; saccus rather extended, tapering; valve with a well differentiated,
sclerotized costal region consisting of a small basal process and a large costal sclerite
extending from the base to the middle of the costa, where it terminates in a rounded,
partially free end, these features evidently homologous with similar structures in
Chlorissa; coremata vestigial; aedeagus elongate, simple, normal for the tribe; posterior
margin of eighth sternite with a heavily chitinized, pointed spine as in Chlorissa,
smooth or serrate. The male genitalia, as well as the integument of the whole body in
both sexes, are strongly pigmented with dark brown to an unusual degree. Elsewhere
I have seen this character only in Chlorissa viridata and Nemoria pulcherrima, but in
these it is not as extreme as in Mesothea.
Female genitalia basically characteristic of the tribe and less modified than those
of the male. Genital plate partially sclerotized, with a rigid semicircular preostial
pouch, and sometimes with rudiments of the two setose papillae found on the postostial
plate of Hethemia, Chlorissa and other allied genera; bursa copulatrix normal, only
moderately elongated to one and one-third times the length of the posterior apophyses,
not extremely long as in Chlorissa.
LarvaL CuHarAactTers. The larva is slender, twig-like, quite smooth, with the head bifid,
and very closely resembles that of Hethemia.
DIsTRIBUTION. Hudsonian and Canadian Zones in North America, from Nfld. to Alaska,
southward to Mass. and N.Y. in the east and to Colo. and northern Calif. in the west.
Only the one species is known, occurring as two subspecies that differ mainly in size.
Remarks. Mesothea is of particular interest because it represents the only species of
the subfamily in North America with an exclusively boreal distribution, occurring
closer to the Arctic than any other geometrine, and not south of about Latitude 41°
except at high elevations in the mountains. Presumably in correlation with its boreal
habitat, it is impressively modified in several ways, as in the hairy vestiture of head
and thorax, the small eyes, and diurnal habits. Other unusual features include the dark
pigmented integument and almost undilated male hind tibia, apparently without a hair
pencil.
Considering the wide coast to coast boreal distribution of Mesothea, it is surprising
that it is not holarctic, but apparently the closest relatives are Palaearctic species of
Chlorissa.
Mesothea incertata incertata (Walker)
Plate 29, figures 4, 4a, 4b; plate 41, figure 5; plate 49, figures 31-34.
Nemoria incertata Walker, 1862, p. 1557, Hulst, 1895, p. 71.
Nemoria subcroceata incertata Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67.
Eucrostis incertata Hulst, 1896, p. 313. Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 300. Hulst, in Smith, 1903, p. 72.
Holland, 1903, p. 336, pl. 43, fig. 18.
Chlorochroma incertata Gumppenberg, 1895, p. 495.
Mesothea incertata Warren, 1901, p. 446. Prout, 1912, p. 176. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a,
p- 100. Prout, 1933, p. 61. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Jones and Kimball, 1943, p. 108.
Forbes, 1948, p. 116. Ferguson, 1954, p. 290. Prentice, 1963, p. 308.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 23L
Nemoria oporaria Zeller, 1872, p. 481. Hulst, in Smith, 1891, p. 67. Hulst, 1895, p. 71 (as syn-
onym of incertata).
Nemoria gratata Hulst, 1895, p. 71, as synonym of incertata (nec gratata Packard, 1876).
Dracnosis. Mesothea incertata is a small, dull, sage green species of the Canadian and
Hudsonian zones across the continent, with the larger subspecies viridipennata in the
Rocky Mts. and north Pacific coastal region. It is the only American geometrine with an
exclusively northern distribution and the only species that reaches as far north as
Labrador and the Yukon Territory. Incertata flies early in the season, appearing in
May through most of its range and in June in the far north. It is at least semi-diurnal
and is most often found flying on bogs or blueberry barrens where it has been assumed
that the larval food would be Vaccinium. However, the few that have been reared were
found feeding on other plants. Freshly emerged moths are always sage green but flown
ones commonly fade to dull olive, pale brownish, or yellowish. Very old ones become
bleached almost to off white. Improper relaxing of fresh specimens produces similar
discoloration.
In collections, incertata and Hethemia pistasciaria have often been confused, but
even the most dilapidated specimens may at once be recognized by the following
structural differences: incertata has small eyes, decidedly narrower than the frontal
space between them, whereas in pistasciaria the eye and front are subequal in width;
the male of incertata has heavily serrate antennae, that of pistasciaria simple antennae;
the female of incertata has one pair of hind tibial spurs, the female of pistasciaria two
pairs of spurs. In color, the males of incertata are green beneath but those of pistascia-
via are usually deep yellow on the underside. Pistasciaria has in both sexes a whitish
interantennal fillet and brown front; in incertata these are green and concolorous with
body and wings. Also, incertata has hairy vestiture on head and thorax, unlike any other
geometrine species examined.
Types: Incertata was described from five specimens from St. Martin’s Falls, Albany
River, Hudson Bay, Ont. (Barnston). Of these, a female, photographed for me by Mr.
J. D. Bradley, is hereby designated as the lectotype. It is in the BM and although
the wings are somewhat torn and discolored to yellowish, the body and antennae are
intact.
Oporaria was from “Die nérdlichen Staaten Nordamerika’s. 2 males durch Dr.
Packard in meiner Sammlung.” Since Lord Walsingham bought the Zeller collection,
these are now in the BM, and have been examined for me by Mr. D. S. Fletcher. One of
these, labeled with the word “Type,” presumably by Zeller, I hereby designate as the
lectotype.
SynonyMy. The identity of oporaria Zeller has been verified by Mr. Fletcher, who
reports (im litt.) that both types have the serrate antennae and small eyes of Mesothea
incertata. Gratata Packard has been listed in the synonymy of incertata by all authors
since Hulst (1895), but several points in Packard’s description make it clear that what
he really had was Hethemia pistasciaria. I have not been able to find the types and
Packard may have had the two species mixed, but his description undoubtedly refers to
pistasciaria.
FuRTHER DescripTIon. Male antennae heavily serrate, almost pectinate, tapering grad-
ually toward the tips, the teeth ciliate at the ends; female antennae simple, very
slender, not ciliate beneath; male palpi short, hardly exceeding front, clothed with
hair-like scales; female palpi similar but more slender; hind tibia of male only slightly
longer than tarsus, slightly dilated distally but with no apical process, with one pair
of spurs; female hind tibia similar, a little longer but undilated; vestiture of head and
thorax hairy.
Scales of antennal shaft brown, sometimes with a few white scales mixed in,
especially near base; interantennal fillet green and undifferentiated, or sometimes
232, PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
marked by a few white scales largely covered by green ones, but never solidly pale and
sharply defined as in Hethemia; head behind fillet concolorous with thorax; front
densely and evenly covered with hairy scales, greenish or dull gray-brown; palpi pale
near the base, becoming concolorous with front apically; legs gray green to whitish,
with or without a tinge of pinkish brown on the fore tibiae; underside of body whitish;
faintly tinted with luteous or greenish gray; upperside of thorax and abdomen green,
concolorous with wings, anal tufting slightly paler.
Upperside of wings deep sage green when fresh, readily fading to a more olivaceous
hue and ultimately to pale whitish brown (as discussed under Diagnosis); fore- and
hindwings colored alike; antemedial of forewing very weak or missing; if present, quite
evenly convex; antemedial of hindwing obsolete; postmedials of both wings weak but
usually visible, thin, whitish, regular or slightly waved, subparallel to outer margins, on
forewing usually disappearing just before costa; discal spots wanting or faintly indicated as
dots of darker green; costa of forewing with a variable brown margin that may be well
defined or obscure; fringes green, basal half concolorous with wings, outer half paler,
especially on hindwing. Underside as above but without lines, coloring paler and a little
more bluish, brown costal border of forewing sometimes wider.
Length of forewing: males, 9-10 mm; females, 9-10.5 mm.
MALE GENITALIA. One of the conspicuous features of the genitalia in Mesothea is the
dark brown coloration of certain sclerotized parts; namely the tegumen, saccus, vincu-
lum, and parts of the valve, although not the heavy costal sclerite. The ventral and
dorsal plates and basal sclerites of the abdomen are also darkly colored, but not the
pointed process of the eighth sternite. Structural details have been described in the
discussion of the genus. The process of the eighth sternite is quite variable but most
commonly acuminate and pointed.
FEMALE GENITALIA. The female also shows the dark brown coloring in the abdominal
plates and apophyses, but not in the genitalia proper. The rather elaborate rigid
structure associated with the ostium is not darkly colored. The ductus bursae and bursa
copulatrix are both rather short, the latter elongate, membranous, plicated in the poste-
rior third, and without a signum.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 185 males, 80 females; 5 male, 1 female slides; 2 larvae in alcohol.
DISTRIBUTION. NEWFOUNDLAND: St. John’s, Cape Broyle and Holyrood, S.E. Nfld; Table
Mountain, W. Nfld; Grand Bruit, Cinq Cerf River, Burgeo, Grandy Brook, and Port
Aux Basques, S. Nfld. (the foregoing not examined but based on Krogerus, 1954, p. 61);
Doyles Station [Codroy Valley]; Table Mountain Plateau, near Cape Ray, 1700’;
Cartwright, Labrador. Nova scotia: near Cap Rouge, Inverness Co.; Three Brooks,
Pictou Co.; Springhill, Cumberland Co.; Mount Uniacke, Hants Co.; Wolfville, Cold-
brook and Aylesford, Kings Co.; Waverley, Fall River, Armdale, Purcell’s Cove, Hali-
fax Watershed Area, Sackville, MacNab’s Island and West Dover, Halifax Co.; Digby
Co. QuEeBEc: Aylmer; Perkins’ Mills; St. Hilaire; Lanoraie; Rawdon; Le Gite, Lauren-
tides Park. ONTARIO: Ottawa; Mer Bleue; “S. March’; Toronto; Geraldton. MANITOBA:
Red Rock Lake, Whiteshell Provincial Park; Winnipeg; Riding Mountain National
Park; Aweme; Miniota; McCreary; Kelwood. sAsKATCHEWAN: Oxbow. ALBERTA: Edmon-
ton; Sunnydale, Lloydminster. NORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Norman Wells; Fort McPherson.
YUKON TERRITORY: Rampart House. ALAsKA: Big Delta; College, near Fairbanks; Badger
Road, 4 mi. N. of North Pole; Mile 32, Steese Highway, N.E. of Fairbanks; Moose
Pass, Kenai Peninsula. MAINE: Bangor; Orono; Enfield; Lincoln; Passadumkeag Bog;
Sebec Lake; Wilson’s Mills; Bar Harbor; Southwest Harbor, Mt. Desert Island. NEW
HAMPSHIRE: Franconia; Surprise Mountain, North Conway. VERMONT: West Sandgate,
Bennington Co. CoNNEcTIcuT: “Conn.” (no data, one female in AMNH). MASsACHUSETTs:
Bedford; Framingham; East Wareham; Princeton; Nantucket. NEw york: Albany;
Colonie, Albany Co.; Big Indian Valley, Catskill Mountains; West Farms, New York
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 233
City; Centre; Connecticut Hill, Trumbull Corner; Oswego; McLean Bogs Reserve,
Tompkins Co.; Clayton, Jefferson Co. MicHicAN: Bog near Manistique, Schoolcraft
Co.; Cecil Bay; Lakeville; Midland Co.; Crawford Co.; Mackinac Co.; Delta Co.; Charle-
voix Co.; Oscoda Co. wisconsin: Cranmoor, Wood Co. ILLiNots: N.E. Lake Co.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. No variation is especially apparent. The trend toward the
larger size of subspecies viridipennata begins near the eastern edge of the Canadian
Rockies. Specimens from Calgary are intermediate to large, and are referred to the sub-
species. Most examples available from the far north are discolored, presumably from
relaxation. Their size is normal and there is no reason to think that their original
color was not normal. Some Alaskan specimens are green and Newfoundland specimens
also seem to be the same as those from the mainland.
FLicHT Prriop. In the northeastern United States and southern Canada generally, May
8 to June 18; in Maine, May 16 to June 16; on the Mainland of N.S., May 9 to June 13,
but a single specimen that I took near Cap Rouge, Cape Breton Is. on June 18, 1953, is
fresh; on the island of Nfld., May 26 to July 8; in Labr., June 29, 30, July 7; in the
Yukon and N.W.T., June 2 to 27; in Alaska, May 24 to June 9.
Earty Staces. The four recorded food plants are Salix, Fragaria, Comptonia, and
Betula populifolia. Prentice (1963, p. 308) reported willow and wire birch [B. popu-
lifolia]. In the CNC there are six adults reared by McDunnough from Strawberry at
Aylmer, Que., and one reared by the Canadian Forest Insect Survey on willow in Man.
Dr. W. C. McGuffin of the Canada Department of Forestry kindly loaned me two pre-
served larvae obtained from willow at Laniel, Que. In N.S. I reared adults from larvae
found on willow near Pictou, and on Comptonia at Wolfville.
The preserved larvae are completely discolored but were probably originally
green. It seems unlikely that the larva differs to any extent from that of subspecies
viridipennata, which is better known. As mentioned in the generic description, the
larva of Mesothea is hardly distinguishable structurally from that of Hethemia pistas-
claria.
Remarks. Incertata occurs most commonly in quite characteristic habitats that do not
always correlate well with the habitats of the known food plants. This suggests that
there are other hosts. In N.S., where I lived and collected for many years, incertata
is a characteristic species of sphagnum bogs, heaths and blueberry barrens, and I
have seen it commonly in bogs where none of the recorded hosts were growing, at
least not in the immediate vicinity. I guessed that the common host plant would prove
to be Vaccinium, but this has never been verified. Hethemia pistasciaria from the
same habitats is easily reared on Vaccinium. Incertata is usually flushed from the
low heathy vegetation in the daytime and I do not remember ever seeing one come
to light. Like so many moths of the bog and heath environment, it seems to have
assumed a semi-diurnal or perhaps crepuscular habit, and is the only known nearctic
species of the subfamily to have done so.
Krogerus (1954, p. 62) says that incertata is ‘““One of the commonest moths in
Newfoundland in June. It occurred very frequently in tundra-like habitats; near
St. John’s on the summits of the hills, in all the higher mountains visited in the
Avalon Peninsula, and on the coastal tundra along the south coast. The last, very worn
specimens were seen in the first days of July. . . .” This species and Synchlora
liquoraria albolineata seem to be the only Geometrinae present in Nfld., but the
latter species is strictly nocturnal.
Mesothea incertata viridipennata (Hulst), new status
Plate 5, figure 6; plate 29, figures 3, 3a, 3b; plate 41, figure 6; plate 49, figures 35, 36.
234 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
Eucrostis viridipennata Hulst, 1896, p. 314. Dyar, 190la, p. 287 (life history); Dyar, 1902 [1903],
p- 300; Hulst, in Smith, 1903, p. 72; Barnes and McDunnough, 1912, pl. 23, fig. 9.
Mesothea viridipennata Prout, 1912, p. 176. Barnes and McDunnough, 1917a, p. 100; Prout,
1933, p. 61. McDunnough, 1938, p. 141. Prentice, 1963, p. 309. Hardy, 1965 [1966], p. 19
(early stages).
Thamnonoma marinaria Strecker, 1899, p. 9.
Cymatophora marinaria Hulst, in Smith, 1903, p. 74; Dyar, 1902 [1903], p. 314.
Diacnosis. This is a western subspecies much larger than eastern incertata but other-
wise similar. It occurs in the Rocky Mt. region from Alta. to Colo., and westward to
the Pacific coast.
Types. In describing viridipennata, Hulst gave no indication of the number of specimens
that he had, but since both sexes were mentioned he must have had more than one.
Ordinarily one would be inclined to choose as lectotype the specimen from the
Hulst collection in the AMNH, but this is a badly discolored specimen (female),
without an abdomen. In the USNM there are a male and female labeled “Type,”
and these are in somewhat better condition, although the male has lost its antennae.
The female is labeled Golden, Colorado, May 15, 1897, D. Bruce, Type No. 34190,
but this date is eight months after the original description was published. However,
I believe that the other specimen in the USNM, labeled “Type male,” “Col.,”
“Type No. 3894” is one of Hulst’s original specimens and designate it as the lectotype.
Marinaria was based on one completely faded, grayish yellow specimen, sex not
stated, from Seattle, Wash. I have not seen the type, which presumably is in the
Chicago Natural History Museum, nor have I determined who was responsible for
identifying it as viridipennata (between 1912 and 1917). The description is extremely
brief, but there is no reason to doubt that the name belongs here.
SyNonyMy. Marinaria Strecker, discussed above, is the only synonym.
FurTHER Description. Viridipennata differs from the nominate subspecies in little
other than its larger size. The shade of green is perhaps a little bluer and the lines
less distinct. The lines are often obsolete or nearly so.
Length of forewing: males, 10-12 mm; females, 10-12 mm.
Mate GeniraiA. These are quite variable in the shape of the saccus, the length of the
costal sclerite, the form of the juxta and basal costal process, and in other minor
characters in both incertata and viridipennata, and there seem to be no consistent
differences. The pointed process of the eighth sternite is also variable, and in one
example from Stimson Creek, Mason Co.; Wash., it is heavily serrate on the sides.
FEMALE GENITALIA. Similar to those of incertata.
MATERIAL EXAMINED. 75 males, 30 females, including types. Slides: 5 male, 1 female.
Larvae: 1 inflated, 10 in alcohol.
DIsTRIBUTION. ALBERTA: Calgary; Banff; Jasper National Park; Waterton Lakes Na-
tional Park. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Robson; Trinity Valley; Bon Accord; Vancouver; Royal
Oak; Victoria; Wellington; Duncans. MONTANA: Coeur d’Alene Mountains, 3500’. IDAHO:
Priest River; near Clark Fork. wAsHINGTON: Brewster, 900’, Okanagan Co.; Bellingham;
Chehalis; Pullman; Easton; Garfield; Stimson Creek, Mason Co.; Seattle. OREGON:
Baker; Reed. wyominc: Jenny Lake. coLorApo: Rock Creek, El Paso Co., 8500’-8700’
and 9100’; Boulder Canyon, Boulder; Gothic, Gunnison Co.; Coal Creek, Jefferson
Co.; Chimney Gulch, Golden; Wind River, Rocky Mountain National Park; West
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 235
Fork Camp, 7800’, 20 mi. N.W. of Dolores, Dolores Co. UTAH: Provo. CALIFORNIA:
Dunsmuir, Bartle, Mt. Shasta, Harris Springs and Soda Springs, all in Siskiyou Co.;
Truckee, Nevada Co. Wright (1920, p. 484) reported it from Arizona, but I checked
his specimens and found them to be Xerochlora viridipallens.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION. Throughout the range given here there is little variation.
The transition from the eastern form to subspecies viridipennata seems to occur rather
abruptly in the Rocky Mt. foothills of Alta., and the only material available that
provides any evidence of a blend zone is that from the neighborhood of Calgary.
A few specimens from this locality are small like eastern incertata, but most are
decidedly larger. As far as one can ascertain from scanty material, imcertata from
eastern Alta. (Lloydminster), and from the N.W.T. through the Y.T. to Alaska still
resembles the eastern population.
Fiicut Preriop. In the northwest, mostly Apr. 22 to June 11, but individual records
as early as Apr. 3 at Victoria, B.C., and Apr. 17 at Stimson Creek, Wash.; in Colo.,
May 15 to July 2. The single Utah record, June 25, seems late, but may have been
taken at a high elevation. The record for Harris Springs, Calif., is an E. C. Johnston
specimen (CNC) labeled July 16, 1936, the latest date recorded and possibly an error.
Earty Sracrs. Dyar (190la) described the egg and the different larval instars, based
on material reared from a female taken at Boulder, Colo., June 4. Since the coloring
is very much faded in the preserved larvae available to me, I quote Dyar’s description
of the last instar, based on living material: ‘““Head granular, the high, erect, pointed
lobes projecting as far as half the height of the head; whitish green on face, lobes
and sides brown shaded, with a few blackish dots; width 1.4 mm. Body slender, green,
angular at the joints when bent, the cones on joint 2 smaller and slenderer than the
head lobes, but resembling them, brown shaded. Dorsum slightly yellowish between
the obscure, slightly raised subdorsal lines of granules with a red-brown diffuse dorsal
line. Anal plate produced into a cone behind, brownish at the sides. Thoracic feet
brownish, appressed and touching the head at rest, the whole looking like one piece.
A faint, pale, stigmatal shade. A dark red-brown mark subventrally on joints 12-13.
Abdominal feet brownish shaded. Surface all finely pale granular. Spiracles reddish;
no perceptible tubercles.” I have checked this description against specimens from
Alta. in alcohol and Dyar’s inflated larva (USNM) and find that it agrees exactly as
far as one can tell, except that I would describe the “red-brown mark” as being
sublateral and on abdominal segments 7-9, ending above the first pair of legs. It is
not apparent in alcoholic specimens but shows clearly in the inflated one.
Dyar stated that his larvae ate wild cherry, gooseberry and cottonwood, but
refused several herbaceous plants. Ten larvae loaned to me by Dr. W. C. McGuffin
of the Canada Department of Forestry, were all found on Ribes near Kananaskis, Alta.
Prentice (1963, p. 309) reports as host plants buffalo berry [Shepherdia], alder,
willow, and white birch, but a few of his records from eastern Alta. fall within the range
of the nominate subspecies and may refer to it rather than to what I am calling
viridipennata. Hardy (1965 [1966]) described the early stages based on material from
southern Vancouver Is., and reported Amelanchier florida and Geum macrophyllum
as food plants.
8. LIST OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF GEOMETRINAE
OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA WITH
THEIR KNOWN DISTRIBUTION
(Subspecies preceded by lower case letters; synonymic names in italics)
Tribe NEMORIINI
CHLOROSEA Pack.
1. nevadaria Pack. Rocky Mt. region from B.C. to Ariz. and
proutaria Pears. N. M.
2. banksaria Sperry Pacific coast region from B.C. to cent.
Calif.
a. gracearia Sperry S. Calif.
3. margaretaria Sperry Sierra Nevada Mts., Calif., Utah.
4. roseitacta Prout Utah, Ariz., N. M., s. Colo.
NEMORIA Hbn.
I. The unitaria group.
5. pulcherrima (B. & McD.) Calif.
naidaria (Swett)
6. mutaticolor Prout Ariz., Mexico (Nayarit)
7. unitaria (Pack.) Rocky Mt. region from Canada to Ariz.
junctolinearia (Graef) and N. M.
hudsonaria (Tayl.)
unilinearia (Tayl.)
IJ. ‘The arizonaria group.
8. latirosaria (Pears.) Utah, Ariz.
9. aemularia B. & McD. Ariz., N. M.
10. arizonaria (Grt.) Ariz.
olivearia Cassino
11. daedalea Ferguson Ariz.
12. viridicaria (HIst.) Colo., Utah
13. subsequens Ferguson N. M.
14. diamesa Ferguson Ariz., N. M.
15. albaria (Grt.) Ariz.
III. The pistacearia group.
16. pistacearia (Pack.) Coastal Calif., Baja Calif.
unistrigata (Gump.)
236
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 257
IV. The extremaria group.
17. extremaria (WIk.)
18. elfa Ferguson
19. tuscarora Ferguson
20. catachloa (HIst.)
21. outina Ferguson
V. The lixaria group.
22. lixaria (Gn.)
inclusaria (WIk.)
texana (HIst.)
associaria (B. & McD.)
knobelaria (Cassino)
23. saturiba Ferguson
VI. The obliqua group.
24. darwiniata (Dyar)
oregonensis Cassino
mentastit Guedet
a. punctularia B. & McD.
californica Prout
25. zelotes Ferguson
26. obliqua (HIst.)
bellonaria (Streck.)
a. hennei Sperry
VII. The splendidaria group.
27. splendidaria (Grossb.)
28. strigataria (Grossb.)
VIII. The bistriaria group.
29. zygotaria (HIst.)
30. leptalea Ferguson
delicataria (Dyar), Homonym
31. caerulescens Prout
32. intensaria (Pears.)
33. festaria (Hlst.)
34. albilineata Cassino
35. bifilata (WI1k.)
a. planuscula Ferguson
36. bistriaria Hbn.
rubrolinearia (Pack.)
brunnearia (Pack.)
bifilata (W1k.)
a. rubromarginaria (Pack.)
37. rubrifrontaria (Pack.)
packardaria (Grt.)
38. mimosaria (Gn.)
tractaria (WIk.)
venustus (Walsh)
latiaria (Pack.)
coniferaria (Pack.)
39. glaucomarginaria (B. & McD.)
40. rindgei Ferguson
Fla., Miss.
Blass Cen Np Ga diexas
Wats aVWer Ware Ni Ge
Fla.
Fla.
S:e; from N: G@: to Flat; w. to Ark] and
Texas
INe Ge S) GaGa blas Alay Miss:
W. North Amer. from B. C. to San Fran-
cisco Bay, e. to Rocky Mts.
S) Galifs Ariz
Ariz., N. M.
Colo., N. M., Ariz.
Calif., Nev.
Ariz. (Cochise Co.), Mexico (Chihuahua,
Durango)
Ariz., N. M.
Texas
Pacific coast region from San Francisco
Bay to Baja Calif.
Texas, N. M., Ariz.
N. M., Ariz., Utah, Nev., Calif.
Ariz., N. M.
W. Texas
EU; Ss: from: N= J..tocFla:
Texas
Southeastern; from N. J. to n. Fla., w. to
Mo. and e. Texas
Northeastern; extreme s. Que. and Ont. to
Conn.
Eastern: Nova Scotia to N. C., w. to Kans.
anduss
Nova Scotia to Sask., s. to Ill. and Va.
Wash., Ore., Calif.
N. M.
238 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
PHRUDOCENTRA Warren
41. centrifugaria (H.-S.) S. Fla., Antilles
protractaria (H.-S.)
hollandaria (Hlst.)
jaspidiaria (HIst.)
viridipurpurea (Hst.)
anomalaria (Mésch.)
heterospila (Hamp.)
42a. neis affinis (Warren) Neotropical; one record from Hidalgo Co.,
Texas
DICHORDA Warren
43. iridaria (Gn.) E. North Amer.
remotaria (Wk. )
a. latipennis (Hlst.) Fla. tos. S. C.
44. consequaria (Hy. Edw.) S. Ariz., Mexico, Central Amer.
perpendiculata Warren : é q
45. illustraria (Hst.) Calif., Baja Calif. ;
46. rectaria (Grt.) W. U. S. from Texas and Ariz. to Mont.
and N. D.
a. cockerelli Sperry S.e. Calif.
Tribe DICHORDOPHORINI
DICHORDOPHORA Prout
47. phoenix (Prout) Texas, Ariz., Calif., Colo., Nev., Wash.
Tribe SYNCHLORINI
SYNCHLORA Gn.
48. liquoraria Gn. W. North Amer.; B. C. and Alta. to s.
tricoloraria (Pack.) Calif. and Ariz.
a. albolineata Pack. Canadian zone from Nfld. and Me. to cent.
Alta.
49. aerata (Fabr.) ES ose
glaucaria (Gn.)
mimicata (WIk.)
rubwora (Riley)
rubivoraria Pack.
rubrifrontaria Pack.
rufofrontaria Gump.
gracilaria (Pack.)
50a. frondaria avidaria Pears. W. Texas, Ariz., s. Calif.
b. frondaria denticularia (WIk.) Southeastern; N. C. and Ark. to Fla. and
excurvaria Pack. ‘Texas
51. gerularia (Hbn.) Fla., Neotropics
ocellata (Stoll). Homonym
stollaria (Gn.)
marginiplaga (WI1k.)
rufidorsaria (Snellen)
jucunda (Felder)
xysteraria (Hlst.)
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 239
52a. herbaria hulstiana Dyar
53. irregularia (B. & McD.)
54, noel (Sperry)
55. cupedinaria (Grt.)
louisa Hlst.
CHETEOSCELIS Prout
56. bistriaria (Pack.)
undinaria (Strecker)
clarket Sperry
57. pectinaria (Grossb.)
MEROCHLORA Prout
58. faseolaria (Gn.)
perviridaria (Pack.)
59. graefiaria (Hlst.)
eutraphes Prout
LOPHOCHORISTA Warren
60. lesteraria (Grossb.)
EUEANA Prout
61. niveociliaria (H.-S.)
saltusaria (Hlst.)
CHLOROCHLAMYS Hist.
62. chloroleucaria (Gn.)
indiscriminata (WIk.)
densaria (WIk.)
deprivata (Wlk.)
desolataria (H.-S.)
rectilinea (Zell.)
flavilineata (Riley)
63. triangularis Prout
64. appellaria Pears.
rubromediaria C. & S.
hesperia Sperry
65. phyllinaria (Zell. )
zelleraria (Pack.)
vertaria Pears.
curvifera Prout
fletcheraria Sperry
Fla.
Cameron and Hidalgo Counties, Texas
Riverside and San Diego Counties, Calif.
Fla.
Entire w. region from s. Canada to s.
Calif., Ariz., and w. Texas, but not Pacific
coast
S. Ariz.
Coastal Calif. from Sonoma Co. southward
Interior of w. North Amer.; Calif., Nev.,
Utah, Colo., Idaho
Tribe LOPHOCHORISTINI
Santa Catalina Mts. and Baboquivari Mts.,
Ariz.
S. Fla., Antilles
Tribe HEMITHEINI
E. North Amer. from s. Canada to Fla.
and Texas, w. to Colo.; also in Bahamas,
Cuba, and Mexico
W. of continental divide from Canada to
s. Calif. and Ariz.
S.w. U. S. e. to s. Texas; Mexico
S. U. S. from Calif. to Ga., n. in the plains
to Nebr., s. into Mexico
240 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
XEROCHLORA Ferguson
66. viridipallens (HIst.)
volantaria (Pears.)
67. masonaria (Schaus)
hyperalla (Prout)
68. inveterascaria (Swett)
69. martinaria (Sperry)
70. mesotheides Ferguson
CHLOROPTERYX Hist.
71. tepperaria (HIst.)
72. nordicaria (Schaus)
73. paularia (Mésch.)
HETHEMIA Ferguson
74. pistasciaria (Gn.)
subcroceata (WIlk.)
insecutata (WIk.)
superata (WIk.)
gratata (Pack.)
auranticolorata (Stkr.)
dyarii (Hlst.)
MESOTHEA Warren
75. incertata (WIk.)
oporaria (Zell.)
a. viridipennata (HIst.)
marinaria (Stkr.)
Colo., w. Texas, N. M., Ariz., s.e. Calif.
Ariz. and N. M. to Costa Rica
S.e. Ariz.
S. Ariz.
N. M., w. Texas
Waly tovbla.s we to leas
Mexico and extreme s. Texas
S. Fla., Antilles
E. North America from Nova Scotia and
Ont. to Fla., w. to N. D. and Mo.
Northern; Nfld. and Labrador to Alaska, s.
in bogs and heaths to Mass., N. Y., Mich.,
Wisc.
Rocky Mt. region from Alta. to Colo., w.
to Pacific coast
9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work on this revision has extended over a period of several years, during
which time I have received valuable assistance in many forms from many
institutions and individuals. I have been a frequent visitor at the American
Museum of Natural History, New York City, which possesses the largest represen-
tation of North American Geometridae, and owe special thanks to Dr. Frederick
H. Rindge of that institution for making available their facilities, and for
lending specimens for dissection and photography. This great collection has
contributed more information than any other. Of great importance too have
been the national collections of both the United States and Canada. I have
visited Washington three times and Ottawa twice during the course of the
present investigation, and was kindly granted loans of much important material
by both institutions. I am especially indebted to Dr. E. L. Todd and Dr.
Ronald W. Hodges of the United States National Museum, to Dr. E. G. Munroe
of the Entomology Research Institute, Ottawa, and to Dr. W. C. McGuffin of
the Canada Department of Forestry, Ottawa.
Free access to the material in these three institutions, plus the type-rich
collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, meant that I was able to study the majority of the
North American types of this subfamily, and thus resolve in a satisfactory way
most of the synonymic problems. Nearly all of the remaining types, those of
Walker, Zeller, Grote, and Prout, are at the British Museum (Natural History),
and the problem of identifying these had to be approached in a different way.
In this endeavor, the assistance of Mr. D. S. Fletcher of the British Museum
has been indispensable. In addition to answering my queries and making slides
and comparisons of types, he arranged to have many of the specimens photo-
graphed for me by Mr. J. D. Bradley. The resulting set of color transparencies
has been of immense value, especially in rechecking the identifications of the
Walker types.
This monograph is modified from a thesis accepted by the Graduate School
of Cornell University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy. My indebtedness to Dr. John G. Franclemont, chair-
man of my Special Committee while I was a graduate student is of a multiple
nature. It perhaps may be summarized best with the comment that, as an
authority on the Lepidoptera, as a teacher and adviser on matters pertaining
to the taxonomy, morphology, and general biology of this group, as well as a
241
242 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
field collector and preparator of phenomenal capabilities, he has few rivals,
perhaps none. Excepting the lack of types, the elegant material in Dr. Francle-
mont’s private collection has contributed fully as much to the present study as
have either the national collections of the United States or Canada. I also
received assistance in many forms from Dr. Charles L. Remington of Yale
University, with whom I have been associated for five years.
Other institutions or individuals who have directly assisted me by providing
information or the loan of specimens from their collections are as follows: Dr.
A. E. Brower, Augusta, Maine; Dr. Charles V. Covell, Department of Biology,
University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; Dr. Richard B. Dominick, Mc-
Clellanville, South Carolina; Mr. Julian P. Donahue, Department of Entomol-
ogy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Dr. Howard E. Evans,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts;
Mr. Sidney A. Hessel, Washington, Connecticut; Mr. Harry O. Hilton, Shalimar,
Florida; Mr. Charles P. Kimball, West Barnstable, Massachusetts; Dr. C. Don
MacNeill, El Cerrito, California; Mr. Lloyd M. Martin, Los Angeles County
Museum, Los Angeles, California; Mr. John H. Newman, South Lyon, Michigan;
Mr. Barry Wright, Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia; Dr. L. L.
Pechuman, Curator of the Cornell University entomological collection; and
Mr. A. C. Sheppard, Montreal, Quebec. Of course I have also worked upon
the material in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Natural History,
Yale University, and in my own collection.
Knowledge of the early stages of the North American Geometrinae has
come from many different sources, acknowledged in the text, but I would
like to make a special point of mentioning the excellent descriptive papers
of Dr. John Adams Comstock of Del Mar, California. His valuable and superbly
illustrated work has filled a number of gaps in our knowledge of this group.
Unpublished host plant data and preserved larvae were kindly made available
to me by Dr. Franclemont, by one of his students, Mr. Robert W. Poole, and
by Dr. W. C. McGuffin of the Canada Department of Forestry, Ottawa. I have
myself reared fifteen of the species.
I also wish to acknowledge the financial assistance, in its various forms,
that have made this work possible. I am indebted to Cornell University for
scholarship and fellowship support while I was enrolled there as a graduate
student. In 1962 an American Philosophical Society grant (No. 3058, Penrose
Fund), supporting a project that had no direct connection with my degree
program, enabled me to obtain, as a by-product, some important material in
Florida and South Carolina, including specimens that now become the types of
three new species of the genus Nemoria, and life history information on
Nemoria lixaria. Some interesting distribution records resulted from a western
field trip to Montana and Alberta, also for another purpose, financed in part
by a Sigma Xi grant (1966). This Bulletin is published with the aid of National
Science Foundation Publications Grant No. GN-528.
Acknowledgement with the most sincere appreciation is due Mr. Richard
Archbold of the Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Florida, the Depart-
ment of Biology of the University of Florida, Gainesville, and Dr. Richard
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 243
B. Dominick, owner of The Wedge plantation, McClellanville, South Carolina,
for making available to me their field research facilities.
The German translation of the abstract was very kindly provided by the
Rev. J.C.E. Riotte of the Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto.
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I
246 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
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Stoll, Caspar. 1791. Supplement to Pieter Cramer’s Uitlandsche Kapellen. Amsterdam. 184 p.,
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Strecker, Herman. 1878. In Annual report upon Explorations and Surveys in the Department
of the Missouri, by E. H. Ruffner, being appendix SS annual report Chief of Engineers for
1878. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
1899. New species of Lepidoptera. Suppl. 2 of Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Hetero-
ceres, indigenous and exotic, Reading, Pa. Publ. by the author. 11 p.
Swett, Louis W. 1907. Geometrid notes, with descriptions of new species. Can. Ent. 39: 377-379.
1916. Geometrid notes. New species from California. Lepidopterist 1: 10-11.
Taylor, George W. 1906. Descriptions of two new geometrid moths from Alberta. Can. Ent. 38:
205-206.
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE DAT
1908. Notes on the Lepidoptera of Kaslo, B. C., with descriptions of seven new species.
Can. Ent. 40: 54-60, 98-100, errata on p. 170.
Todd, E. L. 1955. The recognition of species of Dichordophora Prout (Lepidoptera, Geo-
metridae). Ent. Soc. Wash. Proc. 57: 118-120, illus.
Viette, Pierre. 1950. Sur quelques espéces de Geométrides décrites par Guenée (1857). Soc. Linné.
Lyon Bull. Mens. 19: 201-206.
Walker, Francis. 1861. List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the
British Museum, part 22—Geometrites: p. 499-755.
1862. Ibid., part 26—Geometrites: p. 1478-1796.
1866. Ibid., part 35, Suppl—part 5: p. 1535-2040.
Walsh, Benjamin D. 1864. On certain remarkable or exceptional larvae, coleopterous, lepidop-
terous and dipterous, with descriptions of several new genera and species, and of several
species injurious to vegetation, which have already been published in agricultural journals.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc. 9: 286-318.
Warren, William. 1895. New species and genera of Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Novit.
Zool. 2: 82-159.
1897. New genera and species of Thyrididae, Epiplemidae, and Geometridae from South
and Central America and the West Indies, in the Tring Museum. Novit. Zool. 4: 408-507.
1900. New genera and species of American Drepanulidae, Thyrididae, Epiplemidae and
Geometridae. Novit. Zool. 7: 117-225.
1901. New American moths. Novit. Zool. 8: 435-492.
1904a. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. Novit. Zool. 11: 1-173.
1904b. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. Novit. Zool. 11: 493-582.
1905. New American Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. Novit. Zool. 12: 307-379.
1906a. Descriptions of new genera and species of South American Geometrid Moths.
U. S. National Museum Proc. 30: 399-557.
1906b. New American Uraniidae and Geometridae in the Tring Museum. Novit. Zool.
16: 69-109.
Westwood, J. O. 1840. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green,
and Longmans, London. 158 pp.
Wright, William S. 1920. Report on the Lepidoptera of the American Museum Expedition to
Arizona, 1916. Geometridae and Epiplemidae. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 42: 483-490.
Zeller, Philip Christoph. 1872. Schmetterlinge aus Nordamerika. Kaiserlich K6niglichen Zool.
Bot. Ges. Wien Verhandl., 22: 447-556.
Zimsen, Ella. 1964. The Type Material of I. C. Fabricius. Munksgaard, Copenhagen. 656 pp.
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INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Synonyms, preoccupied names and nomina nuda in italics; new names in boldface type.
abdominaria, Nemoria, 98 densaria, Chlorochlamys, 192
aemularia, Nemoria, 43 denticularia, Synchlora frondaria, 157
aerata, Synchlora, 150 deprivata, Chlorochlamys, 195
affinis, Phrudocentra neis, 123 desolataria, Chlorochlamys, 195
albaria, Nemoria, 53 diamesa, Nemoria, 51
albicostaria, Synchlora, 155 diaphana, “Racheospila”, 166
albilineata, Nemoria, 97 Dichorda, 124
albolineata, Synchlora liquoraria, 148 Dichordophora, 137
Anaplodes, 28 Dichordophorini, 137
Annemoria, 28 diversata, Lophochorista, 183, 184
anomalaria, Phrudocentra, 121 dominicaria, Eucrostes, 5, 6, 163
aplagaria, Dichordophora, 137, 138 dyarii, Hethemia, 224
Aplodes, 28
appellaria, Chlorochlamys, 200 eccentrica, Phrudocentra, 120, 123
approximaria, Aplodes, 119 elfa, Nemoria, 59
arizonaria, Nemoria, 45 euchloraria, “‘Iodis”, 224
associaria, Nemoria, 66 Eueana, 185
atripes, ““Racheospila’”, 168 Eunemoria, 142
auranticolorata, Hethemia, 224 eutraphes, Merochlora, 179
avidaria, Synchlora frondaria, 155 excurvaria, Synchlora, 157
extremaria, Nemoria, 57
banksaria, Chlorosea, 21
bellonaria, Nemoria, 80 faseolaria, Merochlora, 177
bifilata, Nemoria, 98 festaria, Nemoria, 94
bistriaria, Cheteoscelis, 171 flavilineata, Chlorochlamys, 195
bistriaria, Nemoria, 103 fletcheraria, Chlorochlamys, 203
bistrigaria, Terpne, 103 frondaria, Synchlora, 154
brunnearia, Nemoria, 103
Geometra, 5
caerulescens, Nemoria, 90 gerularia, Synchlora, 159
californica, Nemoria, 76 glaucaria, Synchlora, 150
calliope, Lophochorista, 182, 183 glaucomarginaria, Nemoria, 116
catachloa, Nemoria, 62 gracearia, Chlorosea banksaria, 23
centrifugaria, Phrudocentra, 121 gracilaria, Synchlora, 150
Cheteoscelis, 170 graefiaria, Merochlora, 179
Chlorissa, 222, 223, 230 gratata, Hethemia, 224
Chlorochlamys, 191
chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 192 Hemithea, 223
Chloropteryx, 205 Hemitheini, 190
Chlorosea, 17 hennei, Nemoria obliqua, 82
clarkei, Cheteoscelis, 171 herbaria, Synchlora, 162
cockerelli, Dichorda rectaria, 136 hesperia, Chlorochlamys, 200
congruata, Synchlora, 162 heterospila, Phrudocentra, 121
coniferaria, Nemoria, 113 Hethemia, 222
consequaria, Dichorda, 130 Hipparchiscus, 28
coruscula, Nemoria, 37, 38, 55 hollandaria, Phrudocentra, 121
cosmeta, Nemoria, 66, 79 hudsonaria, Nemoria, 38
cupedinaria, Synchlora, 168 hulstiana, Synchlora herbaria, 163
curvifera, Chlorochlamys, 203 hyperalla, Xerochlora, 219
daedalea, Nemoria, 46 illustraria, Dichorda, 131
darwiniata, Nemoria, 72 impunctata, Phrudocentra, 119
delicataria Dyar, Nemoria, 89 incertata, Mesothea, 230
delicataria Moeschler, Nemoria, 89 inclusaria, Nemoria, 65
249
250 PEABODY MUSEUM BULLETIN 29
indecora, Synchlora, 166, 167 packardaria, Nemoria, 111
indiscriminata, Chlorochlamys, 192 pallida, Synchlora, 155
insecutata, Hethemia, 224 papilionaria, Geometra, 5
integra, Nemoria, 70 paularia, Chloropteryx, 210
intensaria, Nemoria, 92 pectinaria, Cheteoscelis, 175
inveterascaria, Xerochlora, 216 perpendiculata, Dichorda, 130
iridaria, Dichorda, 126 perviridaria, Merochlora, 177
irregularia, Synchlora, 165 phoenix, Dichordophora, 138
Phrudocentra, 119
jaspidiaria, Phrudocentra, 121 phyllinaria, Chlorochlamys, 203
jucunda, Synchlora, 159 pigraria, Tachyphyle, 120
junctolinearia, Nemoria, 38 pistacearia, Nemoria, 55
pistasciaria, Hethemia, 224
knobelaria, Nemoria, 66 planuscula, Nemoria bifilata, 101
protractaria, Phrudocentra, 121
latiaria, Nemoria, 113 proutaria, Chlorosea, 19, 25
latipennis, Dichorda iridaria, 128 pulcherrima, Nemoria, 34
latirosaria, Nemoria, 42 punctata, Chloropteryx, 210
leptalea, Nemoria, 89 punctularia, Nemoria darwiniata, 76
lesteraria, Lophochorista, 184 pupillata, Phrudocentra, 119, 120, 121
liquoraria, Synchlora, 144
lixaria, Nemoria, 65 Racheospila, 6, 28
Lophochorista, 182 rectaria, Dichorda, 133
Lophochoristini, 182 rectilinea, Chlorochlamys, 195
louisa, Synchlora, 168 remotaria, Dichorda, 126
rindgei, Nemoria, 117
margaretaria, Chlorosea, 25 roseitacta, Chlorosea, 26
marginiplaga, Synchlora, 159 rubivora, Synchlora, 150
marinaria, Mesothea, 234 rubivoraria, Synchlora, 150
martinaria, Xerochlora, 218 rubrifrontaria, Nemoria, 111
masonaria, Xerochlora, 219 rubrifrontaria, Synchlora, 150
Melochlora, 119 rubrolinearia, Nemoria, 103
mentastii, Nemoria, 72 rubromarginaria, Nemoria bistriaria, 107
Merochlora, 176 rubromediaria, Chlorochlamys, 200
Mesothea, 229 rufidorsaria, Synchlora, 159
mesotheides, Xerochlora, 221 rufofrontaria, Synchlora, 150
mimicata, Synchlora, 150
mimosaria, Nemoria, 113
minuata, Synchlora, 154
munda, Chloropteryx, 209
mutaticolor, Nemoria, 36
saltusaria, Eueana, 187
saturiba, Nemoria, 70
sitellaria, Synchlora, 162
splendidaria, Nemoria, 83
stellataria, Phrudocentra, 122
stollaria, Synchlora, 159
naenia, Cheteoscelis, 171 : : :
strigataria, Nemoria, 85
naidaria, Nemoria, 35
neis, Phrudocentra, 119, 120, 123 pa a Seater 224
Wenloua 2s subsequens, Nemoria, 50
Memoria: 16 superata, Hethemia, 224
Nesipola, 119 Synehlors, ies
nevadaria, Chlorosea, 19 Synchlorini, 141
niveociliaria, Eueana, 186
noel, Synchlora, 166
nordicaria, Chloropteryx, 209
tenuimargo, “Racheospila’”, 163
tepperaria, Chloropteryx, 207
texana, Nemoria, 65
texaria, Nemoria, 77
toxeres, Nemoria, 66, 78, 79
tractaria, Nemoria, 113
triangularis, Chlorochlamys, 198
tricoloraria, Synchlora, 144
tuscarora, Nemoria, 61
obliqua, Nemoria, 80
ocellata, Synchlora, 159
ockendeni, Lophochorista, 183, 184
olivearia, Nemoria, 45
Oospila, 138, 184
oporaria, Mesothea, 231
oregonensis, Nemoria, 72 undinaria, Cheteoscelis, 171
orthogramma, Cheteoscelis, 171 unilinearia, Nemoria, 38
outina, Nemoria, 64 unistrigata, Nemoria, 55
REVISION OF GEOMETRINAE 251
unitaria, Nemoria, 38 viridipurpurea, Phrudocentra, 121
volantaria, Xerochlora, 214
venustus, Nemoria, 113
vertaria, Chlorochlamys, 203
viridata, Chlorissa, 223
viridicaria, Nemoria, 48 zelleraria, Chlorochlamys, 203
viridipallens, Xerochlora, 214 zelotes, Nemoria, 77
viridipennata, Mesothea incertata, 233 zygotaria, Nemoria, 87
Xerochlora, 212
xysteraria, Synchlora, 159
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PEAT ES
PLATE 1
VENATION
1. Chlorosea banksaria, g . Wellington, Vancouver Is., B.C.
2. Nemoria diamesa, g . Cedar Creek, near Ruidoso, Lincoln Co., N.M.
3. Nemoria unitaria, 6. Beulah, N.M., 8000’. Mid-costal portion of forewing enlarged to show
or
details of variation. Note connate condition of R,_; + M, at base.
. Nemoria unitaria, 6 . Mt. Washburn, 9000’, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. Mid-costal por-
tion of forewing enlarged as above.
. Nemoria unitaria, g . Hill City, Black Hills, S.D. Note that R,_; + M, are separated at base.
Qa CO - OF PDO =
PVA 2
VENATION
. Nemoria pulcherrima, g . Tujunga, Calif.
. Nemoria aemularia, 6 . Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
. Nemoria pistacearia, 6 . San Diego, Calif.
. Nemoria lixaria, § . Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Nemoria strigataria, § . Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
. Nemoria bistriaria, g . Arlington, Va.
Say fey) ag PS oy 1S)
PLATE 3
VENATION
. Phrudocentra centrifugaria, g . Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Dichorda iridaria, g . Oakland, N.J.
. Dichordophora phoenix, § . Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Ariz.
. Synchlora gerularia, 6 . Sarasota, Fla.
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata, . Petite Riviere, Lunenburg Co., N.S.
. Synchlora herbaria hulstiana, ¢ . Vero Beach, Fla.
. Synchlora cupedinaria, 6 . Miami, Fla.
o - CO rl =—
PLATE 4
VENATION
. Merochlora faseolaria, g . Berkeley, Calif.
. Merochlora graefiaria, 6 . Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co., Calif.
. Cheteoscelis bistriaria, g . Pineyon, Apache Co., Ariz.
. Eueana niveociliaria, 6 . Key Largo, Fla.
. Lophochorista calliope, g . Jalapa, Mexico.
ao o PP OF N =
PIA
VENATION
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria, g . Freehold, N.J.
. Xerochlora masonaria, ¢ . White Mts., Ariz.
. Chloropteryx tepperaria, 6 . Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Chloropteryx paularia, g . Siesta Key, Sarasota Co., Fla.
. Hethemia pistasciaria, g . Bog on Prospect Road, Halifax Co., N.S.
. Mesothea incertata viridipennata, . Brewster, Wash.
PLATE 6
MALE GENITALIA
. Chlorosea margaretaria. Argus Mts., Calif. (USNM). a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Chlorosea banksaria. Wellington, B.C. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite. c) 8th sternite of another
specimen; Shasta Retreat, Calif.; slide JFGC 1293 (USNM).
. Chlorosea nevadaria. Reno, Nev. Slide JFGC 1292 (USNM). a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
BISAGER 7
MALE GENITALIA
. Chlorosea banksaria gracearia, Cloudburst Canyon, Los Angeles Co., Calif. a) San Gabriel Mts.,
Calif. Left valve. b) Charleton Flat, Los Angeles Co., Calif. Left valve. c) aedeagus of No. }.
d) 8th sternite of No. 1.
. Chlorosea roseitacta. White Mts., Ariz. Slide HWC 1639 (USNM). a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Nemoria pulcherrima. Spring Mt., Napa Co., Calif. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
oo NO
te
PEATE 8
MALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria mutaticolor, Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a) aedeagus. b) 8th
sternite.
. Nemoria unitaria. Joe Dollar Gulch, near Hill City, Black Hills, $.D. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Nemoria latirosaria. Turkey Creek, White Mts., Ariz. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Nemoria aemularia. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
md O89 NO =
PICA
MALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria arizonaria. Palmerlee, Ariz. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Nemoria daedalea, holotype. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Nemoria viridicaria. Glenwood Springs, Colo. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
. Nemoria subsequens, paratype. Pine Camp, near Cloudcroft, Otero Co., N.M. a) aedeagus. b) 8th
sternite.
PLATE 10
MALE GENITALIA
1. Nemoria diamesa, holotype. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
2. Nemoria albaria. Pine Crest, Mt. Graham, Ariz. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
3. Nemoria pistacearia. Mill Valley, Marin Co., Calif. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
4. Nemoria extremaria. Orlando, Fla. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
PLATE 11
MALE GENITALIA
1, Nemoria elfa, holotype. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
2. Nemoria tuscarora, paratype. Mountain Lake, Va. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
3. Nemoria catachloa. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
4. Nemoria outina, holotype. a) aedeagus. b) sternite.
PLATE 12
MALE GENITALIA
1. Nemoria lixaria. Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
2. Nemoria saturiba, holotype. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
3. Nemoria darwiniata. Wellington, B.C. a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
4. Nemoria darwiniata, lectotype. Kaslo Creek, B.C. (USNM). a) aedeagus. b) 8th sternite.
PLATE 13
MALE GENITALIA
Nemoria darwiniata, The holotype of oregonensis (MCZ). Corvallis, Ore. a. aedeagus. b: 8th
sternite.
Nemoria darwiniata punctularia. La Mesa, San Diego Co., Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria zelotes, holotype. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria obliqua. Glenwood Springs, Colo. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
SS he
PLATE 14
MALE GENITALIA
Nemoria obliqua hennei, paratype. Smoky Valley, Tulare Co.,Calif. a.aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria splendidaria, holotype. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria strigataria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b, 8th sternite.
Nemoria zygotaria. San Benito, Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
BESS Ns
PLATE 15
MALE GENITALIA
Nemoria leptalea. Roscoe, Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria caerulescens. Jemez Springs, N.M. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria intensaria. Walnut Canyon, near Flagstaff, Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria festaria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Hm oo DO =
PLATE 16
MALE GENITALIA
Nemoria albilineata, paratype. Alpine, Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria albilineata. Fort Davis, Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria bifilata. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria bifilata planuscula, a brown specimen. Bastrop State Park, Bastrop Co., Texas.
b. 8th sternite.
a. aedeagus.
PLATE 17
MALE GENITALIA
Nemoria bistriaria. Camp Rucker, Ozark, Ala. Slide JGF 2633 (Franclemont collection). a. aedeagus.
b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria bistriaria rubromarginaria. Ithaca, N.Y. Slide JGF 290 (Franclemont collection). a. aedeagus.
b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria rubrifrontaria. Aylesford, Kings Co., N.S. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria mimosaria. Mount Uniacke, Hants Co., N.S. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
S ) Sewanee
> SS a
PLATE 18
MALE GENITALIA
Nemoria glaucomarginaria. Anderson Springs, Lake Co., Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Nemoria rindgei, holotype. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Phrudocentra centrifugaria. Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Dichorda iridaria. Arlington, Va. Slide 3132 (Franclemont collection). a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
i) EN) er ae
PLATE 19
MALE GENITALIA
Dichorda iridaria. Logan, Utah. a. 8th sternite.
Dichorda iridaria. Oakland, N.J. Right valve. c. Saccus.
Dichorda iridaria latipennis. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Dichorda illustraria. Burbank, Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Laytonville, Mendocino Co., Calif. Right valve. d. 8th sternite of 3c.
PLATE 20
MALE GENITALIA
Dichorda consequaria, Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Dichorda rectaria. Brewster Co., Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Dichorda rectaria. Prescott, Ariz. a. 8th sternite. b. Kerrville, Texas; 8th sternite.
c. Little Colorado Canyon, Ariz.; uncus and socii.
Dichorda rectaria cockerelli. Keystone Canyon, New York Mts., Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
ooo boo
I QQ oH
PEATE 21
MALE GENITALIA
Dichordophora phoenix. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora liquoraria. Anderson Springs, Lake Co., Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora liquoraria albolineata. Doyles, Nfld. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora aerata. Ithaca, N.Y. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora frondaria denticularia. Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora frondaria avidaria. Chiricahua Monument, Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora herbaria hulstiana. Tavernier, Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Hr oomehoS i
Or
oP
PLATE 22
MALE GENITALIA
Synchlora gerularia. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora irregularia. Brownsville, Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora noel. Palm Springs, Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Synchlora cupedinaria. Tavernier, Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Merochlora faseolaria. San Luis Obispo, Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Merochlora graefiaria. Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co., Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
PLATE 23
MALE GENITALIA
Cheteoscelis bistriaria. Walker Pass, Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Cheteoscelis bistriaria. Railroad Canyon, White Pine Co., Nev. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Cheteoscelis bistriaria, a paratype of clarkei. Split Rock Tank, Mohave Desert, Calif. a. aedeagus.
b. 8th sternite.
Cheteoscelis pectinaria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
—
oo oo Ny
PLATE, 24
MALE GENITALIA
Lophochorista lesteraria, lectotype. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite. c. Baboquivari Mts., Ariz.; uncus,
gnathos, socii.
Lophochorista diversata, type. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Eueana niveociliaria. Miami, Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria. Brierly Brook, Antigonish Co., N.S. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria. Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
pes oy Tey
PLATE 25
MALE GENITALIA
Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria. Boulder, Colo. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chlorochlamys triangularis. Spring Creek, Baker, Ore. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chlorochlamys appellaria, a paratype of hesperia. Borrego, Calif. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chlorochlamys appellaria, a paratype of rubromediaria. Eureka, Utah. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chlorochlamys appellaria. San Patricio Co., Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
PLATE 26
MALE GENITALIA
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria. Pena Blanca, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Xerochlora viridipallens. Rock Creek Canyon, El Paso Co., Colo, Slide F.H. Rindge No. 8040 (AMNH)
a. aedeagus.
Xerochlora viridipallens. Keystone Canyon, New York Mts., San Bernardino Co., Calif. a. aedeagus.
b. 8th sternite.
Xerochlora viridipallens. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. Vinculum, saccus, juxta,
transtilla, etc. a. 8th sternite.
Xerochlora viridipallens. 18 mi N. of Silver City, N.M. Vinculum, saccus, juxta, transtilla, etc.
PLATE 27
MALE GENITALIA
1. Xerochlora masonaria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
2. Xerochlora inveterascaria. Pena Blanca, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. a. aedeagus. b, 8th sternite.
3. Xerochlora martinaria, holotype. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Lo Good) Ge
PLATE 28
MALE GENITALIA
Xerochlora mesotheides, holotype. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chloropteryx paularia. Siesta Key, Sarasota Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chloropteryx tepperaria. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Chloropteryx nordicaria. Mercedes, Hidalgo Co., Texas. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
mo NO
PLATE 29
MALE GENITALIA
Hethemia pistasciaria. Armdale, Halifax Co., N.S. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Hethemia pistasciaria. Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Mesothea incertata viridipennata. Stimson Creek, Mason Co., Wash. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
Mesothea incertata. Halifax Watershed Area, Halifax Co., N.S. a. aedeagus. b. 8th sternite.
“I Om oO BP OF TNO =
PLATE 30
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Chlorosea nevadaria. Reno, Nev. Slide HWC 1627 (USNM).
. Chlorosea banksaria. Shasta Retreat, Calif. Slide JFGC 1294 (USNM).
. Chlorosea margaretaria. Mammoth Camp, Mono Co., Calif.
. Chlorosea roseitacta. Manitou, Colo. Slide HWC 1629 (USNM).
. Nemoria pulcherrima. Lower Mint Canyon, Los Angeles Co., Calif.
. Nemoria unitaria, Joe Dollar Gulch, Hill City, $.D.
. Nemoria latirosaria. Turkey Creek, White Mts., Ariz.
PLATE 31
FEMALE GENITALIA
Nemoria aemularia, paratype. Paradise, Ariz.
Nemoria arizonaria. Paradise, Ariz.
Nemoria daedalea, paratype. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
Nemoria viridicaria. Uncompahgre Plateau, 16 mi. $.W. of Montrose, Montrose Co., Colo.
. Nemoria diamesa, paratype. Southwest Research Station of the AMNH, near Portal, Cochise Co.,
Ariz.
Nemoria subsequens, paratype. Pine Camp, near Cloudcroft, Otero Co., N.M.
(ery TS eS SSS) ro
PLATE 32
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria albaria. Rustler Park, Chiricahua Mts., Ariz.
. Nemoria pistacearia. Bear Creek Road, Contra Costa Co., Calif.
. Nemoria extremaria, Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Nemoria elfa, paratype. Monticello, Fla.
. Nemoria outina, paratype. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Nemoria catachloa. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Nemoria tuscarora, holotype.
oO - o8 DN =
a
PLATE 35
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria lixaria. Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla.
. Nemoria saturiba, paratype. Screven Co., Ga.
. Nemoria darwiniata. Wallace, Idaho.
. Nemoria darwiniata punctularia. Angeles Crest, Los Angeles Co., Calif.
. Nemoria zelotes, paratype. Sunnyside, west side Huachuca Mts., Ariz.
. Nemoria obliqua. Glenwood Springs, Colo.
Bm of NW =
IO Oo
PLATE 34
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria splendidaria. 10 mi. W. of El Salto, Durango, Mexico.
. Nemoria strigataria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
. Nemoria zygotaria. Kerrville, Texas.
. Nemoria leptalea. La Mesa, San Diego Co., Calif.
. Nemoria caerulescens. Jemez Springs, N.M.
. Nemoria intensaria. Dividend, Utah.
. Nemoria intensaria. Kyle Canyon, Mt. Charleston, Clark Co., Nev.
DD ox ff O89 TSO —
PLATE 35
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria festaria: Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
. Nemoria bifilata, Tampa, Fla.
. Nemoria bifilata planuscula, a brown specimen. Dallas, ‘Texas.
. Nemoria bistriaria. Crailhope, Ky.
. Nemoria mimosaria. Halifax Watershed Area, Halifax Co., N.S.
. Nemoria rubrifrontaria. Bog on Prospect Road, Halifax Co., N.S.
IO oO f OF NS =
PLATE 36
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Nemoria glaucomarginaria. Sonoma Co., Calif.
. Nemoria rindgei, paratype. Lordsburg, N.M.
. Phrudocentra centrifugaria. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Dichorda rectaria. Portal, Cochise Co., Ariz.
. Dichorda iridaria. Valley Cottage, Rockland Co., N.Y.
. Dichorda illustraria. Anderson Springs, Lake Co., Calif.
. Dichorda consequaria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
(roy Ch tery ae ES Sy Gt
PLATE 37
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Dichordophora phoenix. Mt. Lemmon, Pima Co., Ariz.
. Synchlora aerata. Freehold, N.J.
. Synchlora liquoraria. Anderson Springs, Lake Co., Calif.
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata. Doyles, Nfld.
. Synchlora frondaria denticularia. Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.
. Synchlora frondaria avidaria. Saguaro National Monument, Pima Co., Ariz.
. Synchlora gerularia. Sarasota Co., Fla.
. Synchlora cupedinaria. St. Petersburg, Fla.
-m oo Nn =
co n~s1 SD Or
PLATE 38
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Synchlora irregularia, paratype.
. Synchlora indecora. Jalapa, Mexico. Ductus bursae, ostium, postostial plate.
. Synchlora noel. Borrego, Calif.
. Synchlora herbaria hulstiana. Key Largo, Fla.
. Cheteoscelis bistriaria. Vineyard, Utah.
. Cheteoscelis pectinaria. Paradise, Ariz.
. Merochlora faseolaria. San Diego, Calif. Slide HWC 6027 (USNM).
. Merochlora graefiaria. Barton Flats, San Bernardino Co., Calif.
G St He 60 NO =
PEATE 39
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Eueana niveociliaria. Palm Beach, Fla.
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria. Brierly Brook, Antigonish Co., N.S.
. Chlorochlamys triangularis. Biggs, Ore.
. Chlorochlamys appellaria. White City, Eddy Co., N.M.
. Chlorochlamys phyllinaria. Winfield, La. Slide HWC 1069 (USNM).
. Xerochlora viridipallens. Rock Creek Canyon, El Paso Co., Colo.
SR ee Ge ws
PLATE 40
FEMALE GENITALIA
Xerochlora masonaria, holotype.
Xerochlora masonaria, McMillan Camp, near Silver City, N:M.
Xerochlora inveterascaria. Pena Blanca, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
Xerochlora martinaria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz.
Xerochlora martinaria. Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz. Another specimen to show varia-
tion in genital plate region.
Xerochlora mesotheides, paratype. Sierra Blanca, Texas.
Oe OU re Col =
PLATE 41
FEMALE GENITALIA
. Chloropteryx tepperaria. Screven Co., Ga.
. Chloropteryx nordicaria. Mercedes, Hidalgo Co., ‘Texas.
. Chloropteryx paularia. Florida City, Fla.
. Hethemia pistasciaria, Lakehurst, N.J.
. Mesothea incertata. Mount Uniacke, Hants Co., N.S.
. Mesothea incertata viridipennata. Wellington, B.C.
DF
© 9
20.
ae
PLATE 42
Chlorosea margaretaria g . Argus Mts., Calif., May 31, 1941 (collection JGF).
Chlorosea margaretaria 8 . Paratype. Leevining, Mono Co., Calif., July 19, 1938, E.C. Johnston
(CNC).
Chlorosea margaretaria 9 . Shady Rest Campground, Mammoth Camp, Mono Co., Calif., July
13, 1965, T.W. Davies (YPM).
Chlorosea nevadaria g . Kyle Canyon, 8100’, Mt. Charleston, Clark Co., Nev., July 7, 1967,
T.W. Davies (YPM).
Chlorosea nevadaria Q . Fossil Station, Lincoln Co., Wyo., July 31, 1964, C.J. Durden (YPM).
Chlorosea nevadaria 9 . Kaslo, B.C., July 7, 1922, J.W. Cockle (CNC).
Chlorosea banksaria, 8 paratype. Shasta Retreat, Siskiyou Co., Calif., July 1—7, Barnes collec-
tion (USNM).
Chlorosea banksaria 8 . Wellington, V.1., B.C., June 28, 1954, Richard Guppy (collection DCF).
Same specimen as figure 8, enlarged to show abdominal markings.
. Chlorosea banksaria gracearia 8 . Hughes’ Lake [Los Angeles Co.], Calif., “6—9—1927” (CNC).
. Chlorosea roseitacta 8 . Madera Canyon, 5600’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 28, 1963, JGF (col-
lection JGF).
. Chlorosea roseitacta 9 . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Oct. 23, 1959, JGF (col-
lection JGF).
. Nemoria pulcherrima @ , green form. Head of E. fork Piney Cr., 2200’, Penon Blanco Rd. near
Coulterville, Mariposa Co., Calif., Jan. 28, 1966, T.W. Davies (YPM).
. Nemoria pulcherrima @ , green form. Petaluma, Calif., Feb. 12, 1937, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
. Nemoria pulcherrima Q , green form. Petaluma, Calif., Feb. 5, 1940, E.C. Johnston (collec-
tion DCF).
. Nemoria pulcherrima @ ,brown form. Same data as for figure 13.
. Nemoria mutaticolor g . Madera Canyon, 5600’, Santa Rita Mts., Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., July 1,
1963, JGF (collection JGF).
. Nemoria unitaria ¢ . Hart Prairie, 8500’, 10 mi. NNW of Flagstaff, Coconino Co., Ariz., July 9,
1964, JGF (collection JGF).
. Nemoria unitaria g , from type locality of hudsonaria. Red Deer River, 50 mi. NE of Gleichen,
Alta., July 6, 1905, F.H. Wolley Dod (CNC).
Nemoria unitaria, g paratype of unilinearia. Kaslo, B.C., July 7, 1907, J.W. Cockle (CNC).
Nemoria unitaria 9 . Bucksk Valley, Iron Co., Utah (USNM).
PEATE 435
Nemoria latirosaria ¢ . Walnut Canyon, 6500’, 6-1/3 mi. EESE of Flagstaff, Coconino Co., Ariz.,
June 19, 1965, JGF (collection JGF).
Nemoria aemularia, 6 paratype. Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Ariz. (USNM).
Nemoria aemularia § . Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 29, 1960, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria aemularia 9 . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., July 24, 1959, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria arizonaria @ . Madera Canyon, 5000’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Mar. 21, 1961, R. Leuschner
(collection JGF).
Nemoria arizonaria 9 . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Mar. 29, 1963, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria daedalea, holotype ¢ .
Nemoria daedalea . Madera Canyon, 5600’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., May 9, 1963, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria daedalea g , summer generation. Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., July 13,
1960, JGF (collection JGF).
. Nemoria daedalea 9 , summer generation. Same data as the preceding.
. Nemoria daedalea 9 , summer generation. Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Aug. 31,
1960, JGF (collection JGF).
. Nemoria viridicaria g . Uncompahgre Plateau, 7800—8100’, 16 mi. SW of Montrose, Montrose
Co., Colo., June 24, 1957, F. and P. Rindge (AMNH).
. Nemoria viridicaria 9 . Dalton Springs Camp, 8500’, 5 mi. W of Monticello, San Juan Co., Utah,
July 15, 1963, F., P. and M. Rindge (AMNH).
. Nemoria subsequens g . Pine Camp, 8600’, 2 mi. NE of Cloudcroft, Otero Co., N.M., July 4,
1964, F., P. and M. Rindge (AMNH).
. Nemoria subsequens, 6 paratype from type locality, July 3, 1964, F., P. and M. Rindge (AMNH).
DCF slide No. 796.
. Nemoria subsequens, holotype @ .
. Nemoria subsequens, Q paratype. Same locality and collectors as holotype, July 6, 1964
(AMNB).
. Nemoria diamesa, holotype @ .
. Nemoria diamesa, § paratype. Same locality and collectors as holotype, July 5, 1964 (AMNH).
. Nemoria diamesa g . Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 27, 1960, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
. Nemoria diamesa, Q paratype. Same locality and collectors as holotype, July 1, 1964 (AMNH).
. Nemoria albaria g . Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 23, 1955, L.M. Martin
(collection JGF).
. Nemoria albaria § . Crest Mt. Graham, 7300’, Pinaleno Mts., Graham Co., Ariz., June 28, 1955,
L.M. Martin (collection JGF). DCF slide No. 685.
. Nemoria albaria 2 . Same data as the preceding. DCF slide No. 877.
. Nemoria pistacearia @ . Petaluma, Calif., June 14, 1936, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
. Nemoria pistacearia 9 . Bear Creek Rd., Contra Costa Co., Calif., June 27, 1957, T.W. Davies
(collection DCF).
. Nemoria viridicaria g . Enlarged to show abdominal markings. Same locality as Pl. 43, fig. 12,
June 25, 1957.
. Nemoria viridicaria Q . Enlarged to show abdominal markings.
. Nemoria subsequens 8 , topotypical. Enlarged to show abdominal markings.
. Nemoria subsequens, holotype Q . Enlarged to show abdominal markings.
. Nemoria diamesa @ , topotypical. Enlarged to show abdominal markings.
. Nemoria diamesa, 9 paratype, same specimen as pl. 43, fig. 21. Enlarged to show abdominal
markings.
i eae he
PLATE 44
Nemoria extremaria ¢ . Oneco, Manatee Co., Fla., Mar. 28, 1954, JGF (collection JGF).
Nemoria extremaria 9 . Same data as the preceding but taken Mar. 27, 1954.
Nemoria elfa, holotype ¢ .
Nemoria elfa, paratype ¢ . Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co., $.C., Mar. 29,
1967, DCF (YPM).
Nemoria elfa, paratype 9 . Same data as the preceding.
Nemoria tuscarora, paratype ¢ . Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co., N.C., July 27, 1958, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria tuscarora, holotype @ .
Nemoria tuscarora, paratype 9 . Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co., N.C., July 13, 1958, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria catachloa g . Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla., Mar. 30,
1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Nemoria catachloa 9 . Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla., Mar. 20, 1962, DCF, (collection DCF).
. Nemoria outina, holotype ¢ .
. Nemoria outina, paratype 2 from type locality, Mar. 28, 1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Nemoria lixaria @ . Charleston, S.C., reared June 24, 1962, ex ovo on red oak, DCF (collection
DCF).
. Nemoria lixaria 9 . Same data as the preceding.
. Nemoria lixaria , melanic. Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co., $.C., Nov. 20,
1967, DCF (YPM).
. Nemoria lixaria g , melanic. Town Bluff, Tyler Co., Texas, Mar. 11, 1966, A. and M.E.
Blanchard (AMNH).
. Nemoria saturiba, holotype ¢ .
. Nemoria saturiba, holotype ¢ . Enlarged to show abdominal markings.
. Nemoria saturiba, paratype ¢ . Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co., S.C., Mar.
29,1967 DCF (YPM).
. Nemoria saturiba, paratype 9 . Clinton, Hinds Co., Miss., May 20, 1963 Bryant Mather
(AMNA).
. Nemoria saturiba Q . Virginia Beach, Va., Apr. 30, F.M. Jones (MCZ). The most northerly
record and an aberrant specimen with the usual brown abdominal patch replaced by red.
. Nemoria darwiniata darwiniata g , topotypical. Kaslo, B.C., June 21,1909 (USNM).
. Nemoria darwiniata darwiniata ¢ . Thetis Island, B.C., July 13, 1966, R. Guppy (YPM).
. Nemoria darwiniata darwiniata 9 . Hulcar, B.C., reared July 14, 1953 ex larva on Salix sp.
(CNC).
. Nemoria darwiniata punctularia ¢ . Mohawk, Plumas Co., Calif., July 8, 1938, W.L. Bauer
(collection DCF).
. Nemoria darwiniata punctularia g . Trinity P.O., Sonoma Co., Calif., Apr. 9, 1940, E.C.
Johnston (CNC).
. Nemoria zelotes, holotype @ .
. Nemoria zelotes, paratype Q . Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 20, 1960, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Nemoria zelotes, holotype ¢ . Enlarged.
. Nemoria obliqua obliqua @ . “Colo. Bruce”, ex Barnes collection (USNM). DCF slide No. 669.
. Nemoria obliqua obliqua @ . Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Ariz., Aug. 7, 1964, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Nemoria obliqua obliqua 9 . Same data as the preceding.
ole
32.
PLATE 45
Nemoria obliqua hennei, paratype ¢ . Smoky Valley, 6300’, Tulare Co., Calif., June 10, 1945
(USNM).
Nemoria obliqua hennei g . Kyle Canyon, 8100’, Mt. Charleston, Clark Co., Nev., July 4, 1965,
T.W. Davies (YPM).
Nemoria splendidaria g . 10 mi. W. of El Salto, 9000’, Durango, Mexico, June 23, 1964, J.E.H.
Martin (CNC).
Nemoria splendidaria 9 . Same data as for fig. 3 but taken June 29, 1964.
Nemoria splendidaria g . Sunnyside, W. side Huachuca Mts., Cochise Co., Ariz., July 7—17,
1958, T.W. Davies (LACM). The only Arizona specimen seen except for the type.
Nemoria strigataria g@ . Madera Canyon 5600’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., June 24, 1963, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
Nemoria strigataria 9 . Same data as the preceding but taken June 22, 1960.
Nemoria zygotaria g .San Benito, Texas, Apr. 24—30 (USNM). DCF slide No. 671.
Nemoria zygotaria 9 . Shovel Mt., Texas, Aug. 24—30 (USNM).
. Nemoria leptalea g . Burbank, Calif., reared “6—2—50”, F.P. Sala (collection DCF).
. Nemoria leptalea 9 . Petaluma, Calif., Sept. 7, 1939, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
. Nemoria caerulescens 8 . Jemez Springs, N.M., Barnes collection (USNM).
. Nemoria caerulescens 8 . Same data as the preceding.
. Nemoria caerulescens 9 . Horseshoe Springs Camp, 7900’, 2 mi. W. of La Cueva, Sandoval Co.,
N.M., July 29, 1961, F., P. and J. Rindge (AMNH).
. Nemoria caerulescens @ , variant. S.W. Research Station of the AMNH, 5100’, 5 mi. W. of
Portal, Cochise Co., Ariz., May 12, 1956, M. Statham (AMNBH).
. Nemoria caerulescens Q , variant. Chiricahua Monument, Cochise Co., Ariz., June 14, 1950,
E.C. Johnston (CNC).
. Nemoria intensaria é . Walnut Canyon, 6500’, 6-1/3 mi. EESE of Flagstaff, Coconino Co., Ariz.,
Aug. 6, 1964, JGF (collection JGF).
. Nemoria intensaria 9 . Same data as the preceding but taken Aug. 25, 1964.
. Nemoria intensaria Q . Wrightwood, 6100’, San Gabriel Mts., Calif., May 10, 1964, C.A. Hill
(YPM).
20. Nemoria festaria g . Madera Canyon, 4400’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Sept. 7, 1960, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
. Nemoria festaria 9 . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., July 28, 1959, JGF (collec-
tion JGF).
. Nemoria albilineata g . Fort Davis, Jeff Davis Co., Texas, Mar. 27, 1965, A. and M.E. Blanchard
(AMNH).
. Nemoria albilineata 9 . Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas, Sept. 4, 1964, A. and
M.E. Blanchard (AMNH).
. Nemoria bifilata bifilata 8 , green form. Parker Island, near Archbold Biological Station,
Highlands Co., Fla., Mar. 31, 1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Nemoria bifilata bifilata 9 , green form. Lakehurst, N.J., July 6—8, 1940, JGF (collection JGF).
. Nemoria bifilata bifilata g , brown form. Ocean City, Okaloosa Co., Fla., Mar. 22, 1963, H.O.
Hilton (Hilton collection).
. Nemoria bifilata bifilata Q , brown form. Lakehurst, N.J., May 1—10, Frederick Lemmer
(AMNB).
. Nemoria bifilata planuscula, paratype 9 . Huntsville, Walker Co., Texas, May 26, 1963, A. and
M.E. Blanchard (AMNH). Large green form, second spring brood.
. Nemoria bilata planuscula Q . Garner State Park, Uvalde Co., Texas, Mar. 10, 1962, R.O. and
C.A. Kendall (AMNH). Large brown form, first spring brood.
. Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria 6 , brown form. Plummer’s Island, Cabin John, Md., Apr. 7, 1962,
JGF (collection JGF).
Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria g , brown form. New Castle Co., Del., Apr. 19, 1913, F.M. Jones
(YPM).
Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria 9 , brown form. Crailhope, Green Co., Ky., Apr. 26, 1949, Carl
Cook (collection DCF).
ro
PLATE 46
Nemoria bistriaria bistriaria g , green form. Arlington, Va., July 7, 1951, JGF (collection JGF).
Nemoria bistriaria rubromarginaria g , spring generation, green. Golf Course woods, Forest
Home, Ithaca, N.Y., May 12, 1961, DCF (collection DCF).
Nemoria bistriaria rubromarginaria Q , spring generation, green. Six Mile Creek, Ithaca, N.Y.,
May 13, 1961, JGF (collection JGF).
Nemoria bistriaria rubromarginaria 9 , spring generation, brown. Same data as for fig. 3.
Nemoria bistriaria rubromarginaria g , summer generation. Ithaca, N.Y., July 8, 1938, JGF
(collection JGF).
Nemoria mimosaria 6 . Near Big Indian Lake, Halifax Watershed Area, Halifax. Come Nes=
reared Mar. 18, 1964 ex ovo on Betula papyrifera, DCF (collection DCF).
Nemoria mimosaria 9 . Same data as for fig. 6, but emerged Mar. 20, 1964.
Nemoria mimosaria 9 . Blacksburg, Montgomery Co., Va., May 17, 1963, C.V. Covell (collection
DCF).
Nemoria rubrifrontaria g . Peggy’s Cove, Halifax Co., N.S., July 7, 1961, DCF (collection DCF).
. Nemoria rubrifrontaria Q . Cat-tail swamp near Aylesford, Kings Co., N.S., reared Apr. 2, 1964
ex ovo on Comptonia, DCF (collection DCF).
. Nemoria glaucomarginaria @ . Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co., Calif., Apr. 18, 1939, E.C. Johnston
(CNC).
. Nemoria glaucomarginaria Q . Same data as the preceding.
. Nemoria rindgei, holotype ¢ .
. Nemoria rindgei, paratype Q from type locality, June 26, 1964, F., P. and M. Rindge (AMNH).
. Phrudocentra centrifugaria g . Florida (collection DCF).
. Phrudocentra centrifugaria 9 . Oneco, Manatee Co., Fla., Mar. 21, 1954, JGF (collection JGF).
. Phrudocentra centrifugaria 9 . Same data as the preceding but taken Apr. 1, 1954.
. Phrudocentra centrifugaria, 9 form “viridipurpurea”’. Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid,
Highlands Co., Fla., Apr. 7, 1958, R.W. Pease (YPM).
. Dichorda consequaria g . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Aug. 29, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Dichorda consequaria 2 . Same data as the preceding but taken July 20, 1959.
. Phrudocentra neis affinis ? , 9 . Upperside. Pharr, Texas, H.A. Freeman (AMNRA).
. Same specimen, underside.
. Dichorda iridaria iridaria ¢ . New Castle Co., Del., June 4, 1915, F.M. Jones (YPM).
. Dichorda iridaria iridaria Q . Valley Cottage, Rockland Co., N.Y., June 5, 1953, M. Shulgin
(YPM).
. Dichorda iridaria latipennis g . Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla.,
Feb. 12, 1958, Roger Pease (YPM).
. Dichorda iridaria latipennis @ , from an apparently transitional population. Wedge Plantation,
South Santee R., Charleston Co., $.C., Mar. 29, 1967, DCF (YPM).
. Dichorda illustraria @ . Anderson Springs, Lake Co., Calif., Oct. 5, 1947, W.R. Bauer (collec-
tion DCF).
. Dichorda illustraria 9 . Sunland, Los Angeles Co., Calif, Oct. 19, 1946 (collection DCF).
PLATE 47
Dichorda rectaria rectaria ¢ . Fort Davis, Jeff Davis Co., Texas, May 19, 1950, E.C. Johnston
(CNC).
Dichorda rectaria rectaria g . Big Timber Creek, 7 mi N. of Big Timber, Sweetgrass Co., Mont.,
July 4, 1966, DCF (YPM).
Dichorda rectaria rectaria 9 Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., Texas, June 5, 1950, E.C. Johnston
(CNC).
Dichorda rectaria rectaria 9 . Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Ariz., Aug. 7, 1964, JGF
(collection JGF).
Dichorda rectaria cockerelli, 6 paratype. Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert, Calif., May 21, 1938,
J.L. Sperry (USNM). E.L. Todd slide No. 154.
Dichorda rectaria cockerelli 6 . Keystone Canyon, 5500’, New York Mts., San Bernardino Co.,
Calif., Aug. 25, 1959, F.P. Sala (collection DCF).
Dichordophora phoenix g . Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert, Calif., May 19, 1938, J.L. Sperry
(collection DCF).
Dichordophora phoenix 9 . New River, Maricopa Co., Ariz., May 7, 1950, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
Synchlora liquoraria liquoraria g . Riverside, Calif., May 9, 1935, J.L. Sperry (AMNRF).
. Synchlora liquoraria liquoraria 9 . Riverside, Calif., May 30, 1939, J.L. Sperry (AMNH).
. Synchlora liquoraria liquoraria @ . Big Timber Creek, 7 mi. N. of Big Timber, Sweetgrass Co.,
Mont., Aug. 9, 1966, DCF (YPM).
. Synchlora liquoraria liquoraria g . Crowsnest Pass, Alta., July 16, 1966, DCF (YPM).
. Synchlora liquoraria liquoraria g . Joe Dollar Gulch, Hill City, Black Hills, $.D., July 18, 1964,
DCF (YPM).
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata g . Auburn, Kings Co., N.S., June 30, 1951, DCF (collection
DCF).
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata g . Doyles, Codroy Valley, S.W. Nfld., Aug. 4, 1962, DCF
(collection DCF).
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata 9 . Same data as the preceding but taken Aug. 6, 1962.
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata 9 . Dorchester, Westmorland Co., N.B., July 17, 1950, DCF
(collection DCF).
. Synchlora liquoraria albolineata 9 . McLean Bogs Reserve, Tompkins Co., N.Y., July 19, 1946,
JGF (collection JGF).
. Synchlora aerata 6 . McLean Bogs Reserve, Tompkins Co., N.Y., Sept. 7, 1955, DCF (collection
DCE).
. Synchlora aerata @ . Six Mile Creek, Ithaca, N.Y., Sept. 9, 1955, DCF (collection DCF).
. Synchlora aerata 9 . Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co., N.C., Aug. 6, 1958, JGF (collection JGF).
. Synchlora frondaria denticularia g . Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.,
Fla., Mar. 27, 1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Synchlora frondaria denticularia 8 . Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co., S.C.,
Mar. 29, 1967, DCF (YPM).
. Synchlora frondaria denticularia ¢ . Highlands, 3865’, Macon Co., N.C., Aug. 12, 1958, JGF
(collection JGF). From a locality where aerata also occurs (see fig. 21 above).
. Synchlora frondaria denticularia 9 . Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.,
Fla., Dec. 19, 1957, Roger Pease (YPM).
j. Synchlora frondaria avidaria g . Madera Canyon, 4400’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Sept. 7, 1960,
JGF (collection JGF).
. Synchlora frondaria avidaria 9 . Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Sept. 9, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Synchlora gerularia g . Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co., Fla., Mar. 23,
1958, Roger Pease (YPM).
. Synchlora gerularia 9 . Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla., Mar. 11, 1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Synchlora herbaria hulstiana g . Vero Beach, Fla., Apr., 1941, J.R. Malloch (USNM).
. Synchlora herbaria hulstiana @ . Key Largo, Fla., Mar. 21, 1941, Mrs. Forsyth (AMNH).
. Synchlora irregularia g . Brownsville, Texas, Nov. 10, 1928, F.H. Benjamin (USNM). DCF slide
No. 667.
. Synchlora irregularia Q . Mercedes, Hidalgo Co., Texas, Dec. 13, 1958, H. Schmalzried
(AMNB).
. Synchlora noel 9 . Tub Canyon, Borrego, Calif., Nov., 1949 (AMNH).
. Synchlora cupedinaria g . Oneco, Manatee Co., Fla., Mar. 23,1955, JGF (collection JGF).
. Synchlora cupedinaria 9 . Same data as the preceding.
no =
a GO ha
PLATE 48
Cheteoscelis bistriaria g . Entiat, Wash., May 9, 1934, A.N. Gartrell (CNC).
Cheteoscelis bistriaria Q . Big Buffalo Creek, N. of Cedar Pass, Jackson Co., $.D., July 8, 1964,
DCF (YPM).
Cheteoscelis bistriaria g . Pineyon, Apache Co., Ariz., July 4, 1950, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
Cheteoscelis bistriaria 9 . Same data as the preceding.
Cheteoscelis bistriaria g . Ft. Davis, Jeff Davis Co., Texas, May 19, 1950, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
Cheteoscelis bistriaria g . Walker Pass, Kern Co., Calif., May 5, 1940, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
Cheteoscelis bistriaria, 8 paratype of clarket. Split Rock Tank, Mojave Desert, Calif., May 21,
1938, J.L. Sperry (USNM). DCF slide No. 699.
Cheteoscelis pectinaria g . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., May 11, 1963, JGF
(collection JGF).
Cheteoscelis pectinaria 9 . Madera Canyon, 4400’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Oct. 18, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Merochlora faseolaria g . Inverness, Marin Co., Calif., July 2, 1940, W.R. Bauer.
. Merochlora faseolaria 9 . Petaluma, Calif., June 16, 1936, E.C. Johnston (CNC).
. Merochlora graefiaria . Upper Santa Ana River, San Bernardino Co., Calif., June 19, 1949,
J.L. Sperry (AMNRB).
. Merochlora graefiaria Q . Barton Flats, San Bernardino Co., Calif., Aug. 16, 1945, J.L. Sperry
(AMNH).
. Merochlora graefiaria Q@ . Upper Santa Ana R., San Bernardino Co., Calif., July 16, 1946,
J.-L. Sperry (AMNRA).
. Merochlora graefiaria 9 . Same data as the preceding but taken June 24, 1948.
. Lophochorista lesteraria g . Baboquivari Mts., Pima Co., Ariz., no date (USNM).
. Same specimen as fig. 16 above, reverse side.
. Eueana niveociliaria g . Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, June, Schaus collection (USNM).
. Eueana niveociliaria g . Palm Beach, Fla., H.G. Dyar (USNM).
. Eueana niveociliaria 9 . Same data as the preceding.
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria g . Cheticamp R., Cape Breton Highlands National Park,
Inverness Co., N.S., July 2, 1949, DCF (collection DCF).
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Q . Same data as the preceding.
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria Q . E. Ottawa, Ont., reared July 26, 1937 on Rudbeckia,
J. McDunnough (CNC).
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria g . Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co., S.C.,
Mar. 26, 1967, DCF (YPM).
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria @ . Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, Highlands Co.,
Fla., Mar. 30, 1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria g . Joe Dollar Gulch, Hill City, Black Hills, $.D., July 13, 1964,
DCF (YPM).
. Chlorochlamys triangularis g . Leevining, Mono Co., Calif., July 25, 1950, E.C. Johnston
(CNC).
. Chlorochlamys triangularis 9 . Biggs, Ore., Aug. 23, 1947, E.C. Johnston, (CNC).
. Chlorochlamys triangularis 9 . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Aug. 23, 1959,
JGF (collection JGF).
. Chlorochlamys triangularis 9 . Vail L. Rd., 6500’, 9-1/2 mi. SE of Flagstaff, Coconino Co.,
Ariz., July 18, 1961, JGF (collection JGF).
. Chlorochlamys appellaria g , green form. Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Aug. 11,
1959, JGF (collection JGF).
. Chlorochlamys appellaria 8 , green form. Riverside, Calif., May 10, 1939, H. Buckwalter
(AMNH).
. Chlorochlamys appellaria g , green form. Welder Wildlife Foundation Refuge, San Patricio
Co., Texas, Feb. 24, 1962, R.O. and C.A. Kendall (AMNH). DCF slide No. 994.
. Chlorochlamys appellaria Q , green form. Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Aug.
21,1959, JGF (collection JGF).
. Chlorochlamys appellaria 8 , brown form. Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., May 31,
1963, JGF (collection JGF).
. Chlorochlamys appellaria @ , brown form. 29 Palms, San Bernardino Co., Calif., Apr. 20, 1950,
E.C. Johnston (CNC).
ene ees a ae ee
Ge
10.
Ile
PLATE 49
Chlorochlamys appellaria, g paratype of rubromediaria. Eureka, Utah, July 1, 1921, Tom
Spalding (MCZ).
Chlorochlamys appellaria, Q paratype of rubromediaria. Eureka, Utah, July 19, 1921, Tom
Spalding (USNM).
Chlorochlamys appellaria g , albino form. Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., Texas, June 5, 1950,
E.C. Johnston (CNC). DCF slide No. 756.
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria g . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Sept. 7, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF).
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria, g paratype of fletcheraria. Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument,
Arizona, Apr. 11, 1947, J.L. Sperry (USNM).
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria 9 . Same data as for fig. 4 above but taken Aug. 29, 1959.
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria Q . Kerrville, Texas, Aug., 1904, Barnes collection (USNM). J.F.
Gates Clarke slide No. 1059.
Chlorochlamys phyllinaria Q . Washington Co., Ark., Aug. 30, 1966, R.L. Brown (AMNH).
Xerochlora viridipallens g . McMillan Camp, 6800’, 13 mi. N. of Silver City, Grant Co., N.M.,
July 24, 1961, F., P. and M. Rindge (AMNH). DCF slide No. 968.
Xerochlora viridipallens 9 . Walnut Canyon, 6500’, near Flagstaff, Coconino Co., Ariz., Aug. 12,
1964, JGF (collection JGF).
Xerochlora masonaria 8 . McMillan Camp, 7000’, 14 mi. N. Silver City, Grant Co., N.M., July
15, 1964, F., P.and M. Rindge (AMNB).
. Xerochlora,masonaria 9 . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., July 29, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Xerochlora inveterascaria ¢ . Pena Blanca, 3950’, Santa Cruz Co., Ariz., Aug. 2, 1960, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Xerochlora inveterascaria g . Same data as the preceding. DCF slide No. 754.
. Xerochlora inveterascaria 2 . Same data as the preceding. DCF slide No. 766.
. Xerochlora inveterascaria Q . Same data as the preceding but taken Aug. 26, 1959.
. Xerochlora martinaria, holotype ¢@ .
. Xerochlora martinaria 9 . Madera Canyon, 5800’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Aug. 1, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF).
. Xerochlora martinaria Q . Madera Canyon, 4880’, Santa Rita Mts., Ariz., Aug. 31, 1959, JGF
(collection JGF). DCF slide No. 1029.
. Xerochlora mesotheides, holotype @ .
PANE
Xerochlora mesotheides, paratype Q . Sierra Blanca, Hudspeth Co., Texas, June 5, 1950, E.C.
Johnston (collection DCF).
. Chloropteryx tepperaria g . Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla., Mar. 15, 1962, DCF (collection DCF).
. Chloropteryx nordicaria @ . Brownsville, Texas, Mar. 26,1937, T.N. Freeman (CNC).
. Chloropteryx paularia g . Jamaica. Schaus collection (USNM).
. Chloropteryx paularia g . Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, Oct. Schaus collection (USNM).
. Chloropteryx paularia g . Royal Palm State Park, Fla., no date, F.M. Jones. “¢ gen. 789,
15 Dec. 33 FHB” (USNM). Believed to be the first U. S. record.
. Hethemia pistasciaria @ . Cat-tail swamp near Aylesford, Kings Co., N.S., reared Mar. 19, 1964
ex ovo on blueberry, DCF (collection DCF).
. Hethemia pistasciaria 9 . Wrangle Brook Road, Lakehurst, N.J., May 31, 1956, DCF (collection
DCF).
. Hethemia pistasciaria @ , brown form. Wedge Plantation, South Santee R., Charleston Co.,
S.C., Mar. 29, 1967, DCF (YPM).
. Hethemia pistasciaria 9 , brown form. Welaka, Putnam Co., Fla., Mar. 11, 1962, DCF (collec-
tion DCF).
. Mesothea incertata incertata @ . Purcell’s Cove, Halifax Co., N.S., May 14, 1951, DCF (collec-
tion DCF).
. Mesothea incertata incertata 9 . Halifax Watershed Area, Halifax Co., N.S., May 21, 1952,
DCF (collection DCF).
. Mesothea incertata incertata g . Steese Highway, NE of Fairbanks, Alaska, June 5, 1966,
K.W. Philip (YPM).
. Mesothea incertata @ , apparently intermediate to subspecies viridipennata. Head of Pine
Creek, Calgary, Alta., May 12, 1914, F.H. Wolley Dod (CNC).
. Mesothea incertata viridipennata @ . Stimson Creek, Mason Co., Wash., May 7, 1949, E.C.
Johnston (CNC).
. Mesothea incertata viridipennata 9 . Same data as the preceding.
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